Article contents
Overcoming Legal Formalism: The Treatment of the Constitution, the Courts and Judicial Behaviour in Canadian Political Science
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 July 2014
Extract
In the study of the constitution, courts and judicial behaviour, two distinct strands can be identified. First, the study of constitutional law, which in the 1920s was a paramount concern of the emergent political science discipline, had become by the 1960s a very marginal interest of Canadian political scientists. Although recent events have led to a revival of interest, still only a small handful of political scientists in the English or French-speaking branches of the discipline devote much of their scholarly attention to the law of the constitution. The study of judicial interpretation of the constitution has been almost completely preempted by legal academics. In the meantime, the empirical investigation of courts and judicial behaviour, a subject which in earlier years attracted the attention of neither lawyers nor political scientists, has been slowly emerging as a distinct field of interest for social scientists and empirically oriented legal scholars, although it remains very much at the margin of political science.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Canadian Journal of Law and Society / La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société , Volume 1 , 1986 , pp. 5 - 33
- Copyright
- Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association 1986
References
Notes
1. In particular note MacKay, R.S., The Unreformed Senate of Canada (Oxford University Press, 1926)Google Scholar; Dawson, R. MacGregor, Civil Service of Canada (Oxford University Press, 1929)Google Scholar; and Brady, Alexander, Canada (London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1932)Google Scholar.
2. Kennedy, W.P.M., The Constitution of Canada (Oxford University Press, 1922), viiiGoogle Scholar.
3. Lefroy, A.H.F., Canada's Federal System (Toronto: Carswell, 1913)Google Scholar.
4. Clement, W. H. D., The Law of the Canadian Constitution (3rd ed.; Toronto: Carswell, 1916)Google Scholar. The first edition was published in 1892.
5. See, for instance, Shortt, Adam and Doughty, Arthur (eds.), Canada and Its Provinces (Toronto: Edinburgh University Press, 1914)Google Scholar.
6. Queen's Quarterly 4 (Autumn 1930), 668, at 670Google Scholar.
7. For an account of early developments in American judicial realism and the political science of study of the judiciary, see Becker, Theodore L., Political Behaviouralism and Modern Jurisprudence (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964)Google Scholar.
8. Cairns, Alan, “The Judicial Committee and Its Critics,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 4, no. 3 (September 1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
9. The Senate of Canada, Report to the Honourable Speaker Relating to the Enactment of the B.N.A. Act, 1867 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1939)Google Scholar.
10. For examples see Kennedy, W.P.M., “Interpretation of the British North America Act,” Cambridge Law Review 8 (1943), 156Google Scholar; MacDonald, V.C., “The Constitution in a Changing World,” Canadian Bar Review 26 (1948), 29Google Scholar; Scott, F.R., “The Consequences of the Privy Council Decisions,” Canadian Bar Review 15 (1937), 485Google Scholar; Laskin, Bora, “Peace, Order and Good Government Re-examined,” Canadian Bar Review 25 (1947), 1054Google Scholar.
11. Van Loon, Richard J. and Whittington, Michael S., The Canadian Political System (3rd ed.; Toronto: McGraw Hill Ryerson, 1981), 257Google Scholar.
12. An important turning point was Professor W.P.M. Kennedy's secession from the Department of Political Economy at the University of Toronto and the establishment of a new Department of Law under his Headship. See Bladen on Bladen: Memoir of a Political Economist (Toronto, 1978)Google Scholar.
13. In Innis, H. A. (ed.). Essays in Political Economy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1938), 148Google Scholar.
14. In Lower, A.R.M., Scott, F.R. et al. , Evolving Canadian Federalism (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1958)Google Scholar.
15. Mallory, J.R., Social Credit and the Federal Power in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), 182Google Scholar.
16. McWhinney, Edward, Judicial Review in the English-Speaking World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), 29–30Google Scholar.
17. “Administrative Law and the British North America Act,” Harvard Law Review 53 (1939), 251CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
18. “Tests for the Validity of Legislation: What is the Matter?” University of Toronto Law Journal 11 (1955–1956), 127Google Scholar.
