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Degree-day model for timing insecticide applications to control Dioryctria amatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in loblolly pine seed orchards

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

James L. Hanula ,
Gary L. DeBarr ,
Julie C. Weatherby ,
Larry R. Barber  and
C. Wayne Berisford
James L. Hanula*
Affiliation:
Southern Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, Georgia, United States 30602-2044
Gary L. DeBarr
Affiliation:
Southern Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, Georgia, United States 30602-2044
Julie C. Weatherby
Affiliation:
Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, Louisiana, United States 71360
Larry R. Barber
Affiliation:
Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 200 Weaver Boulevard, Asheville, North Carolina, United States 28804
C. Wayne Berisford
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 413 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia, United States 30602
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: jhanula@fs.fed.us).
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Abstract

Because Dioryctria amatella (Hulst) is a key pest in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L. (Pinaceae), seed orchards in the southeastern United States, improved timing of insecticide applications would be valuable for its control. To time two fenvalerate (Pydrin® 2.4 EC) applications we tested four variations of a degree-day model that was developed to predicted when various proportions of D. amatella eggs would hatch during the spring generation. We compared reductions in Dioryctria spp. cone damage to unsprayed checks and a standard operational spray regime of four monthly applications of fenvalerate. In addition, we examined seeds from healthy cones to determine if sprays to control D. amatella also reduced seed damage caused by Leptoglossus corculus Say (Heteroptera: Coreidae) and Tetyra bipunctata (Herrich-Schäffer) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). Trials were conducted from 1984 to 1986 in two orchards in South Carolina and one in Alabama. Degree-day accumulations (threshold = 11 °C) were begun on the day when the cumulative number of male D. amatella equaled or exceeded five captured in 15 Pherocon 1C® traps baited with 100 μg of Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate. One application per year was insufficient to control D. amatella or reduced seed-bug damage. Two sprays based on D. amatella phenology significantly reduced coneworm and seed bug damage, and were as effective as four sprays applied monthly. None of the treatments reduce spring cone losses, which are primarily caused by Dioryctria merkeli Mutuura and Monroe. Several variations of the model performed well, but we suggest that the best, based on efficacy and ease of use, was when sprays were applied immediately after five males were caught (degree-day = 0) and again when the model predicted 50% of the spring generation eggs had hatched.

Résumé

Dioryctria amatella (Hulst) est l’un des principaux ravageurs des pépinières de production de graines du pin à encens, Pinus taeda L. (Pinaceae), dans le sud-est des États-Unis; il semble donc important de déterminer le moment le plus propice à l’application d’insecticides pour lutter contre ce parasite. Pour établir le moment idéal de deux applications de fenvalérate (Pydrin® 2.4 EC), nous avons examiné quatre variantes d’un modèle basé sur l’accumulation de degrés-jours pour déterminer à quel moment les diverses proportions des oeufs de D. amatella de la génération de printemps devraient éclore. Nous avons comparé les réductions des dommages infligés aux cônes par Dioryctria spp. dans des parcelles témoins non traitées et dans des parcelles soumises à un régime de quatre traitements mensuels de fenvalérate. Nous avons, en outre, examiné les graines des cônes sains pour déterminer si les applications réduisent également les dommages causés aux graines par Leptoglossus corculus Say (Heteroptera : Coreidae) et par Tetyra bipunctata (Herrich-Schäffer) (Heteroptera : Scutelleridae). Les tests ont eu lieu de 1984 à 1986 dans deux pépinières de la Caroline du Sud et une de l’Alabama. L’accumulation des degrés-jours (seuil de 11 °C) a commencé le jour où le nombre cumulatif de mâles de D. amatella capturés dans des pièges de 15 Pherocon 1C® garnis de 100 μg d’acétate de Z-11-hexadécényle a été égal ou supérieur à cinq. Une seule application par année ne suffisait pas à assurer le contrôle de D. amatella, ni à réduire les dommages causés aux graines par les punaises. Deux applications prévues en fonction de la phénologie du parasite ont réduit significativement les dommages causés par les punaises et par la pyrale et se sont avérées aussi efficaces que quatre arrosages mensuels. Aucun des traitements n’a réussi à réduire les pertes de cônes au printemps, attribuables surtout à Dioryctria merkeli Mutuura et Monroe. Plusieurs variantes du modèle se sont montrées fonctionnelles, mais nous croyons que la meilleure, par son efficacité et sa facilité d’utilisation, est celle basée sur les vaporisations effectuées immédiatement après la capture de cinq mâles (somme des degrés-jours = 0) et de nouveau lorsque le modèle indique que 50% des oeufs de la génération de printemps ont éclos.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 134 , Issue 2 , April 2002 , pp. 255 - 268
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2002

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