Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T01:21:56.235Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Indigenous Education and Literacy Policy in Australia: Bringing Learning Back to the Debate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2017

William Fogarty*
Affiliation:
National Centre for Indigenous Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
Stewart Riddle
Affiliation:
School of Teacher Education and Early Childhood, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia
Melissa Lovell
Affiliation:
National Centre for Indigenous Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
Ben Wilson
Affiliation:
National Centre for Indigenous Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
*
address for correspondence: William Fogarty, National Centre for Indigenous Studies, Australian National University, Building 45 Sullivan's Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia. Email: bill.fogarty@anu.edu.au.
Get access

Abstract

In a policy landscape dominated by forces that seek to continually reshape education according to market logics, there are particular impacts on the seemingly intractable crisis of Indigenous education policy making. Entrenched discourses of deficit result in education policy continually being ‘done to’ communities, with little heed paid to the effects of such efforts on the learning opportunities available to young Indigenous learners, particularly those living in remote communities. This paper examines the contemporary network of policy levers that come to shape how literacy policy is framed for Indigenous Australians through narratives of failure and crisis. In doing so, we ask what learning is made (im)possible and what are some of the ‘flattening’ effects on literacy curriculum and pedagogy as a result? Further, this paper seeks to open up the conversation around what learning is possible when the policy landscape is unflattened, when policy is ‘done with’ communities, and when pedagogical practices are opened up, rather than closed down.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABC Online. (2016). Noel Pearson's Program part of problem in Aurukun, Indigenous Educator Chris Sarra Says. Retrieved June 14, 2016, from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-29/pearson-program-part-of-problems-in-aurukun-chris-sarra-says/7456902.Google Scholar
Altman, J., & Fogarty, B. (2010). Indigenous Australians as ‘no gaps’ subjects: Education and development in remote Australia. In Snyder, I. & Nieuwenhuysen, J. (Eds.), Closing the gap in education? Improving outcomes in southern world societies (pp. 109128). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing.Google Scholar
Altman, J., & Hinkson, M. (Eds.) (2007). Coercive reconciliation: Stabilise, normalise, exit Aboriginal Australia. North Carlton, VIC: Arena Publications.Google Scholar
Altman, J.C. (2007). The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous development compatible? Address to Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Conference ‘Forty Years On: Political transformation and sustainability since the Referendum and into the future’, Canberra, 7 November 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2017, from http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/topical/Altman_AIATSIS.pdf.Google Scholar
Altman, J.C. (2009). Beyond closing the gap: Valuing diversity in Indigenous Australia (Vol. 54). Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, ANU.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. (2003). From productivity to ecologism: Dilemmas, issues and strategies for VET. Nathan: Centre for Learning and Work Research.Google Scholar
Apple, M.W. (2006). Educating the “right” way: Markets, standards, God and inequality (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Armstrong, S., Buckley, S., Lonsdale, M., Milgate, G., Bennetts Kneebone, L., Cook, L., & Skelton, F. (2012). Starting school: A strengths-based approach towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Melbourne: ACER.Google Scholar
Au, W. (2009). Unequal by design: High-stakes testing and the standardisation of inequality. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Austin‐Broos, D. (2001). Whose ethics? Which cultural contract? Imagining Arrernte traditions today. Oceania, 71 (3), 189200.Google Scholar
Australian Council for Educational Research (1993). Report on the empirical validation of the first steps reading development continuum. Report to the Curriculum Development Branch of the Western Australian Ministry of Education. Hawthorn: ACER.Google Scholar
Australian Council for Educational Research (2013). Evaluation of the Cape York Aboriginal Australian academy initiative. Canberra: Department of Education, Training, and Employment Queensland.Google Scholar
Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing policy: What is the problem presented to be? Sydney: Pearson Higher Education AU.Google Scholar
Ball, A. (2009). Toward a theory of generative change in culturally and linguistically complex classrooms. American Educational Research Journal, 46 (1), 4572.Google Scholar
Bartlett, L., Frederick, M., Gulbrandsen, T., & Murillo, E. (2002). The marketization of education: Public schools for private ends. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 33 (1), 529.Google Scholar
Batten, M., Frigo, T., Hughes, P., & McNamara, N. (1998). Enhancing English literacy skills in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students: A review of the literature and case studies in primary schools. Melbourne: ACER Press.Google Scholar
