Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T00:42:08.864Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Measurements of 2H and 18O in body water: analytical considerations and physiological implications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

P. Ritz ,
P. G. Johnson  and
W. A. Coward
P. Ritz
Affiliation:
Dunn Nutrition Laboratories, Downhams Lane, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 1XJ
P. G. Johnson
Affiliation:
Bureau of Stable Isotope Analysis Ltd, 15 Brook Lane Business Centre, Brook Lane North, Brentford TW8 OPP
W. A. Coward
Affiliation:
Dunn Nutrition Laboratories, Downhams Lane, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 1XJ
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Measurement of energy expenditure with doubly-labelled water and of body composition and breast milk output with 2H or 18O requires accurate and precise techniques for measuring isotopic enrichments. The possibility of an inaccuracy in measurements of 2H and 18O isotopic enrichment arising from the matrix in biological fluids was investigated (1) by simulating a dilution experiment in both water and urine samples and (2) by reconstituting urine samples, ranging from 10 to 60 g/kg in solid concentration, from freeze-dried urinary solids mixed with either natural abundance or doubly-labelled water. Current techniques involved in measuring 2H and 18O isotopic enrichments were used (reduction of the samples to H2 gas with either Zn or U, and CO2/H2O equilibration or direct measurement of mass 20:18 ratios on water vapour for 18O analysis). All four methods accurately measured serial dilutions in both urine and water. Dilution space calculated from isotopic enrichments, compared with the water content of urine (determined by freeze-drying and accounting for exchangeable isotopes) was overestimated by about 2.4 % by the Zn technique whereas other methods were accurate. The urinary solids content of a water solution was related to that inaccuracy. The use of the Zn technique with biological samples is likely to create biases in 2H distribution space. Examination of recent literature supports this view. Caution should therefore be used when physiological conclusions have to be made from the relative size of 2H and 18O distribution spaces.

Keywords

Doubly-labelled waterTotal body waterDeuterium measurement18O measurement
Type
Energy expentidure and its measurement
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 72 , Issue 1 , July 1994 , pp. 3 - 12
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1994

