Abitbol, M. M. (1987) Obstetrics and posture in pelvic anatomy. Journal of Human Evolution 6:243–55. {MMA}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1989) Variations in blood supply allocations for quadrupedal and for bipedal posture and locomotion. American Journal of Physiological Anthropology 80:239–58. {MMA}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allee, W. C., & Schmidt, K. (1951) Ecological animal geography. Wiley and Sons. {MCab}Google Scholar

Altman, J. (1987) A quiet revolution in thinking. Nature 328:572–73. {aDF}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Andrews, P. J. (1989) Palaeoecology of Laetoli. Journal of Human Evolution 18:173–81. {WHK}Google Scholar

Ardrey, R. (1976) The hunting hypothesis. Atheneum. {aDF}Google Scholar

Armstrong, E. (1982) Mosaic evolution in the primate brain: Differences and similarities in the Hominid thalamus. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk, D.. {GPB}Google Scholar

(1983) Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals. Science 220:1302–04. {rDF, RAB, AW}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aschoff, J., Gunther, B. & Dramer, K. (1971) Energiehaushalt und Temperaurregulation. Urban & Schwartzenbert. {aDF}Google Scholar

Badeer, H. S. (1985) Elementary principles based on modified Bernoulli’s equation. The Physiologist 28:41–46. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1986) Does gravitational pressure of blood hinder flow to the brain of the giraffe? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83:207–11. {aDF}Google Scholar

Baker, M. A. (1979) A brain-cooling system in mammals. Scientific American 240:130–39. {aDF}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

(1982) Brain cooling in endotherms in heat and exercise. Annual Review of Physiology 44:85–96. {arDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Barnes, J. (1964) The complete works of Aristotle. The revised Oxford translation, vol. 1, 1984. Princeton University Press. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Bashore, T. R., Martinerie, J. M., Weiser, P. C, Greenspon, L. C. & Heffley, E. F. (1988) Preservation of mental processing speed in aerobically fit older men. Psychobiology 25:433–44. {WMB}Google Scholar

Batson, O. V. (1944) Anatomical problems concerned in the study of cerebral blood flow. Federation Proceedings 3:139–44. {aDF}Google Scholar

Bingham, G. P. (1988) Task-specific devices and the perceptual bottleneck. Human Movement Science 7:225–64. {GPB}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blomquist, C. G., Nixon, J. V., Johnson, R. L. & Mitchell, J. H. (1980) Early cardiovascular adaptation to zero gravity simulated by head-down tilt. Ada Astronautica 7:543–53. {O-JG}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blumenberg, B. & Lloyd, A. T. (1983) Australopithecus and the origin of the genus Homo: Aspects of biometry and systematics with accompanying catalog of tooth metric data. BioSystems 16:127–67. {rDF}Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R. J. (1986) Carcass consumption sequences and the archaeological distinction of scavenging and hunting. Journal of Human Evolution 15:639–59. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1987) Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche. Current Anthropology 28:383–407. {aDF, WHK}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonnefille, R., Vincens, A. & Buchet, G. (1987) Palynology, stratigraphy and paleoenvironment of a Pliocene hominid site (2.9–3.3 M.Y.) at Hadar, Ethiopia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 60:249–81. {WHK}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bortz, W. M. (1985) Physical exercise as an evolutionary force. Journal of Human Evolution 14:145–55. {aDF, WMB}Google Scholar

Bourliere, F. (1985) Primate communities: Their structure and role in tropical ecosystems. International Journal of Primatology 6(1):1–42. {AZ}Google Scholar

Boyd, G. I. (1930) The emissary foramina of the cranium in man and the anthropoids. Journal of Anatomy 65:108–21. {aDF, GLB, AW}Google Scholar

(1988) The states of human evolution, 3d ed. Prentice-Hall. {CLB}Google Scholar

Brace, C. L. (1979) The stages of human evolution, 2d ed. Prentice-Hall. {CLB}Google Scholar

Brace, C. L. & Montagu, M. F. A. (1965) Mans evolution. Macmillan. {CLB}Google Scholar

Brace, C. L., Smith, S. L. & Hunt, K. D. (in press) What big teeth you had, Grandma! Human tooth size past and present. In: Advances in dental anthropology, ed. Kelley, M. A. & Larsen, C. S., Liss, Alan R.. {CLB}Google Scholar

Brain, C. K. (1958) The Transvaal ape-man-bearing cave deposits. Transvaal Museum Memoir 11. {WHK}Google Scholar

(1988) New information from the Swartkrans cave of relevance to “robust” australopithecines. In: Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {aDF}Google Scholar

Braun, J. P. & Tournarde, A. (1977) Venous drainage in the craniocervical region. Neuroradiology 13:155–58. {MCD}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brengelmann, G. L. (1989) Temperature regulation. In: Scientific foundations of sports medicine, ed. Teitz, C. C. & Decker, B. C.. {GLB}Google Scholar

Breschet, G. (1819) Essai sur les veines du rachis. These Medicale, Paris. {MCD}Google Scholar

Brinnel, H., Boy, J. & Cabanac, M. (1986) Intracranial temperature during passive hyperthermia in humans. Brain Research 363:170–73. {HB}Google Scholar

Brinnel, H. & Cabanac, M. (1989) Tympanic temperature is a core temperature in humans. Journal of Thermal Biology 14:47–53. {HB}Google Scholar

Brinnel, H., Cabanac, M. & Caputa, M. (1989) Effect of face cooling on intracranial temperature in hyperthermic and hypothermic humans. In: Abstracts international symposium of thermal physiology (Tromso). {HB}Google Scholar

Brinnel, H., Cabanac, M. & Hales, J. R. S. (1987) Critical upper levels of body temperature, tissue thermosensitivity, and selective cooling in hyperthermia. In: Heat stress: Physical exxertion and environment, ed. Hales, J. R. S. & Richards, D. A. B.. Elsevier Biomedical Division. {aDF}Google Scholar