19. See Scott, F.R., Civil Liberties and Canadian Federalism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1959)Google Scholar and Schmeiser, D.A., Civil Liberties in Canada (Oxford University Press, 1964)Google Scholar.
20. See, for instance, Pigeon, Louis-Philippe, “The Meaning of Provincial Autonomy,” Canadian Bar Review 29 (1951), 1126Google Scholar. Pigeon was appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada in 1967.
21. See Quebec Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems (Tremblay Report), (Quebec, 1956), Vol. III, Bk. 1, ch. X.Google Scholar
22. See, for instance, Peltason, Jack W., Federal Courts in the Political Process (Garden City: Doubleday, 1955)Google Scholar.
23. American Political Science Review 52 (1958), 1007CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
24. Peck, Sidney R., “A Behavioral Approach to the Judicial Process: Scalogram Analysis,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 5 (1967), 1Google Scholar and “The Supreme Court of Canada 1950–1966: A Search for Policy Through Scalogram Analysis,” Canadian Bar Review 45 (1967), 666Google Scholar. Although Peck's articles were published in law journals and he became a professor at the Osgoode Hall Law School, the articles grew out of an M.A. thesis in political science at the University of Toronto.
25. Fouts, Donald, “The Supreme Court of Canada, 1950–1960,” in Schubert, Glendon and Danelski, David (eds.), Comparative Judicial Behavior (Oxford University Press, 1969)Google Scholar.
26. Russell, Peter H., The Supreme Court as a Bilingual and Bicultural Institution (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1969)Google Scholar.
27. Stephen R. Mitchell, “The Supreme Court of Canada Since the Abolition of Appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council — A Quantitative Analysis,” paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Ottawa, June 1967.
28. For a discussion of the limitations of these studies see Slayton, Philip, “Quantitative Methods and Supreme Court Cases,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 10, no. 2 (October 1972), 429Google Scholar.
29. Hogarth, John, Sentencing as a Human Process (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971)Google Scholar.
30. Beginning in 1964 the Osgoode Hall Law Journal annually published statistics on the work of the Supreme Court of Canada.
31. Klein, William J., Judicial Recruitment in Manitoba Ontario and Quebec, 1905–1970, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, 1975Google Scholar.
32. Bouthillier, Guy, “Materiaux pour une analyse politique des juges de la Cour d'appel,” La Revue Juridique Themis 6 (1971), 363Google Scholar. Bouthillier has also published articles on the social and political characteristics of the judges of Quebec's superior court (Canadian Bar Review 55 (1977), 1136Google Scholar) and Court of Sessions (Revuedu Barreau (1978), 13Google Scholar).
33. Vaughan, Frederick, “Emmett Matthew Hall: The Activist as Justice,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 10, no. 2 (October 1972), 411Google Scholar; Snell, James G., “Frank Anglin Joins the Bench: A Study of Judicial Patronage, 1897–1904,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 18, no. 4 (December 1980), 664Google Scholar. For an autobiographical work full of insights into the functioning of judicial institutions in Canada, see Judge of the North: The Memoirs of Jack Sissons (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968)Google Scholar.
34. Laskin, Bora, “The Supreme Court of Canada: A Final Court of Appeal of and for Canadians,” Canadian Bar Review 29 (1951), 1038Google Scholar.
35. Cheffins, Ronald I., “The Supreme Court of Canada: The Quiet Court in an Unquiet Country,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 4, no. 2 (September 1966), 259Google Scholar.
36. Ibid.
37. McGrath, W.T. (ed.), Crime and its Treatment in Canada (Toronto: Macmillan, 1965)Google Scholar.
38. Friedland, Martin L., “Magistrates Courts: Functioning and Facilities,” Criminal Law Quarterly 52 (1968), 52Google Scholar.
39. See, for instance, Macdonald, James A., “A Comprehensive Family Court,” Canadian Bar Journal (1967), 323Google Scholar.
