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Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity within apple orchards and old fields in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2012

Cory S. Sheffield ,
Peter G. Kevan ,
Alana Pindar  and
Laurence Packer
Cory S. Sheffield*
Affiliation:
Royal Saskatchewan Museum, 2340 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 2V7
Peter G. Kevan
Affiliation:
School of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
Alana Pindar
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
Laurence Packer
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: cory.sheffield@gov.sk.ca).
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Abstract

Bees are important within terrestrial ecosystems, providing pollination, which facilitates plant reproduction. Agricultural regions are large landscapes containing varying proportions of cropland, natural, and semi-natural habitats. Most bees are not restricted to any of these and move freely throughout, exploiting food and nesting resources in favourable locations. Many factors affect bee diversity, and knowledge of these is crucial for promoting healthy bee communities. The main objectives of this study were to compare diversity and guild structure of bee communities across a range of land disturbance levels within the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada, in habitats ranging from managed apple orchards to old fields. The two habitat extremes differed significantly; intensely managed orchards had significantly lower species richness (∼50%) than observed/estimated in old fields, but orchards with intermediate levels of adjacent natural/semi-natural habitat showed affinities to either extreme depending on the metrics used for estimating species richness. Species assemblages in orchards had lower proportions of several guilds, particularly cavity-nesters, bumble bees, and cleptoparasites, than other habitats. These guilds accounted for over 30% of bees collected in old fields but only 3–10% in orchards, increasing with habitat complexity. The use of guilds for assessing the health of bee communities is discussed.

Résumé

Les abeilles jouent un rôle important dans les écosystèmes terrestres par la pollinisation qui facilite la reproduction des plantes. Les régions agricoles présentent de grands paysages contenant des proportions variables d'habitats agricoles, naturels et semi-naturels. Les abeilles ne sont pas restreintes à l'un ou l'autre de ces habitats et se déplacent librement dans tout l'espace pour y exploiter les ressources de nourriture et de nidification dans les sites favorables. Plusieurs facteurs affectent la diversité des abeilles et il est absolument nécessaire de les connaître si on veut favoriser des peuplements d'abeille en santé. L'objectif principal de notre étude est de comparer la diversité et la structure en guildes des peuplements d'abeilles le long d'un gradient de terres perturbées, allant de pommeraies aménagées à des champs abandonnés, au sein de la vallée d'Annapolis, Nouvelle-Écosse, Canada. Les deux habitats extrêmes diffèrent significativement: les pommeraies à aménagement intensif possèdent une richesse spécifique significativement plus basse (environ 50%) que celle observée/estimée dans les champs abandonnés; toutefois, les pommeraies à niveau intermédiaire d'aménagement montrent des affinités avec l'un ou l'autre des extrêmes selon la métrique utilisée pour estimer la richesse spécifique. Les peuplements des pommeraies contiennent des proportions plus basses de plusieurs guildes, en particulier d'abeilles nichant dans les cavités, de bourdons et de cleptoparasites que ceux des autres habitats. Ces guildes représentent 30% des abeilles récoltées dans les champs abandonnés, mais seulement 3–10% dans les pommeraies, pourcentage qui augmente avec la complexité de l'habitat. Nous discutons de l'utilisation des guildes pour évaluer la santé des peuplements d'abeilles.

Type
Biodiversity & Evolution
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 145 , Issue 1 , February 2013 , pp. 94 - 114
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2013

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