Brinnel, H., Friedel, J., Caputa, M., Cabanac, M. & Grosshans, E. (1989) Rosacea: Disturbed defense against brain overrheating. Archives of Dermatological Research 281:66–72. {HB}Google Scholar

Brinnel, H., Nagasaka, T. & Cabanac, M. (1987) Enhanced brain protection during passive hyperthermia in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 56:540–45. {HB}Google Scholar

Browning, H. (1953) The confluence of dural venous sinuses. American Journal of Anatomy 93:307–29. {arDF, JL}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burton, A. C. (1972) Physiology and biophysics of the circulation. Year Book Medical Publishers. {aDF}Google Scholar

Butler, H. (1957) The development of certain human dural venous sinuses. Journal of Anatomy 91:510–26. {rDF}Google ScholarPubMed

(1967) The development of mammalian dural venous sinuses with especial reference to the postglenoid vein. Journal of Anatomy 102:33—56. {rDF}Google Scholar

Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (1988) Machiavellian intelligence. Clarendon Press. {aDF}Google Scholar

Cabanac, M. (1986) Keeping a cool head. News in Physiological Sciences, American Physiological Society 1:41–44. {arDF, MCD, PEW}Google Scholar

(1987) Reply to “Comments on keeping a cool head.” News in Physiological Sciences 2:33–34. {arDF}Google Scholar

Cabanac, M. & Brinnel, H. (1985) Blood flow in the emissary veins of the human head during hyperthermia. European Journal of Applied Physiology 54:172–76. {arDF, HB, MCap, WHK}Google Scholar

(1988) Beards, baldness, and sweat secretion. European Journal of Applied Physiology 58:39–46. {aDF}Google Scholar

Cabanac, M., Brinnel, H. & Mallet, C. (1984) Physiologie humaine: La calvitie est-elle un processus thermoregulateur adaptatif? Comtes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances. Academie des Sciencest. 299:499–502. {aDF, MCab}Google Scholar

Cabanac, M. & Caputa, M. (1979) Natural selective cooling of the human brain: Evidence of its occurrence and magnitude. Journal of Physiology 286:255–64. {WHK}Google Scholar

Calvin, W. H. (1982) Did throwing stones shape hominid brain evolution? Ethology and Sociobiology 3:115–24. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1983a) A stone’s throw and its launch window: Timing precision and its implications for language and hominid brains. Journal of Theoretical Biology 104:121–35. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1983b) The throwing madonna: Essays on the brain. McGraw-Hill. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1986a) The great encephalization: Throwing juvenilization, developmental slowing, and maternal mortality roles in prehuman brain enlargement. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 136:9. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1986b) The river that flows uphill: A journey from the big bang to the big brain. Macmillan. {aDF}Google Scholar

Caputa, M. (1981) Selective brain cooling: An important component of thermal physiology. Contributions to Thermal Physiology 32:183–92. {aDF}Google Scholar

Caputa, M. & Cabanac, M. (1988) Precedence of head homoeothermia over trunk homoeothermia in dehydrated men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 57:611–15. {rDF}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Caputa, M. J., Perrin, G. & Cabanac, M.. (1978) Physiologie: Encoulement sanguin reversible dans las veine ophtalmique: Mecanisme de refroidissement selectif du cerveau humain. Comtes Redus Hebdomadaires de Seances. Academie des Sciences. Serie D. (PAMS) 287:1011–14. {aDF, HB}Google Scholar

Caro, C. G., Pedley, T. J., Shroter, R. C. & Seed, W. A. (1978) The mechanisms of circulation. Oxford University Press. {aDF}Google Scholar

Carrier, D. R. (1984) The energetic paradox of human running and hominid evolution. Current Anthropology 25:483–95. {aDF, GPB}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carroll, R. W. (in press) Feeding ecology and use of termites by lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve of the Central Africa Republic.Mammalia. {AZ}Google Scholar

Chavaillon, J. (1976) Evidence for the practices of early Pleistocene hominids, Shungura Formation, Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia. In: Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin, ed. Coppens, Y., Howell, F. C., Issac, G. L. & Leakey, R. E. F.. University of Chicago Press. {BS}Google Scholar

Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R. & Smuts, B. (1986) Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates. Science 234:1361–66. {aDF, RF}Google Scholar

Clarke, G. A. (1988) Some thoughts on the black skull: An archeologist’s assessment of WT-17000 (A. boisei) and systematics in human paleontology. American Anthropologist 90:357–71. {aDF}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, R. J. (1988) A new Australopithecus cranium from Sterkfontein and its bearing on the ancestry of Paranthropus. In: Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {aDF}Google Scholar

Clark, S. A., Allard, T., Jenkins, W. M. & Merzenich, M. M. (1988) Receptive fields in the body-surface map in adult cortex defined by temporally correlated inputs. Nature 332:444–45. {aDF}Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Harvey, P. H. (1980) Primates, brains, and ecology. Journal of Zoology 190:309–23. {RF}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conroy, G. C. & Vannier, M. W. (1987) Dental development of the Taung skull from computerized tomography. Nature 329:625–27. {rDF}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conroy, G. C, Vannier, M. W. & Tobias, P. V. (1990) Endocranial features of Australopithecus africanus revealed by 2- and 3-D computed tomography. Science 247: 838–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coppens, Y. (1980) The differences between Australopithecus and Homo: Preliminary conclusions from the Omo Research Expedition’s studies. In: Current argument on early man, ed. Konigsson, L.-K.. Pergamon Press. {BS}Google Scholar

Craigie, E. H. (1938) The comparative anatomy and embryology of the capillary bed of the central nervous system. Research Publications of the Association of Nervous and Mental Diseases 18:3—28. {MMA}Google Scholar

Crelin, E. (1969) Anatomy of the newborn: An atlas. Lea & Febiger. {rDF}Google Scholar