40. Trudel, Gerard, “Le Pouvoir judiciaire au Canada,” La Revue du Barreau du Quebec 28 (1968), 194Google Scholar.
41. Ontario Law Reform Commission Administration of Ontario Courts Vols I–V (Toronto: Ministry of the Attorney General, 1973–1974)Google Scholar. A much shorter but very perceptive appraisal of Ontario's courts was contained in the Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Civil Rights (McRuer Report), Report No. 1, Vol. 2 (Toronto: Queen's Printer, 1968)Google Scholar.
42. Choquette, Jerome, Justice Today (Quebec: Ministry of Justice, 1975)Google Scholar.
43. MacKimmie, R.A., Reportonthe Administration of Justice in P.E.I. (Charlottetown: Ministry of the Attorney General, 1973)Google Scholar.
44. For an account of the various reforms introduced through B.C. 's Justice Development Commission, see Millar, Perry S. and Baar, Carl, Judicial Administration in Canada (Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1981), ch. 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Alberta Board of Review, Administration of Justice in the Provincial Courts of Alberta (The Kirby Report), (Edmonton, 1975)Google Scholar.
46. Report of Newfoundland Royal Commission to Enquire Into the Magistracy of Newfoundland and Labrador (The Steele Report), (St. John's, 1973)Google Scholar.
47. See, for instance, Manitoba Law Reform Commission, Report on the Administration of Justice in Manitoba, Part II: A Review of the Jury System (Winnipeg. 1975)Google Scholar and The Courts of Nova Scotia: Trends and Prospects (Halifax: Department of the Attorney General, 1975)Google Scholar.
48. Report of Inquiry re Administration of Justice in the Hay River Area of the North west Territories (The Morrow Report), (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1968)Google Scholar.
49. See Cairns, Alan, “The Governments and Societies of Canadian Federalism,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 10, no. 4 (December 1977), 695CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
50. Choquette, , Justice Today, 99–110Google Scholar.
51. de Martigny, Jean and Robert, Pierre, Analyse Comparative des Législations et Des Perspectives de Réforme: La Formation et Les Modes de Nominations Des Juges (Montréal: Centre International de Criminologie Comparée, Université de Montréal, 1973)Google Scholar.
52. Second Report of the (B.C.) Royal Commission on Family and Children's Law (Victoria, 1974)Google Scholar.
53. Report of the Attorney General's Committee on the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Ontario (Kelly Report), (Toronto: Ministry of the Attorney General, 1977)Google Scholar.
54. Roberts, Darrell, “The Structure and Jurisdiction of the Courts and Classification of Offences,” paper prepared for Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1973Google Scholar.
55. The Principles of Sentencing and Disposition, Working Paper No. 3 (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1974)Google Scholar; Studies in Diversion (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1975)Google Scholar.
56. Hann, Robert G., Decision Making in the Canadian Criminal Justice System: A Systems Analysis (Toronto: Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 1973)Google Scholar.
57. MacKay, Ejan, The Paths of Justice: A Study of the Operation of the Criminal Court in Montreal (Montréal: Groupe de Recherche en Jurimetrie, Faculté de Droit, Université de Montréal, 1976)Google Scholar.
58. Debicki, Marek, A Structure Under Stress: A Study of the Sentencing Process and Decisions in a Lower Criminal Court, Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Political Science, Carleton University, 1979Google Scholar.
59. Friedland, Martin L. (ed.), Courts and Trials: A Multidisciplinary Approach (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975)Google Scholar.
60. The Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice (Windsor: Faculty of Law, University of Windsor, 1981), Vol. 1Google Scholar.
61. Debicki, Marek, “Courts,” in Bellamy, David J., Pammett, Jan H. and Rowat, Donald C. (eds.), The Provincial Political Systems (Kingston & Montreal: McGillQueen's University Press, 1981)Google Scholar.