References

REFERENCES

Bandini, L. G., Schoeller, D. A., Fukagawa, N. K., Wykes, L. J. & Dietz, W. H. (1991). Body composition and energy expenditure in adolescents with cerebral palsy or myelodysplasia. Pediatric Research 29, 70–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrie, A. & Coward, W. A. (1985). A rapid analytical technique for the determination of energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water method. Biomedical Mass Spectrometry 12, 535–541.Google Scholar
Butte, N. F., Wong, W. W., Ferlic, L., Smith, E. O., Klein, P. D. & Garza, C. (1990). Energy expenditure and deposition of breast fed and formula fed infants during early infancy. Pediatric Research 28, 631–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butte, N. F., Wong, W. W. & Garza, C. (1992). Prediction equations for total body water during early infancy. Acta Paediatrica 81, 264–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casper, R. C., Schoeller, D. A., Kushner, R., Knilicka, J. & Gold, S. T. (1991). Total daily energy expenditure and activity level in anorexia nervosa. Americun Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 1143–1150.Google Scholar
Cochran, W. J., Wong, W. W., Fiorotto, M. L., Sheng, H. P., Klein, P. D. & Klish, W. J. (1988). Total body water estimated by measuring total-body electrical conductivity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 946–950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, M. L., Shepherd, T. J., Durham, J. J., Rouse, J. E. & Moore, G. R. (1982). Reduction of water with zinc for hydrogen isotope analysis. Analytical Chemistry 54, 993–995.Google Scholar
Coward, W. A. & Cole, T. J. (1991). The doubly labeled water method for the measurement of energy expenditure in humans: risks and benefits. In New Techniques in Nutritional Research, pp. 139–176 [Whitehead, R. G. and Prentice, A., editors]. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Culebras, J. M. & Moore, F. D. (1977). Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen. I. Theoretical calculation of non-aqueous exchangeable hydrogen in man. American Journal of Physiology 232, R54–R59.Google Scholar
Forsum, E., Kabir, N., Sadurskis, A. & Wersterterp, K. R. (1992). Total energy expenditure of healthy Swedish women during pregnancy and lactation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 334–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, N. J., Jebb, S. A., Laskey, M. A., Coward, W. A. & Elia, M. (1992). Four-compartment model for the assessment of body composition in humans: comparison with alternative methods, and evaluation of the density and hydration of fat-free mass. Clinical Science 82, 687–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, G. R., Prentice, A. M., Coward, W. A., Davies, H. L., Murgatroyd, P. R., Wensing, C., Black, A. E., Harding, M. & Sawyer, M. (1993). Longitudinal assessment of energy expenditure in pregnancy by the doubly labeled water method. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 494–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonfiantini, R. (1978). Standards for stable isotope measurements in natural compounds. Nature 271, 534–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goran, M. I., Poehlman, E. T., Nair, S. K. & Danforth, E. Jr. (1992). Effect of gender, body composition, and equilibration time on the 2H- to 18O-dilution space ratio. American Journal of Physiology 263, E1119–E1124.Google Scholar
Halliday, D. & Miller, A. G. (1977). Precise measurement of total body water using trace quantities of deuterium oxide. Biomedical Mass Spectrometry 4, 82–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, C. L., Butte, N. F., Wong, W. W. & Moon, J. K. (1992). Determining energy expenditure in preterm infants: comparison of the 2H2180 method and indirect calorimetry. American Journal of Physiology 263, R685–R692.Google ScholarPubMed
Jensen, C. L., Wong, W. W., Butte, N. F., Schanler, R. J. & Klein, P. D. (1989). Deuterium and 18-oxygen dilution spaces determined in preterm infants from samples of plasma, saliva and urine. Paediatric Research 25, 1733.Google Scholar
Kendall, C. & Coplen, T. B. (1985). Multisample conversion of water to hydrogen by zinc for stable isotope determination. Analytical Chemistry 51, 1437–1440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreitzman, S. N., Coxon, A. Y., Johnson, P. G. & Ryde, S. J. S. (1992). Dependence of weight loss during very low calorie diets on total energy expenditure rather than on resting metabolic rate which is associated with fat free mass. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 258S–261S.Google Scholar
Livingstone, M. B. E., Coward, W. A., Prentice, A. M., Davies, P. S. W., Strain, J. J., Kenna, P. G. M., Mahoney, C. A., White, J. A., Stewart, C. M. & Kerr, M. J. J. (1992). Daily energy expenditure in free-living children: comparison of heart-rate monitoring with the doubly labeled water (2H2180) method. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 343–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pullicino, E., Coward, W. A. & Elia, M. (1993). Total energy expenditure in intravenously fed patients measured by the doubly labeled water technique. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental 42, 58–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Racette, J. (1991). Effect of adiposity on relative dilution spaces of 2H and 180 labelled water in humans. FASEB Journal 5, A1070.Google Scholar
Ravussin, E., Harper, E. T., Rising, R. & Bogardus, C. (1991). Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: validation in lean and obese subjects. American Journal of Physiology 261, E402–E409.Google ScholarPubMed
Roberts, S. B., Coward, W. A., Schlingenseipen, K. H., Nohria, V. & Lucas, A. (1986). Comparison of the doubly labeled water (2H218O) method with indirect calorimetry and a nutrient-balance study for simultaneous determination of energy expenditure, water intake and metabolizable energy intake in preterm infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 315–322.Google Scholar
Schoeller, D. A. (1988). Measurement of energy expenditure in free-living humans by using doubly labeled water. Journal of Nutrition 118, 1278–1289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoeller, D. A., Ravussin, E., Schutz, Y., Acheson, K. J., Baertschi, P. & Jequier, E. (1986). Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: validation in humans and proposed calculations. American Journal of Physiology 250, R823–R830.Google Scholar
Schoeller, D. A., Santen, E. V., Peterson, D. W., Dietz, W., Jaspan, J. & Klein, P. D. (1980). Total body water measurements in humans with 18O and 2H labeled water. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 2286–2293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Speakman, J. R., Nair, K. S. & Goran, M. I. (1993). Revised equations for calculating CO, production from doubly labeled water in humans. American Journal of Physiology 264, E912–E917.Google Scholar
Tanweer, A., Hut, G. & Burgman, J. O. (1988). Optimal conditions for the reduction of water to hydrogen by zinc for mass spectrometric analysis of the deuterium content. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience section) 73 199–203.Google Scholar
Wong, W. W., Butte, N. F., Garza, C. & Klein, P. D. (1990). Comparison of energy expenditure estimated in healthy infants using the doubly labelled water and energy balance methods. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 175–184.Google ScholarPubMed
Wong, W. W., Cabrera, M. P. & Klein, P. D. (1984). Evaluation of a dual mass spectrometer system for rapid simultaneous determination of hydrogen-2/hydrogen- 1 and oxygen-18/oxygen-16 ratios in aqueous samples. Analytical Chemistry 56, 1852–1858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, W. W., Clarke, L. L., Llaurador, M. & Klein, P. D. (1992). A new zinc product for the reduction of water in physiological fluids to hydrogen gas for H2/H1 isotope ratio measurements. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 69–71.Google Scholar
Wong, W. W., Cochran, W. J., Klish, W. J., Smith, E. O., Lee, L. S. & Klein, P. D. (1987). Intra-individual 18Oxygen and deuterium dilution spaces compared in normal adults determined from plasma, urine, saliva, breath water vapour and carbon dioxide. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 834.Google Scholar
Wong, W. W., Cochran, W. J., Klish, W. J., Smith, E. O., Lee, L. S. & Klein, P. D. (1988). In viva isotope fractionation factors and the measurement of deuterium and 18-oxygen dilution spaces from plasma, urine, saliva, respiratory water vapour and carbon dioxide. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 1–6.Google Scholar
Wong, W. W., Lee, L. S. & Klein, P. D. (1987). Deuterium and oxygen-18 measurements on microliter samples of urine, plasma, saliva and human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 905–913.Google Scholar