Darwin, C. (1871) The origin of species and the descent of man. Random House. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1871)The descent of man and selection in relation to sex, 2 vols. Appleton. {CLB, RF}Google Scholar

Das, A. C. & Hasan, M. (1970) The occipital sinus. Journal of Neurosurgery 33:307–11. {aDF}Google Scholar

Dean, M. C. (1988) Another look at the nose and the functional significance of the face and nasal mucous membrane for cooling the brain in fossil hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 17:715–18. {WHK}Google Scholar

Diamond, M. (1967) Extensive cortical depth measurements and neuron sizen the cortex of environmentally enricheid rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 31:357–64. {WMB}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) Cephalic vascular evolution and development in primates: The stapedial artery and its companion venous sinuses. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago. {rDF}Google Scholar

Dickson, J. A., McKenzie, A. & McLeod, K. (1979) Temperature gradients in pigs during whole-body hyperthermia at 42 degrees C. Journal of Applied Physiology 47:712–17. {GLB}Google Scholar

Dilenge, G. & Perey, B. (1973) An angiographic study of the meningorachidian venous system. Radiology 108:333–37. {aDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Dunbar, R. I. M. (in press) Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia primatologica. {RF}Google Scholar

Dustman, R., Ruhling, R., Russel, E., Shearer, D., Bonekat, H., Shiyeoka, J., Wood, J. & Bradford, D. (1984) Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals. Neurobiology of Aging 5:35–42. {WMB}Google Scholar

Eckenhoff, J. E. (1970) The physiologic significance of the vertebral venous plexus. Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics 131:72–78. {aDF}Google Scholar

Eckhardt, R. (1986) Hominid evolution. Science 234:11. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1987) Hominid brain expansion: Testable hypothesis needed. Current Anthropology 28:206–7. {KRF}Google Scholar

Eisenberg, j. (1981) The mammalian radiations: An analysis of trends in evolution, adapatation, and behaviour. Athlone Press. {RF}Google Scholar

Elgar, M. A. & Harvey, P. H. (1987) Basal metabolic rates in mammals: Allometry, phylogeny, and ecology. Functional ecology 1:25–36. {AW}Google Scholar

Epstein, H. M., Linde, H. W., Crampton, A. R., Ciric, I. S. & Eckenhoff, J. E. (1970) The vertebral venous plexus as a major cerebral venous outflow tract. Anesthesiology 32:332–37. {aDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Falk, D. (1980a) Hominid brain evolution: The approach from paleoneurology. Yearbook of’Physical Anthropology 23:93–107. {arDF, RLH}Google Scholar

(1980b) Language, handedness, and primate brains: Did the australopithecines sign? American Anthropologist 82:72–78. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1983) Cerebral cortices of East African early hominids. Science 221:1072–74. {arDF}Google Scholar

(1986a) Evolution of cranial blood drainage in hominids: Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina. eAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology 70:311–24. {arDF, WHK, AW}Google Scholar

(1986b) Hominid evolution. Science 234:11. {aDF}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1987a) Brain lateralization in primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 30:107–25. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1987b) Hominid paleoneurology. Annual Review of Anthropology 16:13–30. {aDF}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina: Their significance in hominid evolution. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {arDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Falk, D. & Conroy, G. (1983) The cranial venous sinus system in Australopithecus afarensis. Nature 306:779–81. {arDF}Google Scholar

Fialkowski, K. R. (1978) Early hominid brain evolution and heat stress: A hypothesis. Studies in Physical Anthropology 4:87–92. {aD, WMB, KRF}Google Scholar

(1986) A mechanism for the origin of the human brain: A hypothesis. Current Anthropology 27:288–90. {aDF, KRF}Google Scholar

(1988) Origin of the human brain as a preadaptation to enhanced cognitive powers. Antropologischer Anzeiger 46:317–25. {KRF}Google Scholar

(in press) Origin of the human brain as a reliability adaptation to heat stress: New facts. Current Anthropology. {KRF}Google Scholar

Fleagle, J. G. (1980) Locomotion and posture. In: Malayan forest primates: Ten years’ study in tropical rain forest, ed. Chivers, D. J.. Plenum Press. {BS}Google Scholar

(1988) Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic Press. {AW}Google Scholar

Foldes-Papp, K. (1975) Vom Felshild zum Alphabet. Die Geschichte der Schrift von ihren fruhesten Vorstufen bis zur modernen lateinischen Schreibschrift. Gondrom-Verlag. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Foley, R. (1984) Early man and the Red Queen. Hominid evolution and community ecology, ed. Foley, R.. Academic Press. {RF}Google Scholar

(1987) Hominid species and stone-tool assemblages: How are they related: Antiquity 61:380–92. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1987) Another unique species: Patterns in human evolutionary ecology. Longman. {RF, PEW}Google Scholar

Fox, J. L. (1984) The brain’s dynamic way of keeping in touch. Science 225:820–21. {aDF}Google Scholar

Galaburda, A. M. & Pandya, D. N. (1982) Role of architectonics and connections in the study of primate brain evolution. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk, D.. Plenum. {aDF}Google Scholar

Ganong, W. F. (1971) Review of medical physiology. Lange Medical Publications. {aDF}Google Scholar

Gingerich, P. D. (1983) Rates of evolution: Effects of time and temporal scaling. Science 222:159–61. {BHS}Google Scholar

Gius, J. A. & Grier, D. H. (1950) Venous adaptation following bilateral radical neck dissection with excision of the jugular veins. Surgery 28:305–21. {arDF}Google Scholar

Gleadow, A. J. W. (1980) Fission track age of the KBS Tuff and associated hominid remains in northern Kenya. Nature 284:225–30. {CLB}Google Scholar

Godfrey, L. & Jacobs, K. H. (1981) Gradual, autocatalytic and punctuational models of hominid brain evolution: A cautionary tale. Journal of Human Evolution 10:254–72. {aDF}Google Scholar