62. Millar, Perry S. and Baar, Carl, Judicial Administration in Canada (Kingston & Montreal: McGill/Queen's University Press, 1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
63. Morton, F.L. (ed.), Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1984)Google Scholar.
64. Laskin, Bora, “The Institutional Character of the Judge,” Israeli Law Review 1, no. 3 (July 1972), 329CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
65. Deschenes, Jules, The Sword and the Scales (Toronto: Butterworths, 1979)Google Scholar.
66. Gall, Gerald L., The Canadian Legal System (Toronto: Carswell, 1977), chs. 7-8Google Scholar.
67. Linden, Allen M. (ed.), The Canadian Judiciary (Downsview: Osgoode Hall Law School, 1976)Google Scholar.
68. Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice, Expeditious Justice (Toronto: Carswell, 1979)Google Scholar; Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice, Cost of Justice (Toronto: Carswell, 1980)Google Scholar.
69. Deschenes, Jules, in collaboration with Baar, Carl, Maitres Chez Eux (Ottawa: Canadian Judicial Council, 1981)Google Scholar.
70. Stevenson, Michael, Watson, Garry D. and Weissman, Edward J., “The Impact of Pre-Trial Conferences: An Interim Report on the Pre-Trial Conference Experiment,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 15, no. 3 (December 1977), 591Google Scholar.
71. Russell, Peter H. and Watson, Garry D., “A Quiet Revolution in the Administration of Justice,” Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 11 (June 1977)Google Scholar.
72. McCormick, Peter, “Judicial Councils for Provincial Judges: A Comparison of the Experience of the Five Western Provinces,” paper delivered at Annual Meeting of The Canadian Political Science Association, Montreal, June 1980Google Scholar.
73. Baar, Carl, Separate But Subservient. Court Budgeting in the American States (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1975)Google Scholar.
74. Ibid.
75. Banting, Keith and Simeon, Richard, And No One Cheered (Toronto: Methuen, 1983)Google Scholar; Black, Edwin R., Divided Loyalties: Canadian Concepts of Federalism (Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cairns, Alan, “The Living Canadian Constitution,” Queen's Quarterly 77, no. 4 (Winter 1970), 1Google Scholar; Dion, Leon, Quebec: The Unfinished Revolution (Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1976)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dupre, J. Stefan and Weiler, Paul C., “A Sense of Proportion and a Sense of Priorities: Reflections on the Report of the Task Force on Canadian Unity,” Canadian Bar Review 57, no. 3 (September 1979)Google Scholar; Forsey, Eugene, Freedom and Order (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974)Google Scholar; Mallory, James, “Amending the Constitution by Stealth,” Queen's Quarterly 82, no. 3 (1975)Google Scholar; McWhinney, Edward, Quebec and the Constitution, 1968–1978 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Milne, David, The New Canadian Constitution (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1982)Google Scholar; Morin, Claude, Quebec and Ottawa: The Struggle for Self-Government (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976)Google Scholar; Simeon, Richard, Federal Provincial Diplomacy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972)Google Scholar; Smiley, Donald, Canada in Question: Federalism in the Seventies (2nd ed.; Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976)Google Scholar.
76. See, for instance, Burns, R.M., “Second Chambers: German Experience and Canadian Needs,” Canadian Public Administration 18, no. 4 (Winter 1975), 541CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Irvine, William P., Does Canada Need A New Electoral System? (Kingston: Queen's University Institute for Intergovernmental Relations, 1979)Google Scholar.
77. Abel, Albert S. (ed.), Laskin's Canadian Constitutional Law (4th ed.; Toronto: Carswell, 1973)Google Scholar.
78. Whyte, John D. and Lederman, William R. (eds.), Canadian Constitutional Law (Toronto: Butterworths, 1975)Google Scholar. A second edition was published in 1977.
79. Russell, Peter H., Leading Constitutional Decisions (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1965)Google Scholar.
80. Lyon, J. Noel and Atkey, Ronald G., Canadian Constitutional Law in a Modern Perspective (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970)Google Scholar.
81. Hogg, Peter W., Constitutional Law of Canada (Toronto: Carswell, 1977)Google Scholar.
82. McConnell, W.H., Commentary on the British North America Act (Toronto: Macmillan, 1977)Google Scholar.
83. Strayer, Barry L., The Canadian Constitution and the Courts (2nd ed.; Toronto: Butterworths, 1983)Google Scholar. The first edition was entitled Judicial Review of Legislation in Canada and published by the University of Toronto Press in 1968.