Becker, W.C., & Gersten, R. (1982). A follow-up of follow through: The later effects of the Direct Instruction Model on children in fifth and sixth grades. American Educational Research Journal, 19 (1), 7592.Google Scholar
Beresford, Q., Partington, G., & Gower, G. (Eds.) (2012). Reform and resistance in Aboriginal education. Sussex: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, B. (2003). Class, codes and control Volume 1: Theoretical studies towards a sociology of language. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Calma, T. (2009). Enriching tertiary education with Indigenous voices. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from http://humanrights.gov.au/about/media/speeches/social_justice/2009/20091211_don_aitkin.html#fn9Google Scholar
Catts, R., & Gelade, S. (2002). Rhetorics and realities: Equating the delivery of Indigenous VET to the demands of its context: Commonalities from two research projects. Australian Vocational Education and Training Research Association Conference.Google Scholar
Clayton, J., Barnett, J., Kemelfield, G., & Muhlhausler, P. (1996). Desert Schools: An investigation of English language and literacy among young Aboriginal people in seven communities. Canberra: DEETYA.Google Scholar
Connell, R.W. (2013). The neoliberal cascade and education: An essay on the market agenda and its consequences. Critical Studies in Education, 54 (2), 99112.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. (2008). Embedding literacy in Indigenous education through assistant teachers: Lessons from the national accelerated literacy program. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 37 (01), 120129.Google Scholar
Cummins, J. (2007). Direct Instruction: Learning for rats, applied to children. Schools Matter, July. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from http://www.schoolsmatter.info/2007/07/direct-instruction-learning-for-rats.htmlGoogle Scholar
Delpit, L. (1988). The silenced dialogue: Power and pedagogy in educating other people's children. Harvard Educational Review, 58 (3), 280299.Google Scholar
Department of Education and Training (2016). Review of school education in Aurukun. Canberra: Department of Education and Training.Google Scholar
Department of Prime Minister & Cabinet (DPM&C) (2016). Indigenous advancement strategy. Retrieved February 5, 2017, from http://www.indigenous.gov.au/indigenous-advancement-strategyGoogle Scholar
Deschamp, P. (1995). The development and implementation of the first steps project in Western Australia. East Perth, WA: Education Department of Western Australia.Google Scholar
Dione-Rodgers, M. (2012). Report of the program evaluation of Accelerated Literacy. Sydney, NSW. State of New South Wales.Google Scholar
Dodson, M. (2010). Challenges and opportunities in Australian Indigenous education. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from http://books.publishing.monash.edu/apps/bookworm/view/Closing+the+Gap+in+Education%3F/55/xhtml/part01chapter01.htmlGoogle Scholar
Dodson, M. (2012). Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians. Papers on Parliament no. 57. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Research_and_Education/pops/pop57/c02Google Scholar
Dodson, M., & Smith, D.E. (2003). Governance for sustainable development: Strategic issues and principles for Indigenous Australian communities. Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), ANU.Google Scholar
Dow, L. (2011). Spiders are mammals: Direct instruction in Cape York. Literacy and Numeracy Studies, 19 (1), 5065.Google Scholar
Ferguson, J. (1994). The anti-politics machine: ‘Development’, depolitization and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Fforde, C., Bamblett, L., Lovett, R., Gorringe, S., & Fogarty, B. (2013). Discourse, deficit and identity: Aboriginality, the race paradigm and the language of representation in contemporary Australia. Media International Australia, 149 (1), 162173.Google Scholar
Fischetti, J.C. (2014). Issues in education: The rubber duckies are here: Five trends affecting public education around the world. Childhood Education, 90 (4), 316318.Google Scholar
Fogarty, W. (2013). Country as classroom. In Altman, J., & Kerins, S. (Eds.), People on country: Vital landscapes, Indigenous futures (pp. 8293). Sydney: Federation Press.Google Scholar
Fogarty, W., & Schwab, R.G. (2012). Indigenous education: Experiential learning and learning through country. CAEPR working paper no. 80. Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy and Research.Google Scholar
Fogarty, W., Schwab, R., & Lovell, M. (2015). A view beyond review: Challenging assumptions in Indigenous Australian development. Retrieved 1 May, 2016 from https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/13420/3/Fogarty%20W%20et%20al%20A%20view%20beyond%20review%20challenging%202015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fordham, A., Fogarty, W., Corey, B., & Fordham, D. (2010). Knowledge foundations for the development of sustainable wildlife enterprises in remote Indigenous communities of Australia. Working Paper 60/2010. Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), ANU.Google Scholar
Garling, S., Hunt, J., Smith, D., & Sanders, W. (2008). Contested governance: Culture, power and institutions in Indigenous Australia (p. 351). Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Gorringe, S., & Spillman, D. (2008). Creating stronger smarter learning communities: The role of culturally competent leadership. World Indigenous People's Conference in Education, December, 2008.Google Scholar