Goetz, R. H. & Keen, E. N. (1957) Some aspects of the cardiovascular system in the giraffe. Angiology 8:542–64. {aDF}Google Scholar

Goodall, J. (1986) The chimpanzees ofGombe. Harvard University Press. {aDF}Google Scholar

Gould, S. I. & Eldridge, N. (1977) Punctuated equilibria: Tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology 3:115. {O-JG}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gould, S. J. (1977a) Bushes and ladders in human evolution. In: ”Ever since Darwin.” Penguin. {RAB}Google Scholar

(1977b) Ontogeny and phylogeny. Harvard University Press. {RAB}Google Scholar

Graf, W. (1959) Patterns of human liver temperature. Ada Physiologica Scandanavica 46:Supplement 160:1–135. {GLB}Google Scholar

Gray, H. (1973) Anatomy of the human body (29th ed.). Lea and Febiger. {aDF}Google Scholar

Grine, F. & Kay, R. (1988) Early hominid diets from quantitative image analysis of dental microwear. Nature 333:765–68. {aDF}Google Scholar

Grine, F. E. (1981) Trophic differences between “gracile” and “robust” australopithecines: A scanning electron microscope analysis of occlusal events. South African Journal of Science 77:203–30. {WHK}Google Scholar

Grine, R. E. (1988) Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines: A summary and historical perspective. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {rDF}Google Scholar

Griisser, O.-J. (1982) The phylogenetic development of the human brain. Congres Internationale de Paleontologie Humaine. Resumees des Communications 216. {O-JG}Google Scholar

(1988) Die phylogenetische Hirnentwicklung und die funktionelle Lateralisation der menschlichen Grosshirnrinde. In: Psychiatrie des rechten und linken Gehirns, ed. Oepen, G.. Deutscher Arzte-Verlag. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Griisser, O.-J., Griisser-Cornehls, U., Kirchhoff, N. & Kiefer, R. (1985) Averbal social communication of hominids is phylogenetically older than verbal communication. Some evidence from studies in brain lesioned patients. Abstract Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg, South Africa. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Griisser, O.-J. & Weiss, L. R. (1985) Quantitative models on pylogenetic growth of the hominid brain. In: Hominid evolution: Past, present, and future, ed. Tobias, P. V.. Liss, Alan R.. {MMA, O-JG}Google Scholar

Guyton, A. C. (1986) Textbook of medical physiology. W. B. Saunders. {ARH}Google Scholar

Haldane, J. B. S. (1949) Suggestions as to quantitative measurement of rates of evolution. Evolution 3:51–56. {BHS}Google Scholar

Hargens, A. R., Millard, R. W., Pettersson, K., Johansen, K. & Meyer, J.-U.Google Scholar

(1987) Gravitational haemodynamics and oedema prevention in the giraffe. Nature 329:59–60. {aDF, ARH}Google Scholar

Hartl, D. L. & Clark, A. G. (1989) Principles of population genetics. Sinauer. {rDF}Google Scholar

Harvey, P. H. & Glutton-Brock, T. H. (1985) Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39:559–81. {BHS}Google Scholar

Harvey, P. H., Martin, R. D. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1986) Life histories in comparative perspective. In: Primate societies, ed. Smuts, B., Chaney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. & Striraker, T. T.. Chicago University Press. {RF}Google Scholar

Hayward, J. N. & Baker, M. A. (1968) Role of cerebral arterial blood in the regulation of brain temperature in the monkey. American Journal of Physiology 215:389–403. {aDF, GLB}Google Scholar

Hewes, G. W. (1973) Primate communication and the gestural origin of language. Current Anthropology 14:5–24. {aDF}Google Scholar

Hill, K. (1982) Hunting and human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 11:521–44. {RF}Google Scholar

Hirata, K., Nagasaka, T. & Sugano, Y. (1978) Effect of alternating respiratory pathway on respiratory capacity and tympanic and forehead skin temperatures during exercise. Japanese Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 15:8—13. {HB}Google Scholar

Hofman, M. A. (1983) Encephalization in hominids: Evidence for the model of punctuationalism. Brain Behavior and Evolution 22:102–17. {aDF}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

(1983) Energy metabolism brain size, and longevity in mammals. Quarterly Review of Biology 58:495–5122. {BHS}Google Scholar

(1989) On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. Progress in Neurobiology 32:137–58. {BLF}Google Scholar

Holloway, R. L. (1975) The role of humman social behavior in the evolution of the brain. 43d James Arthur Lecture, 1973. American Museum of Natural History. {aDF, KRF}Google Scholar

(1980) Within-species brain-body weight variability: A re-examination of the Danish data and other primate species. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 53:109–21. {RLH}Google Scholar

(1981a) The endocast of the Omo L338y-6 juvenile hominid: Gracile or robust Australopithecus? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 54:109–18. {aDF, MCD}Google Scholar

(1981b) Revisiting the South African Taung Australopithecine endocast: The position of the lunate sulcus as determined by the steroplotting technique. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56:43–58. {CLB}Google Scholar

(1983) Human paleontological evidence relevant to language behavior. Human Neurobiology 2:105–14. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1983) Human brain evolution: A search for units, Models, and synthesis. Canadian Journal of Anthropology 3(2):215–30. {GPB}Google Scholar

(1988) “Robust” australopithecine brain endocasts: Some preliminary observations. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {rDF}Google Scholar

Holloway, R. L. & Post, D. G. (1982) The relativity of relative brain measures. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk, D.. Plenum. {aDF}Google Scholar

Humphrey, N. K. (1976) The social function of intellect. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press. {RF}Google Scholar

Ingvar, D. H. & Risberg, J. (1967) Increase of regional cerebral blood flow. Experimental Brain Research 3:195. {MMA}Google Scholar

Isaac, G. LI. (1976) The activities of early African hominids: A review of archaeological evidence from the time span two and a half to one million years ago. In: Human origins, ed. Isaac, G. L. I. & McCown, E. R.. Benjamin. {CLB}Google Scholar