84. Samuel V. La Selva, “Federalism and Unanimity: The Supreme Court and Constitutional Amendment” and Kilgour, D. Marc, “A Formal Analysis of the Amending Formula of Canada's Constitution Act, 1982,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 16, no. 4 (December 1983)Google Scholar.
85. Smith, Jennifer, “The Origins of Judicial Review in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 16, no. 2 (March 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and comments by Knopff, Rainer and Strayer, B.L., Canadian Journal of Political Science 16, no. 3 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
86. Snell, James and Vaughan, Frederick, The Supreme Court of Canada: History of the Institution (Toronto: The Osgoode Society, 1985)Google Scholar.
87. Williams, David Ricardo, Duff. A Life in the Law (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1984)Google Scholar.
88. Marx, Herbert, Les Grands Arrêts de la jurisprudence constitutionelle au Canada (Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1974)Google Scholar.
89. Tremblay, André, Les Compétences legislatives au Canada et les Pouvoirs provinciaux en Matiere de Propriété et de Droits civils (Ottawa: Editions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 1967)Google Scholar.
90. Brossard, Jacques, La Cour suprême et la constitution (Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1968)Google Scholar.
91. Beaudoin, Gerald, Essais sur la constitution (Ottawa: Editions de l' Université d'Ottawa, 1979)Google Scholar and Remillard, Gil, Le Fédéralisme Canadien (Montréal: Québec/Amerique, 1980)Google Scholar.
92. Browne, G.P., The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967)Google Scholar.
93. Lederman, W.R., “Unity and Diversity in Canadian Federalism: Ideals and Methods of Moderation,” Canadian Bar Review 53, no. 3 (September 1975), 597Google Scholar. For a collection of Lederman's writings on the constitution, see Continuing Constitutional Dilemmas (Toronto: Butterworths, 1981)Google Scholar.
94. LeDain, Gerald, “Sir Lyman Duff and the Constitution,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 12, no. 2, (October 1974), 261Google Scholar. LeDain, a French Canadian scholar, was Dean of the Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, and was subsequently appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada.
95. Reference re Anti-Inflation Act, [1976] 2 S. C. R. 373Google Scholar.
96. Beetz, Jean, “Les Attitudes changeantes des Québec a l'endroit de la constitution de 1867,” in Crepeau, P.-A. and Macpherson, C.B. (eds.). The Future of Canadian Federalism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1965)Google Scholar.
97. Ibid., 349.
98. Laskin, , “The Institutional Character of the Judge,” 344Google Scholar.
99. See, for instance, Macpherson, J.C., “Developments in Constitutional Law: The 1978–79 Term,” The Supreme Court Law Review 1 (1980), 77Google Scholar; Moull, W.D., “Natural Resources: The Other Crisis in Canadian Federalism,” Osgoode Hall Law Review 18, no. 1 (March 1980)Google Scholar and J.S. Wilkie, “The Radio Reference and Onward: Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction over General Content in Broadcasting,” ibid., 49.
100. Weiler, Paul, “Two Models of Judicial Decision-Making,” Canadian Bar Review 46, no. 3 (September 1968), 406Google Scholar.
101. In the Last Resort. A Critical Study of the Supreme Court of Canada (Toronto: Carswell, 1974)Google Scholar.
102. Ibid., 51.
103. Wechsler, Herbert, Principles, Politics and Fundamental Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Dworkin, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978)Google Scholar.
104. For a critical appraisal of Weiler's book see “Symposium on In The Last Resort,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 13, no. 2 (October 1975), 293Google Scholar.
105. See, for example, his “Clear Cases,” University of Toronto Law Journal (1981), 231Google Scholar.
106. See, for example, his “The Rhetoric of Constitutional Argumentation,” University of Toronto Law Journal 35, no. 2 (Spring 1985)Google Scholar.
107. Ibid.
108. Fletcher, Martha, “Judicial Review and the Division of Powers in Canada,” in Meekison, J. Peter (ed.), Canadian Federalism: Myth or Reality (3rd ed.; Toronto: Methuen, 1977)Google Scholar.
