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ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF TOMICUS PINIPERDA AND TOMICUS MINOR (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO NON-HOST LEAF AND BARK VOLATILES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Fredrik Schlyter ,
Qing-He Zhang ,
Peter Anderson ,
John A. Byers ,
Lester J. Wadhams ,
Jan Löfqvist  and
Göran Birgersson
Fredrik Schlyter*
Affiliation:
Chemical Ecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
Qing-He Zhang
Affiliation:
Chemical Ecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
Peter Anderson
Affiliation:
Chemical Ecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
John A. Byers
Affiliation:
Chemical Ecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
Lester J. Wadhams
Affiliation:
IACR Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, United Kindgom
Jan Löfqvist
Affiliation:
Chemical Ecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
Göran Birgersson
Affiliation:
Chemical Ecology, Department of Botany, Götehorg University, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
*
1 Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed (E-mail: fredrik.schlyter@vv.slu.se).
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Abstract

Leaf and bark volatiles from non-host birches, Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh. (Betulaceae), and aspen, Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae), were tested on spring-dispersing Tomicus piniperda (L.) and Tomicus minor (Hart.) by gas chromatographic – electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and by attractant-baited traps in southern Sweden. GC–EAD analysis of the head-space volatiles from fresh bark chips of B. pendula revealed two green leaf alcohols, 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, that consistently elicited antennal responses by T. piniperda and T. minor. Further analyses with synthetic mixtures showed that the antennae of these two Tomicus species also responded to other green leaf alcohols, such as (E)-2-hexen-1-ol found from the non-host leaves, and C8-alcohols, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol, from bark of non-host birches and aspen. No antennal responses of the Tomicus species were observed to green leaf C6-aldehydes and C6-acetate or to non-host bark volatiles like trans-conophthorin, benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol. In field trapping experiments, blends of electrophysiologically active green leaf alcohols or C8-alcohols resulted in reductions (> 60%) in the number of T. piniperda captured compared with that for the kairomone-baited trap. When these two blends were combined, trap catch was further reduced (90%), which was not significantly different from that for the blank control. Neither the blend of two green leaf aldehydes plus the acetate nor the bark compounds trans-conophthorin or benzyl alcohol reduced trap catches. Tomicus minor had a response pattern similar to that of T. piniperda. Hylurgops palliatus (Gyll.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) was attracted to the combination of kairomone and verbenone but not to kairomone and was not affected by the blends of green leaf volatiles. Our results suggest that selected leaf–bark C6-alcohols and the bark C8-alcohols may have potential in developing semiochemical-based management programs against both pine shoot beetles by repelling them from suitable breeding and feeding sites.

Résumé

Les substances volatiles émanant d’arbres non hôtes, les bouleaux Betula pendula Roth. et Betula pubescens Ehrh. (Betulaceae) et le peuplier tremble Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae), ont été testées sur les scolytes Tomicus piniperda (L.) et Tomicus minor (Hart.) par un système de détection combiné, chromatographie au gaz –électroantennographie (GC–EAD), au moment de la dispersion de printemps; de plus, nous avons installé des pièges garnis d’une substance attirante dans le sud de la Suède. L’analyse par GC–EAD des substances volatiles émanant de morceaux d’écorce frais de B. pendula a révélé la présence de deux alcools des feuilles vertes le 1-hexanol et le (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol qui provoquent constamment des réactions antennaires chez les deux scolytes. Des analyses plus poussées avec des mélanges synthétiques ont démontré que les deux espèces de Tomicus réagissent également à d’autres alcools des feuilles vertes, tels le (E)-2-hexen-1-ol trouvé dans les feuilles d’arbres non hôtes et les alcools C8, le 3-octanol et le 1-octen-3-ol trouvé dans l’écorce des arbres non hôtes, les deux bouleaux et le peuplier tremble. Les espèces de Tomicus n’ont manifesté aucune réaction antennaire aux aldéhydes et à l’acétate des feuilles vertes ou aux substances volatiles des écorces d’arbres non hôtes comme la trans-conophthorine, la benzaldéhyde, la salicylaldéhyde et l’alcool benzylique. Dans des expériences de piégeage en nature, des mélanges d’alcools de feuilles vertes qui provoquent des réactions électrophysiologiques ou d’alcools C8 ont entraîné des réductions (> 60%) des nombres de T. piniperda capturés comparativement aux nombres récoltés dans les pièges garnis de kairomones. En combinant les deux mélanges, le nombre d’insectes attrapés a diminué encore davantage (90%), nombre qui ne différait pas significativement du nombre obtenu dans les pièges témoins non garnis. Ni le mélange des deux aldéhydes des feuilles vertes avec l’acétate, ni les composés de l’écorce, la trans-conophthorine ou l’alcool benzylique, n’ont diminué les captures. Tomicus minor a eu le même type de réaction que T. piniperda Hylurgops palliatus (Gyll.) (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) est attiré par la combinaison kairomone–verbénone, mais pas par la kairomone seule, et il n’est pas affecté par les mélanges de substances volatiles émanant des feuilles vertes. Nos résultats indiquent que certains alcools C6 des feuilles et de l’écorce, de même que les alcools C8 de l’écorce peuvent s’avérer d’une grande utilité dans les programmes de lutte sémiochimique contre les scolytes des pins en les repoussant de leurs sites de reproduction ou d’alimentation.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 132 , Issue 6 , December 2000 , pp. 965 - 981
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2000

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