(1978) The food-sharing behavior of protohuman hominids. Scientific American 238:90–108. {CLB}Google Scholar

Iwabuchi, T., Sobata, E., Ebina, K., Tsubasisaka, H. & Takiguchi, M. (1986) Dural sinus pressure: Various aspects in human brain surgery in children and adults. American Journal of Physiology 250 (Heart and Circulation Physiology 19):H389-H396. {HB}Google Scholar

Jerison, H. J. (1973) Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Academic Press. {aDF, RF}Google Scholar

(1978) Brain intelligence in whales. In: Whales and whaling. Australian Government Publication Service. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1982a) Allometry brain size, cortical surface, and convolutedness. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk., D.Plenum. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1982b) The evolution of biological intelligence. In: Handbook of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Cambridge University Press. {HJJ}Google Scholar

(1983) The evolution of the mammalian brain as an information processing system. In: Advances in the study of mammalian behavior, ed. Eisenberg, J. F. & Kleimann, D. G.. American Society of Mammalogists Special Publication 7. {KRF}Google Scholar

(1985) Animal intelligence as encephalization. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London), 6308:21–35. {HJJ}Google Scholar

Johanson, D. C, Lovejoy, C. O., Kimbel, W. H., White, T. D., Ward, S. C, Bush, M. E., Latimer, B. M. & Coppens, Y. (1982) Morphology of the Pliocene partial hominid skeleton (A.L. 288–1) from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 57:403–51. {rDF}Google Scholar

Johanson, D. C. & White, T. D. (1979) A systematic assesment of early African hominids. Science 203:321–30. {CLB}Google Scholar

Johanson, D. C, White, T. D. & Coppens, Y. (1978) A new species of the genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa. Kirtlandia 28:1–14. {CLB, BS}Google Scholar

Johnson, J. I., Switzer, R. C. & Kirsch, J. A. W. (1982) Phylogeny through brain traits: The distribution of categorizing characters in contemporary mammals. Brain, Behavior, Evolution 20:97–117. {HJJ}Google Scholar

Kaas, J. H. (1988) Development of cortical sensory maps. In: Neurobiology of neocortex, ed. Rakic, P. & Singer, W.. John Wiley & Sons. {aDF}Google Scholar

Kalaria, R. N., & Harik, S. I. (1987) Blood brain barrier monamine oxidase. Journal of Neurochemistry 49:856–64. {WMB}Google Scholar

Kay, R. F. & Grine, R. E. (1988) Tooth morphology, wear, and diet in Australopithecus and Paranthropus from Southern Africa. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {rDF}Google Scholar

Kety, S. (1960) The cerebral circulation. In: Handbook of physiology-neurophysiology 3:1751—60, ed. Feld, John. American Physiologic Society, Washington, D.C. {WMB}Google Scholar

Kimbel, W. H. (1984) Variation in the pattern of cranial venous sinuses and hominid phylogeny. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 63:243–63. {arDF, MCD, WHK, JL, BS}Google Scholar

Kleiber, M. (1932) Body size and metabolism. Hilgardia 6:315–53. {BHS}Google Scholar

Kleinerman, J. & Sancette, S. M. (1955) Effect of mild steady-state exercise on cerebral and general hemodynamics of normal untrained subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigation 34:985. {WMB}Google Scholar

Krantz, G. S. (1968) Brain size and hunting ability in earliest man. Current Anthropology 9:450–51. {aDF, WMB}Google Scholar

Kruska, D. (1988) Mammalian domestication and its effect on brain structure and behavior. In: Intelligence and evolutionary biology, ed. Jerison, H. J. & Jerison, I.. Springer-Verlag. {HJJ}Google Scholar

Laitman, J. T. & Reidenberg, J. S. (1988) Advances in understanding the relationship between the skull base and larynx with comments on the origin of speech. Human Evolution 3:99–109. {KRF}Google Scholar

Lande, R. (1979) Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain: Body size allometry. Evolution 33:402–16. {HJJ}Google Scholar

Leakey, M. D. (1979) Footprints in the ashes of time. National Geographic 155:446–57. {CLB}Google Scholar

(1984) Disclosing the past. Doubleday. {CLB}Google Scholar

Leakey, M. D. & Hay, R. L. (1979) Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature 278:317–23. {aDF, CLB}Google Scholar

Lee, P. C. (in press) Comparative ethological approaches in modelling hominid behaviour. Ossa 14. {RF}Google Scholar

Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1970) History of the primates. British Museum (Natural History). {AW}Google Scholar

Lemons, D. E., Chien, S., Crawshaw, L. I., Weinbaum, S. & Jiji, L. M. (1987) Significance of vessel size and type in vascular heat transfer. American Journal of Physiology 253:R128–R135. {GIB}Google Scholar

Lillywhite, H. B. (1987a) Circulatory adaptations of snakes to gravity. American Zoologist 27:81–95. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1987b) Snakes under pressure. Natural History, November:59–67. {aDF}Google Scholar

Linder, H. (1948) Biologie. Metzler-Verlag. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Lovejoy, C O. (1975) Biomechanical perspectives on the lower limb of early hominids. In: Primate functional morphology and evolution, ed. Tuttle, R. H.. Mouton. {BHS}Google Scholar

(1981) The origin of man. Science 211:341–50. {RF, PEW}Google Scholar

Macphail, E. M. (1982) Brain and intelligence in vertebrates. Clarendon Press. {RAB}Google Scholar

Marshack, A. (1985) Hierarchical evolution of the human capacity: The Paleolithic evidence. 54th James Arthur Lecture, 1984. American Museum of Natural History. {aDF}Google Scholar

Martin, R. D. (1981) Relative brain size and metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates. Nature 293:57–60. {RAB, RF, AW}Google Scholar