109. Russell, Peter, “The Supreme Court Since 1960,” in Politics: Canada (4th ed.; Toronto: McGraw Hill Ryerson, 1977)Google Scholar.
110. Richards, John and Pratt, Larry, Prairie Capitalism: Power and Influence in the New West (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979), 300Google Scholar.
111. “The Supreme Court Decision: Bold Statescraft Based on Questionable Jurisprudence,” in Russell, Peter, Decary, Robert et al. , The Court and the Constitution (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Affairs, Queen's University, 1982), 1Google Scholar.
112. Forsey, E. A., “The Courts and the Conventions of the Constitution,” University of New Brunswick Law Journal 33 (1984)Google Scholar.
113. See, in particular, Tarnopolsky, Walter S., The Canadian Bill of Rights (2nd rev. ed.; Toronto: McClelland and Steward, 1975)Google Scholar.
114. See, for instance, Smiley, Donald V., “Courts, Legislatures and the Protection of Human Rights,” in Friedland, Martin L. (ed.), Courts and Trials, 100Google Scholar.
115. This strategy was spelled out as early as 1969 by Prime Minister Trudeau in The Constitution and The People of Canada: An Approach to the Objectives of Confederation, The Rights of People ahd the Institutions of Government (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1969)Google Scholar.
116. This is evident, for instance, in the paper “On the Entrenchment of a Bill of Rights” by G.P. Browne which was included in the submission of Manitoba's Premier Sterling Lyon to the First Ministers' Conference on the Constitution, September 9, 1980 (Ottawa: Canadian Intergovernmental Conference Secretariat), Document No. 800-14/072.
117. See Morton, F.L., “Charting the Charter— Year One: A Statistical Analysis,” in Canadian Human Rights Yearbook, 1984–85 (Toronto: Carswell, 1985)Google Scholar.
118. Morton, F.L. and Pal, Leslie A., “The Impact of the Charter of Rights on Public Administration: A Case Study of Sex Discrimination in the Unemployment Insurance Act,” Canadian Public Administration 18, no. 2 (Summer 1985), 221CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
119. Glasbeek, Harry and Mandel, Michael, “The Legalization of Politics in Advanced Capitalism: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,” Socialist Studies 2 (1984), 84Google Scholar.
120. Charles Campbell, “The Canadian Left and the Charter of Rights,” Ibid., 30.
121. Olsen, Denis, The State Elite (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), ch. 3Google Scholar.
122. See Russell, Peter H., “The First Three Years in Charterland,” Canadian Public Administration 28, no. 3 (Autumn 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Atcheson, M. Elizabeth, Eberts, Mary and Symes, Beth, Women and Legal Action (Ottawa: Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women, 1984)Google Scholar.
123. For an example of how political philosophers can mine judicial decisions for important insights into basic issues in political theory, see Knopff, Rainer, “Quebec's ‘Holy War’ and ‘Regime’ Politics: Reflections on the Guibord Case,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 12, no. 2 (June 1979), 315CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
124. Renner, K.W. Edward and Warner, Alan H., “The Standard of Social Justice Applied to an Evaluation of Criminal Cases Appearing Before The Halifax Courts,” The Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 1 (1981), 62Google Scholar.
125. See especially Making Crime: A Study of Detective Work (Toronto: Butterworths, 1981)Google Scholar.
126. Solomon, Peter H. Jr., Criminal Justice Policy, From Research to Reform (Toronto: Butterworths, 1983)Google Scholar.
127. Harry Arthurs, “Alternatives to the Formal Justice System: Reminiscing About the Future,” in Canadian Institute for the Adminstration of Justice, Cost of Justice.
128. Hutchinson, Allan C., “The Formal and Informal Schemes of the Civil Justice System: A Legal Symbiosis Explained,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1981)Google Scholar.
129. Vidmar, Neil, “The Small Claims Court: A Reconceptualization of Disputes and an Empirical Investigation,” Law and Society Review 18, no. 4 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
- 4
- Cited by