Graff, H.J. (1979). The literacy myth: Literacy and social structure in the nineteenth-century city. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gray, B. (2007). Accelerating the literacy development of indigenous students: The national accelerated literacy program (NALP). Darwin: Charles Darwin University Press (CDU Press).Google Scholar
Guenther, J., Disbray, S., & Osborne, S. (2015). Building on ‘Red Dirt’ perspectives: What counts as important for remote education? The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education. 44 (2), 113.Google Scholar
Guenther, J. (2013). Are we making education count in remote Australian communities or just counting education? Red dirt thinking on educational disadvantage. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 42 (2), 157170.Google Scholar
Guenther, J., Bat, M., & Osborne, S. (2013). Red dirt thinking on educational disadvantage. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 42 (2), 100105.Google Scholar
Hantzopoulos, M., & Shirazi, R. (2014). Securing the state through the production of ‘Global’ Citizens: Analyzing neo-liberal educational reforms in Jordan and the USA. Policy Futures in Education, 12 (3), 370386.Google Scholar
Hattie, J. (2012). Visible learning for teachers: Maximising impact on learning. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Heitmeyer, D., Nilan, P., & O'Brien, A. (1996). Feasibility of radical change in Aboriginal education curricula and pedagogy. Curriculum Perspectives, 16 (1), 1324.Google Scholar
Henry, J., Arnott, A., Brabham, W., Clark, T., Ellis, B., & Torres, P. (1999). Developing best practice with Indigenous new apprenticeships. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Hughes, H. (2007). Lands of Shame: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander" homelands" in Transition. Sydney: Centre for Independent Studies.Google Scholar
Hughes, H., & Hughes, M. (2010). Indigenous education 2010, policy monograph no. 110. St Leonards, NSW: The Centre for Independent Studies. Retrieved May 1, 2016, from http://www.cis.org.au/images/stories/policy-monographs/pm-110.pdfGoogle Scholar
Johns, G. (2006). Aboriginal education: Remote schools and the real economy. Canberra: Menzies Research Centre.Google Scholar
Johnson, J.T. (2012). Place-based learning and knowing: Critical pedagogies grounded in Indigeneity. GeoJournal, 77 (6), 829836.Google Scholar
Johnston, K., & Hayes, D. (2008). ‘This is as good as it gets’: Classroom lessons and learning in challenging circumstances. The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 31 (2), 109127.Google Scholar
Klenowski, V. (2009). Public education matters: Reclaiming public education for the common good in a global era. The Australian Educational Researcher, 36 (1), 125.Google Scholar
Kral, I. (2010). Plugged in: Remote Australian Indigenous youth and digital culture. CAEPR Working Paper 69/2010. Canberra: CAEPR.Google Scholar
Larner, W. (2000). Post-welfare state governance: Towards a code of social and family responsibility. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 7 (2), 244265.Google Scholar
Li, T.M. (2007). The will to improve: Governmentality, development, and the practice of politics. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Li, T.M. (2011). Rendering society technical. In Mosse, D. (Ed.), Adventures in Aidland: The anthropology of professionals in international development (pp. 5781). New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Lingard, B., Creagh, S., & Vass, G. (2012). Education policy as numbers: Data categories and two Australian cases of misrecognition. Journal of Education Policy, 27 (3), 315333.Google Scholar
Lovell, M. (2014). 11. Languages of neoliberal critique: The production of coercive government in the Northern Territory intervention. In Uhr, J. & Walter, R. (Eds.), Studies in Australian Political Rhetoric (pp. 221242). Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Luke, A. (2008). Using Bourdieu to make policy: Mobilising community capital and literacy. In Albright, J. & Luke, A. (Eds.), Bourdieu and literacy education (pp. 347–62). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Luke, A. (2009). On Indigenous education. Teaching Education, 20 (1), 15.Google Scholar
Luke, A. (2014). On explicit and direct instruction. ALEA Hot Topic Newsletter. Adelaide: Australian Literacy Educators' Association. Retrieved 20 June, 2016 from, http://www.alea.edu.au/documents/item/861.Google Scholar
McCollow, J. (2012). The cape york aboriginal Australian academy three years on: What is the evidence? What Does It Indicate? AARE/APERA Conference, Sydney. Retrieved November 6, 2016, from http://www.aare.edu.au/data/publications/2012/McCollow12.pdfGoogle Scholar
McRae, D., Ainsworth, G., Cumming, J., Hughes, P., Mackay, T., Price, K., et al. (2000). What works? Explorations in improving outcomes for Indigenous students. Canberra: National Curriculum Services and the Australian Curriculum Studies Association.Google Scholar
Meiers, M., Reid, K., McKenzie, P., & Mellor, S. (2013). Literacy and numeracy: Interventions in the early years of schooling: A literature review. Sydney: Ministerial Advisory Group on Literacy and Numeracy.Google Scholar
Miller, C. (2005). Aspects of training that meet Indigenous Australians’ aspirations: A systematic review of research. Adelaide: National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER).Google Scholar
Nakata, M. (2003). Some thoughts on literacy issues in Indigenous contexts. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 31, 716.Google Scholar