(1983) Human brain evolution in an ecological context. James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain. American Museum of Natural History. {CLB, BHS}Google Scholar

Matsushima, T., Rhoton, A. L., de’Oliveira, E. & Peace, D. (1983) Microsurgical anatomy of the veins of the posterior fossa. Journal of Neurosurgery 59:63–105. {MCD}Google Scholar

Mayr, E. (1970) Population, species, and evolution. Harvard University Press. {KRF}Google Scholar

McDougall, I., Maier, R., Sutherland-Hawkes, P. & Gleadow, A. J. W. (1980) K-Ar age estimate for the KBS Tuff, East Turkana, Kenya. Nature 284:230–34. {CLB}Google Scholar

McNab, B. K. & Eisenberg, J. F. (1989) Brain size and its relation to the rate of metabolism in mammals. American Naturalist 133:157–67. {AW}CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mettler, F. A. (1955) Culture and the structural evolution of the neural system. James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain. American Museum of Natural History. {BHS}Google Scholar

Milton, K. (1988) Foraging behaviour and the evolution of primate intelligence. In: Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Clarendon Press. {AW}Google Scholar

Milvy, P. (1977) The marathon: Physiological, medical, epidemiological, and psychological studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 301. {GLB}Google Scholar

Mitchell, D., Labum, H. P., Nijland, M. J. M., Zurovsky, Y. & Mitchell, G. (1987) Selective brain cooling and survival. South African Journal of Science 83:598–604. {PEW}Google Scholar

Nadel, E. R. (1987) Comments on “Keeping a cool head.” News in Physiological Sciences 2:33. {aDF}Google Scholar

Nagasaka, T., Brinnel, H., Hirata, K., Noda, Y. & Sugimoto, N. (1989) Increase in venous flow through ophtalmic veins enhances selective brain cooling in hyperthermic humans. In: Proceeding of the International Symposium of Thermal Physiology Trornso. {HB}Google Scholar

Narebski, J. (1985) Human brain homeothermy during sleep and wakefulness: An experimental and comparative approach. Ada Neurobiologiae Experimental. 45:63–75. {MCap}Google Scholar

Neilsen, K. C. & Owman, C. (1967) Adrenergic innervation of pial arteries related to the circle of Willis in the cat brain. Research 6:773–76. {WMB}Google Scholar

Newman, R. W. (1970) Why man is such a sweaty and thirsty naked animal: A speculative review. Human Biology 42:12–27. {aDF}Google Scholar

Ojemann, G. A. (1983) Brain organization for language from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:189–230. {aDF}Google Scholar

Olivier, G. (1972) Capacite cranienne, langage articule et definition du genre Homo. Comtes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de le Academie des Sciences. Series D. Sciences Naturelles 274:1469–72. {aDF}Google Scholar

Olson, T. R. (1981) Basicranial morphology of the extant hominoids and Pliocene hominids: The new material from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia, and its significance in early human evolution and taxonomy. In: Aspects of human evolution, ed. Stringer, C. B.. Taylor & Francis. {arDF}Google Scholar

Padget, D. H. (1956) The cranial venous system in man in reference to development, adult configuration and relations to arteries. American Journal of Anatomy 98:307–55. {rDF}Google Scholar

(1957) The development of the cranial venous system in man, from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy. Contributions to Embryology 36:79–140. {aDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Pagel, M. D. & Harvey, P. H. (1988) How mammals produce large-brained offspring. Evolution 42:948–57. {AW}Google Scholar

(1989) Taxonomic differences in the scaling of brain on body weight among mammals. Science 244:1589–93. {CLB}Google Scholar

Passingham, R. E. (1973) Anatomical differences between the cortex of man and other primates. Brain, Behavior, Evolution 7:337–59. {RLH}Google Scholar

(1975a) Changes in the size and organization of the brain in man and his ancestors. Brain, Behavior, Evolution 11:73–90. {RLH}Google Scholar

(1975b) The brain and intelligence. Brain Behavior and Evolution 11:1—15. {aDF}Google Scholar

Pedley, T. J. (1987) How giraffes prevent oedema. Nature 329:13–14. {aDF}Google Scholar

Penfield, W. & Rasmussen, T. (1950) The cerebral cortex of man: A clinical study of localization of function. Macmillan. {aDF}Google Scholar

Pilbeam, D. (1980) Major trends in human evolution. In: Current argument on early man, ed. Konigsson, L. K.. Pergamon. {CLB}Google Scholar

Platon (1968) Timaios. In: Sdmtliche Werke, vol. 3, 6th ed., ed. E. Loewenthal. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Plotkin, H. C. (1988) Behavior and evolution. In: The role of behavior in evolution, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. MIT Press. {GPB}Google Scholar

Pritchard, J. A., MacDonald, P. C. & Gant, N. F. (1985) Williams obstetrics (16th ed.). Appleton-Century-Crofts. {MMA}Google Scholar

Radinsky, L. B. (1978) Evolution of brain size in carnivores and ungulates. American Naturalist 112:815–31. {aDF, RLH}Google Scholar

(1979) The fossil record of primate brain evolution. 49th James Arthur Lecture. American Museum of Natural History. {aDF}Google Scholar

Raichle, M. E. (1987) Circulatory and metabolic correlates of brain functions in normal humans. In: Handbook of physiology: The nervous system V. American Physiologic Society. {WMB}Google Scholar

Rak, Y. & Howell, F. C. (1978) Cranium of a juvenile Australopithecus boisei from the lower Omo basin, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48:345–66. {rDF}Google Scholar

Rakic, P. (1988) Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science 241:170–76. {aDF}Google Scholar

Richards, G. (1986) Freed hands or enslaved feet? A note on the behavioural implications of ground-dwelling bipedalism. Journal of Human Evolution 15:143–50. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1989) Human behavioural evolution: A physiomorphic model. Current Anthropology 30:244–55. {aDF}Google Scholar

