Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4rdrl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-02T22:26:41.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Insecticide-treated cattle for controlling tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae): some questions answered, many posed

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

G.A. Vale ,
G. Mutika  and
D.F. Lovemore
G.A. Vale*
Affiliation:
Regional Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Programme, PO Box A560, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
G. Mutika
Affiliation:
Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Branch, Department of Veterinary Services, PO Box CY52, Zimbabwe
D.F. Lovemore
Affiliation:
Regional Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Programme, PO Box A560, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
*
*93 The Chase, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe E-mail: gvale@healthnet.zw
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bioassays in Zimbabwe with wild-caught Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood showed that formulations of deltamethrin (Decatix, SpotOn and an experimental variant of SpotOn), alphacypermethrin (Renegade) and cyfluthrin (Cylence) applied to oxen at the manufacturers' recommended doses gave knockdowns above 50% for 5–24 days in hot months and 24–55 days at cooler seasons. Within these periods, the average knockdowns were 77–86% with deltamethrin, 74% with alphacypermethrin and 59% with cyfluthrin. None of the insecticides affected the numbers of tsetse attracted to oxen from a distance, the proportion of tsetse that engorged, and the alighting responses on cloth screens. In the hot season most tsetse engorged on the belly. At other times the front legs were preferred, especially in the wet season and for a few months after. Chemical assays indicated that insecticide persisted at greatest concentration on the backs of oxen and least on the legs. Modelling the experimental data suggested that 4–21 annual applications of insecticide in areas >1000 km2 would give good control at least 10 km from the invasion source if the treated cattle contributed at least 50% of tsetse diet. No treatment regime under any diet conditions would give good control near an invasion front. Insecticide at concentrations up to 0.15 ppm occurred in dung from treated oxen for up 12 days post-treatment. Dead beetles occurred in and near fresh dung.

Type
Research Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 89 , Issue 6 , December 1999 , pp. 569 - 578
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bauer, B., Kabore, I. & Petrich-Bauer, J. (1992) The residual effect of deltamethrin Spot On when tested against Glossina palpalis gambiensis under fly chamber conditions. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 43, 38–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Bauer, B., Amsler, S., Kabore, I. & Petrich-Bauer, J. (1993) Application of synthetic pyrethroids to cattle. Laboratory trials and tsetse control operations with specific consideration of extension to rural communities. pp. 276–279in Sones, K.R. (Ed.) 22nd Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control. OAU/STRC.Google Scholar
Bauer, B., Amsler-Delafosse, S., Kaboré, I. & Kamuanga, M. (1999) Improvement of cattle productivity through rapid alleviation of African animal trypanosomosis by integrated disease management practices in the agropastoral zone of Yalé, Burkina Faso. Tropical Animal Health and Production 31, 89–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baylis, M. & Stevenson, P. (1998) Trypanosomiasis and tsetse control with insecticidal pour-ons – fact and fiction? Parasitology Today 14, 77–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baylis, M., Mbwabi, A.L. & Stevenson, P. (1994) The feeding success of tsetseflies, Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae), on oxen treated with pyrethroid pour-ons at Galana Ranch, Kenya. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, 447–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dadour, I.R, Cook, D.F. & Neesam, C. (1999) Dispersal of dung containing ivermectin in the field by Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, 119–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, R.G.R., Mmbando, S.O, Fox, M.S. & Wilson, A. (1993) Effect on herd health and productivity of controlling tsetse and trypanosomiasis by applying deltamethrin to cattle. Tropical Animal Health and Production 25, 203–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasgow, J.P. (1963) The distribution and abundance of tsetse. Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Hargrove, J.W. (1991) Ovarian ages of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) caught from mobile and stationary baits in the presence and absence of humans. Bulletin of Entomological Research 81, 43–50.Google Scholar
Hargrove, J.W. & Lange, K. (1989) Tsetse dispersal viewed as a diffusion process. Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific Association 64, 1–8.Google Scholar
Kruger, K., Scholtz, C.H. & Reinhardt, K. (1998) Effects of the pyrethroid flumethrin on colonisation and degradation of cattle dung by adult insects. South African Journal of Science 94, 129–132.Google Scholar
Laveissiere, C., Couret, D. & Traore, T. (1985) Tests d'efficacité et de remanence d'insecicides utilisés en impregnation sur tissus pour la lutte par pieage contre les glossines. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 23, 61–67.Google Scholar
Leak, S.G.A., Mulatu, W., Rowlands, G.J. & D'Ieteran, G.D.M. (1995) A trial of cypermethrin ‘pour-on’ insecticide to control Glossina pallidipes, G. fuscipes and G. morsitans submorsitans in south-west Ethiopia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, 241–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangwiro, T.N.C. & Wilson, A. (1993) The control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis by application of insecticides to cattle: an evaluation of deltamethrin pour-ons. pp. 264–265in Sones, K.R. (Ed.) 22nd Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control. OAU/STRC.Google Scholar
Norval, R.A.I, Perry, B.D. & Hargreaves, S.K. (1992) Tick and tick-borne disease control in Zimbabwe: what might the future hold? Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal 23(1), 1–15.Google Scholar
Stendel, W., Hamel, H-D., Sieveking, H-U. & Bruhne, D. (1992) Analytical determination of the distribution of flumethrin on the body surface of cattle following topical pour-on application. Veterinary Parasitology 42, 137–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, J.W., Mitchel, M., Rees, R.B., Shereni, W., Scoenfield, A.H. & Wilson, A. (1991) Studies on the efficacy of deltamethrin applied to cattle for the control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) in southern Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production 23, 221–226.Google Scholar
Thomson, M.C. (1987) The effect on tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) of deltamethrin applied to cattle. Tropical Pest Management 33, 329–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torr, S.J., Hall, D.R., Phelps, R.J. & Vale, G.A. (1997) Methods for dispensing odour attractants for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, 299–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vale, G.A. (1974) New field methods for studying the responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to hosts. Bulletin of Entomological Research 64, 199–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vale, G.A. (1977) Feeding responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to stationary hosts. Bulletin of Entomological Research 67, 635–649.Google Scholar
Vale, G.A. (1993a) Development of baits for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe. Journal of Medical Entomology 30, 831–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vale, G.A. (1993b) Visual responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited targets. Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, 277–289.Google Scholar
Vale, G.A. (1998) Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to vegetation in Zimbabwe: implications for population distribution and bait siting. Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, Supplement 1, S7–S59.Google Scholar
Vale, G.A., Hursey, B.S., Hargrove, J.W., Torr, S.J. & Allsopp, R. (1984) The use of small plots to study populations of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae): difficulties associated with population dispersal. Insect Science and its Application 5, 403–410.Google Scholar
Vale, G.A., Lovemore, D.F., Flint, S. & Cockbill, G.F. (1988a) Odour-baited targets to control tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe. Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, 31–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vale, G.A., Hall, D.R. & Gough, A.J.E. (1988b) The olfactory responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odours of phenols and urine in the field. Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, 293–300.Google Scholar
Van den Bossche, P. & Mudenge, D. (1999) The effect of short-interval deltamethrin applications to control tsetse on the seroprevalence of babesiosis in cattle. Tropical Animal Health and Production in press.Google Scholar
Warnes, M.L., Van Den Bossche, P., Chihiya, J., Mudenge, D., Robinson, T.P., Sherini, W. & Chadenga, V. (1999) Evaluation of insecticide-treated cattle as a barrier to re-invasion of tsetse to cleared areas in northeastern Zimbabwe. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13, 177–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed