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Khums in Imāmī Shī'ī jurisprudence, from the tenth to the sixteenth centtury A.D.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

Norman Calder
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Extract

Khums was, like zakāt, a ritual duty incumbent on individuals, a farīḍa 'alā l-'ayn. Distinguished from the other 'ibādāt by being as to immediate aim human rights and not divine ones (ḥaqq li'l-ādamiyyīn not ḥaqq li'llāh) the final aim of both khums and zakāt was none the less divine reward and more certain salvation. The qur'ānic basis for khums was found in the verse (8: 41):

Know that whatever you acquire as material gain a fifth belongs to God and to the Prophet and to those related and the orphans and the poor and the wayfarers.

Type
Articles
Information
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 45 , Issue 1 , February 1982 , pp. 39 - 47
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1982

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References

1 For the Imāmī jurists mentioned in this study see Calder, N., ‘Zakāt in Imāmī Shī'ī jurisprudence’, BSOAS, XLIV, 3, 1981, 468–80, ad n. 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Ṭūsī, Mabsūṭ, jihād, 9; all works of Imāmī figh mentioned in this study are cited with details in Calder, op. cit., loc. cit.

3 cf. Lambton, A. K. S., ‘A nineteenth century view of jihād’, SI, XXXII, 1970Google Scholar; and E. Kohlberg, ‘The development of the Imāmī Shi'ī doctrine of Jihād’, ZDMG, 1976.

4 Ṭūsī, Mabsūṭ, zakāt, 20–1.

5 Ibn Idrīs, Sarā'ir, 114–15; 'Allāma, Qawā'id, 24; Taḥrīr, 75.

6 For waṣiyya and wadī'a, see Schacht, , Introduction to Islamic law, Oxford, 1964, 119–20, 157.Google Scholar

7 Ṭūsī, Nihāya, 200–1.

8 Ibn Idris, Sarā'ir, 114–15.

9 ibid., 116–18.

10 cf. e.g. 'Qazwini, Abd al-Jalil, Kitāb al-Naqd, ed. Muhaddith, , Tehran, 1331/1952, 164.Google Scholar

11 For the relationship between sayyids and ‘ulamā’, admittedly in a later period, see Lambton, A. K. S., ‘The Persian ‘ulama’ and constitutional reform’, in Le Shi'isme imamite, Colloque de Strasbourg, Paris, 1970, 164.Google Scholar

12 Muḥaqqiq, , Shara'i', I, 182.Google Scholar

13 ibid., 184.

14 idem, Mukhtasar, 64.

15 idem, Shara'i', I, 184.

16 'Allāma, Taḥrīr, 74–5.

17 idem, Qawā'id, 44.

18 For the ex ante delegation see Calder, N., ‘Judicial authority in Imāmī Shi'ī jurisprudence’ BRISMES Bulletin, VI, 1979.Google Scholar

19 'Allāma, Taḥrīr, 74–5.

20 Shahīd I, in Rawda, 53.

21 Shahīd II, Masālik, II, 68, lines 20 ff.

22 idem, Rawḍa, 53.

23 See further. Calder, ‘Judicial authority’.

24 See Calder, ‘Zakat’.

25 See further, Calder, ‘Zakāt’, ad note 9.

26 Qazwīnī, op. cit., 47–8, 164. 53–4, 71.

27 As witness the letters of Ṭūsī and Murtaḍā to Aleppo, Tripoli, Tyre, Sidon, Damascus, etc.; Khwānsārī, , Rawḍāt al-Jannāt, Tehran 1306, 385, 582.Google Scholar

28 See e.g. Qazwīnī, op. cit., 229 ff.

29 Goitein, S., A Mediterranean community, Vol. II, Berkeley, 1971.Google Scholar

30 cf. Qazwīnī, op. cit., 53–4, 71.

31 See Khwānsārī, op. cit., 288–99, for the biography of Shahīd II; Shirbīnī's Mughnī al Muḥtāj fī sharḥ al-Minhāj is a Sunnī example of a commentary which incorporates and integrates the original text.