Robinson, J. T. (1963) Adaptive radiation in the australopithecines and the origin of man. In: African ecology and human evolution, ed. Howell, F. C. & Bourliere, F.. Aldine. {aDF}Google Scholar

Rockel, A. J., Hioms, R. W. & Powell, T. P. S. (1980) The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 103:221–44. {HJJ}Google Scholar

Rowell, L. B. (1986) Human circulation during physical stress. Oxford University Press. {GLB}Google Scholar

Sacher, G. A. (1959) Relation of lifespan to brain weight and body weight in mammals. In: The lifespan of animals, Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Aging, vol. 5, ed. Wolstenholme, G. E. W. & O’Connor, M.. Churchill. {BHS}Google Scholar

(1978) Longevity aging, and death:An evolutionary perspective. Gerontologist 18:112–19. {BHS}Google Scholar

Sacher, G. A. & Staffeldt, E. (1974) Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: Implications for the theory of vertebrate growth. American Naturalist 108:593–616. {BHS}Google Scholar

Sarieh, V. (1971) A molecular approach to the question of human origins. In: Background for man, ed. Sarieh, V. & Dolhinow, P.. Little, Brown. {aDF}Google Scholar

Scharrer, E. (1960) Brain function and the evolution of cerebral vascularisation. James Arthur Lecture on the evolution of the human brain. American Museum of Natural History. {MMA}Google Scholar

Scheibel, A. B., Paul, L. A., Fried, I., Forsythe, A. B., Tomiyasu, U., Wechsler, A., Kao, A. & Slotnick, J. (1985) Dendritic organization of the anterior speech area. Experimental Neurology 87:109–17. {HJJ}Google Scholar

Scheinberg, P. (1975) Cerebral blood flow. In: The nervous system, ed. Tower, D. B.. Raven Press. {MMA}Google Scholar

Scheinberg, P., Blackburn, L. I., Rich, M. & Saslow, M. (1954) Effect of physical exercise on cerebral circulation and metabolism. American Journal of Medicine 16:549–54. {WMB}Google Scholar

Schmidt, R. F. & Thews, H., eds. (1989) tiuman physiology, 2d ed. Springer Press. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1979) Animal physiology: Adaptation and environment. Cambridge University Press. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1983) Animal physiology: Adaptation and environment. Cambridge University Press. {MCap}Google Scholar

Senut, B. & Tardieu, C. (1985) Functional aspects of Plio-Pleistocene hominid limb bones: Implications for taxonomy and phylogeny. In: Ancestors: The hard evidence, ed. Delson, E.. Liss, Alan R.. {rDF}Google Scholar

Seymour, R. S. & Johansen, K. (1987) Blood flow uphill and downhill: Does a siphon facilitate circulation above the heart? Comparative Biochemistry & & Physiology 88A: 167–70. {ARH}Google Scholar

Shenkin, H. A., Harmel, M. H. & Kety, S. S. (1948) Dynamic anatomy of the cerebral circulation. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 60:240–52. {MCD}Google Scholar

Shipman, P. (1983) Early hominid lifestyle: Hunting and gathering or foraging and scavenging. In: Animals and archaeology. 1. Hunters and their prey, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. & Grigson, C.. BAR International Series 163. {CLB}Google Scholar

(1986) Scavenging or hunting in early hominids: Theoretical framework and tests. American Anthropologist 88:27–43. {CLB}Google Scholar

Shipman, P. & Harris, J. M. (1988) Habitat preference and paleoecology of Australopithecus boisei in Eastern Africa. In: Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {aDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Shiraki, K., Sagawa, S., Tajima, F., Yokota, A., Hashimoto, M. & Brengelmann, G. L. (1988) Independence of brain and tympanic temperatures in an unanesthetized human. Journal of Applied Physiology 65:482–86. {arDF, GLB}Google Scholar

Shiu, P. C, Hanafee, W. N., Wilson, G. H. & Rand, R. W. (1968) Cavernous sinus venography. American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine 104:57–62. {MCD}Google Scholar

Sminia, P., Van der Zee, J., Wondergem, J. & Haveman, J. (1990) A review on the effect of hyperthermia on the central nervous system. Progress in Hyperthermia. {HB}Google Scholar

Smith, B. H. (1989) Dental development as a measure of life history in primates. Evolution 43:683–87. {BHS}Google Scholar

Stern, J. T. & Susman, R. L. (1983) The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60:279–317. {aDF}Google Scholar

Stryer, L. (1981) Biochemistry, 2d ed. Freeman Press. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Susman, R. L. (1988) Hand of Paranthropus robustus from Member 1, Swartkrans: Fossil evidence for tool behavior. Science 240:781–84. {aDF, BS}Google Scholar

Taylor, C. R. (1974) Exercise and thermoregulation. In: Environmental Physiology. International Review of Science, Physiology Series I, ed. Robertshaw, D.. Butterworths. {aDF}Google Scholar

Thornton, W. E. & Ord, J. (1977) Physiological mass measurements in Skylab. In: Biomedical results from Skylab, ed. Johnston, R. S. & Dietlein, L. F.. NASA SP-377, Washington, D.C. {O-JG}Google Scholar

Tobias, P. V. (1967) The cranium and maxillary dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei. Olduvai Gorge, vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. {arDF, BS}Google Scholar

(1968) The pattern of venous sinus grooves in the robust australopithecines and other fossil and modern hominoids. In: Anthropologie und Humangenetik, ed. Peter, R., Schwartzfischer, F., Glowatzki, G. & Ziegelmayer, G.. Gustav Fischer. {arDF}Google Scholar

(1971) The brain in hominid evolution. Columbia University Press. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1973) Implications of the new age estimates of the early South African hominids. Nature 246:79–83. {rDF}Google Scholar

(1981) The emergence of man in Africa and beyond. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 292:43–56. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1987) The brain of Homo habilis: A new level of organization in cerebral evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 16:741–61. {aDF}Google Scholar