Nakata, M., Nakata, V., Keech, S., & Bolt, R. (2012). Decolonial goals and pedagogies for Indigenous studies. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1 (1) 120140.Google Scholar
National Institute For Direct Instruction (2014). NIFDI's mission. Retrieved November 1, 2014, from http://www.nifdi.org/about/nifdis-missionGoogle Scholar
O'Callaghan, K. (2005). Indigenous vocational education and training. At a glance. Adelaide: National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER).Google Scholar
Osborne, S. (2013). Learning vs. education: Re-thinking learning in Anangu schools. Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 42 (S02). 171181.Google Scholar
Pearson, N. (2011a). Education guru teaching to the converted. The Australian. Retrieved from http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/education-guru-teaching-to-the-converted/story-e6frgd0x-1226047199220Google Scholar
Pearson, N. (2011b). Radical hope: Education and equality in Australia. Victoria: Black Publishing.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. (2011). Resisting contradictions: Non-Indigenous pre-service teacher responses to critical Indigenous studies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Queensland, Australia: Queensland University of Technology.Google Scholar
Raduntz, H. (2005). The marketization of education within the global capitalist economy. In Singh, M., Kenway, J., & Apple, M. (Eds.), Globalizing education. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Robertson, J. (2016). Aurukun: Noel Pearson's syllabus partly to blame for school crisis, says former principal. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/may/27/aurukun-imported-syllabus-partly-to-blame-for-school-closure-says-formerprincipalGoogle Scholar
Robinson, G., Rivalland, J., Tyler, W., Lea, T., Bartlett, C., Morrison, P., & Dunn, B. (2009). The national accelerated literacy program in the northern territory, 2004–2008. Implementation and outcomes: Final evaluation report (Vol. 1). Darwin: School for Social and Policy Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, Charles Darwin University.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. (2009). The Element: How finding your passion changes everything. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Rowse, T. (2002). Indigenous futures: Choice and development for Aboriginal and Islander Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press.Google Scholar
Rowse, T. (2005). The Indigenous sector. In Austin-Broos, D. & Macdonald, G. (Eds.), Culture, economy and governance in Aboriginal Australia. Sydney: University of Sydney Press.Google Scholar
Rowse, T. (2010). The reforming state, the concerned public, and Indigenous political actors. Australian Journal of Politics and History 56 (1), 6681.Google Scholar
Rowse, T. (2012). Rethinking social justice: From ‘peoples’ to ‘populations’. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.Google Scholar
Ryder, R.J., Burton, J.L., & Silberg, A. (2006). Longitudinal study of direct instruction effects from first through third grades. The Journal of Educational Research, 99 (3), 179192.Google Scholar
Sanders, W. (2014). Experimental governance in Australian Indigenous affairs: From Coombs to Pearson via Rowse and the competing principles. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper 291. Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research.Google Scholar
Sarra, C. (2005). Strong and smart: Reinforcing Aboriginal perceptions of being Aboriginal at Cherbourg State School. Ph.D. thesis. Perth: Murdoch University.Google Scholar
Schwab, R. (2006). Education and training: The 2002 NATSISS. In Hunter, B.H. (Ed.), Assessing the evidence on Indigenous socioeconomic outcomes: A focus on the 2002 NATSISS. CAEPR monograph no. 2. Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Schwab, R.G. (2012). Indigenous early school leavers: Failure, risks, and high stakes testing. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1 (1), 318.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. (2013). The NT intervention – six years on. New Matilda, June 21, 2013.Google Scholar
Sleeter, C. (2010). Afterword – culturally responsive teaching: A reflection. Journal of Praxis in Multicultural Education, 5 (1), 116119.Google Scholar
Strathern, M. (2000). Audit cultures: Anthropological studies in accountability, ethics, and the academy. London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Sullivan, P. (2011). Belonging together: Dealing with the politics of disenchantment in Australian Indigenous affairs policy. Aboriginal Studies Press.Google Scholar
Sullivan, P. (2013). Disenchantment, normalisation and public value: Taking the long view in Australian Indigenous Affairs. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 14 (4), 353369.Google Scholar
Tarver, S.G. (1998). Myths and truths about direct instruction. Effective School Practices, 17 (1), 1822.Google Scholar
Tracey, D., Craven, R.G., Yeung, A.S., Tregeagle, S., Burnstein, J., & Stanley, H. (2016). A place to learn: Cultivating engaging learning environments for young rural Aboriginal Australians. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 20 (6), 641658.Google Scholar
United Nations (2008). Declaration on the rights of Indigenous people. New York, NY: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Waller, L.J., & McCallum, K. (2014). Don't cut off our tongues: Yolgnu voices in news and policymaking. Communication, Politics and Culture, 47 (1), 1831.Google Scholar