Tobias, P. V. & Falk, D. (1988) Evidence for a dual pattern of cranial venous sinuses on the endocranial cast of Taung (Australopithecus africanus). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 76:309–12. {arDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Toth, N. (1985) Archeological evidence for preferential right-handedness in the lower and middle Pleistocene, and its possible implications. Journal of Human Evolution 14:607–14. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1987) The first technology. Scientific American 256:112–21. {CLB}Google Scholar

Trevathan, W. R. (1987) Human birth: An evolutionary perspective. Aldine de Gruyter. {BLF}Google Scholar

Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1985) Foods consumed by sympatric populations of Gorilla gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes troglodytes. International Journal of Primatology 6(1):27–43. {AZ}Google Scholar

Tuttle, R. H. (1985) Ape footprints and Laetoli impressions: A response to the SUNY claims. In: Hominid evolution: Past, present and future, ed. Tobias, P. V.. Liss, Alan R.. {arDF}Google Scholar

(1987) Kinesiological inferences and evolutionary implications from Laetoli bipedal trails G-l, G-2/3, and A. In: Laetoli, a Pliocene site in northern Tanzania, ed. Leakey, M. D. & Harris, J. M.. Clarendon Press. {arDF}Google Scholar

(1988) What’s new in African paleoanthropology? Annual Review of Anthropology 17:391–426. {aDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Van Citters, R. L., Kemper, W. S. & Franklin, D. L. (1968) Blood flow and pressure in the giraffe carotid artery. Comparative Biochemistry 6-Physiology 24:1035–42. {ARH}Google Scholar

Van Valen, L. (1974) Brain size and intelligence in man. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40:417–24. {aDF, RLH}Google Scholar

Vidal, P. P., Graf, W. & Berthoz, A. (1986) The orientation of the cervical vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals. I. Resting position. Experimental Brain Research 61:549–59. {O-JG}Google Scholar

von Neumann, J. (1963) Probabilistic logic and the synthesis of reliable organisms from unreliable components. Collected works, vol. 5. Pergamon Press. {KEF}Google Scholar

Vrba, E. S. (1988) Late Pliocene climatic events and hominid evolution. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {rDF, WHK}Google Scholar

Walker, A., Leakey, R. E., Harris, J. M. & Brown, F. H. (1986) 2.5-Myr Australopithecus boisei from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 322:517–22. {arDF}Google Scholar

Washburn, S. L. (1960) Tools and human evolution. Scientific American 203:63–75. {aDF, CLB}Google Scholar

(1982) Human evolution. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 25:583–602. {aDF}Google Scholar

Washburn, S. L. & Lancaster, C. S. (1968) The evolution of hunting. In: Man the hunter, ed. Lee, R. B. & DeVore, I.. Aldine. {RF}Google Scholar

Weinstein, J. D. & Hedges, T. R. (1962) Studies of intracranial and orbital vasculature of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto). Anatomical Record 144:37–41. {WHK}Google Scholar

Wheeler, P. E. (1984) The evolution of bipedality and loss of functional body hair in hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 13:91–98. {aDF, PEW}Google Scholar

(1985) The loss of functional body hair in man: The influence of thermal environment, body form, and bipedality. Journal of Human Evolution 14:23–28. {aDF, PEW}Google Scholar

(1988) Stand tall and stay cool. New Scientist 12 May:62–65. {aDF, RAB, PEW}Google Scholar

Whitby, J. D. & Dunkin, L. J. (1971) Cerebral oesophageal and nasopharyngeal temperatures. British Journal of Anesthesiology 43:673–76. {GLB}Google Scholar

White, E. L. (1989) Cortical circuits: Synaptic organization of the cerebral cortex: Structure, function and theory. Birkhauser. {HJJ}Google Scholar

White, T. D. (1988) The comparative biology of “robust” Australopithecus: Australopithecines, ed. Grine, F. E.. Aldine de Gruyter. {WHK}Google Scholar

Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. W. (1987) Taking (Machiavellian) intelligence apart. In: Machiavellian intelligence, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Press. {RAB}Google Scholar

(1988) The Machiavellian intelligence hypotheses. In: Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Clarendon Press. {AW}Google Scholar

Woodhall, B. (1936) Variations of the cranial venous sinuses in the region of the Torcular Herophili. Archives of Surgery 33:297–314. {rDF}Google Scholar

(1939) Anatomy of the cranial blood sinuses with particular reference to the lateral. Laryngoscope 49:966–1010. {JL}Google Scholar

Woolsey, C. N. (1958) Organization of somatic sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In: Biological and biochemical bases of behavior, ed. Harlow, H. & Woolsey, C.. University of Wisconsin Press. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1964) Cortical localization as defined by evoked potential and electrical stimulation studies. In: Cerebral localization and organization, ed. Schaltenbrand, G. & Woolsey, C. N.. University of Wisconsin Press. {aDF}Google Scholar

Wrangham, R. W. (1977) Feeding behaviour of chimanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In: Primate ecology: Studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys, and apes, ed. Clutton-Brock, T. H.. Academic Press. {AW}Google Scholar

Zihlman, A. (1985) Australopithecus afarensis: Two sexes or two species? In: Hominid evolution: Past, present and future, ed. Tobias, P. V.. Liss, Alan R.. {rDF}Google Scholar

Zihlman, A. L. & Cohn, B. A. (1986) Responses of hominid skin to the savanna. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap 82:89–90. {aDF}Google Scholar

(1988) The adaptivee response of human skin to the savanna. Human Evolution 3:397–409. {aDF}Google Scholar

Zouaoui, A. & Hidden, G. (1989) The cervical vertebral venous plexus, a drainage route for the brain. Surgical and Radiological Anatomy 11:79–81. {MCD}Google Scholar

Zwiebel, W. J. (1982) Introduction to vascular ultrasonography. Grune & Stratton. {MMA}Google Scholar