Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T07:56:41.563Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Growth of Crassostrea gigas spat and juveniles under differing environmental conditions at two sites in Wales

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2006

Jonathan W. King ,
Shelagh K. Malham ,
Martin W. Skov ,
Elizabeth Cotter ,
John W. Latchford ,
Sarah C. Culloty  and
Andrew R. Beaumont
Jonathan W. King
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, Marine Science Laboratories, School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
Shelagh K. Malham
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, Marine Science Laboratories, School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
Martin W. Skov
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, Marine Science Laboratories, School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
Elizabeth Cotter
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Ecology & Plant Science, Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
John W. Latchford
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, Marine Science Laboratories, School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
Sarah C. Culloty
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Ecology & Plant Science, Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
Andrew R. Beaumont
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, Marine Science Laboratories, School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
Get access

Abstract

Two sites in North Wales, UK, were compared for growth, survival, immunocompetence and gonad development of Crassostrea gigas. Juvenile C. gigas spat were purchased as a cohort and placed in bags on trestles at the Menai Strait (MS, two heights on the shore) and the Inland Sea (IS) in the summer of 2003. Performance was examined as a function of several environmental parameters; temperature, coloured dissolved organic material absorption coefficient (cDOM), organic and inorganic nutrient levels, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton community composition. Both sites produced variations in growth, as assessed by dry weight indices and condition index, which were found to be lower at IS, where the animals were permanently immersed, than at MS, where they were emersed for at least 1 h/tide (at the low shore height) and 4 h/tide (at the high shore height) during spring tides. Condition index was also significantly higher at MS high shore than at MS low shore. Mortality was low at all sites, though an increase at IS at the end of the trial led to a significantly greater final percentage mortality of 15.6%. Gonad development was limited, particularly at IS where most animals remained undifferentiated. Gonad development was significantly higher at MS high shore than at MS low shore. cDOM, organic and inorganic nutrients were similar at the two areas. At IS the temperature and chlorophyll a levels were higher than MS. The phytoplankton communities were significantly different, with a bloom of Prorocentrum micans dominating at the Inland Sea for much of the experimental period. Differences in the hydrodynamics, as well as Phytoplankton community appeared to be the only parameters that might cause a lower growth rate in the Inland Sea. The possibilities of P. micans having a sub-lethal effect on C. gigas are discussed.

Keywords

Oyster cultureCrassostrea gigaswater qualityImmunologyProrocentrum micansSite selection
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , July 2006 , pp. 289 - 297
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD, 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, L., 1979, Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of nitrite and nitrate by flow injection analysis. Analyt. Chem. Acta 110, 123-128. CrossRef
Anonymous, 1995a, Effects of toxic dinoflagellates on the feeding and mortality of Artemia franciscana larvae. In: Demaret A., Sohet K., Houvenagel G. Lassus P., Arzul G., Erard-Le Denn G., Gentien P., Marcaillou-Le Baut C. (Eds.) 6th International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, Nantes, France, Oct. 1993 Lavoisier, Paris, pp. 427-432.
Anonymous, 1995b, Influence of experimental toxification by DSP producing migroalgae Prorocentrum lima, on clearance rate in blue mussels Mytilus edulis. In: Pillet S., Houvenagel G., Lassus P., Arzul G., Erard-Le Denn E., Gentien P., Marcaillou-Le Baut C. (Eds.) 6th International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Lavoisier, Paris, pp. 481-486.
Auffret, M., 1988, Bivalve hemocyte morphology. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 18, 169-177.
Botes, L., Pitcher, G.C., Cook, P.A., 2000, The potential risk of harmful algae to abalone farming on the South coast of South Africa. J. Shellfish Res. 19, 502.
Brown, J.R., Hartwick, E.B., 1988, Influence of temperature, salinity and available food upon suspended culture of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. I. Absolute and allometric growth. Aquaculture 70, 231-251.
Burkholder, J.M., 1998, Implications of harmful microalgae and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in Management of Sustainable Marine Fisheries. Ecol. Appl. 8, S37-S62. CrossRef
Caceres-Martinez, J., Macias-Montes De Oca, P., Vasquez-Yeomans, R., 1998, Polydora sp. Infestation and health of the Pacific oyster Crassostra gigas cultured in Baja California, NW Mexico. J. Shellfish Res. 17, 259-264.
Chrétiennot-Dinet M.-J., 1990, Atlas du phytoplancton marin. Vol 3: Chlorarachniophycées, Chlorophycées, Chrysophycées, Cryptophycées, Euglenophycées, Eustigmatophycées, Prasinophycées, Prymnésiophycées, Rhodophycées et Tribophycées. CNRS, Paris.
Dégremont, L., Bédier, E., Soletchnik, P., Ropert, M., Huvet, A., Moal, J., Samain, J.-F., Boudry, P., 2005, Relative importance of family, site, and field placement timing on survival, growth, and yield of hatchery-produced Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 249, 213-229. CrossRef
Grant, J., Stenton-Dozey, J., Monteiro, P., Pitcher, G., Heasman, K., 1998, Shellfish culture in the Benguela system: A carbon budget of Saldanha Bay for raft culture of Mytilus galloprovincialis. J. Shellfish Res. 17, 41-49.
Grasshoff K., 1976, Methods of Seawater Analysis. Verlag Chemie, 2nd edition.
Guisande C., Frangopulos M., Carotenuto Y., Maneiro I., Riveiro I., Vergara A.R., 2002, Fate of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins ingested by the copepod Acartia clausi. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 240 105-115.
Hartley B., Barber H.G., Carter J.R., 1996, In: Sims P.A. (Ed.) An atlas of British diatoms. Biopress Ltd.
Hinz, S., Sulkin, S., Strom, S., Testermann, J., 2001, Discrimination in ingestion of protistan prey by larval crabs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 222, 155-162. CrossRef
Holmes, R.M., Aminot, A., Kerouel, R., Hooker, B.A., Peterson, B.J., 1999, A simple and precise method for measuring ammonium in marine and fresh water. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 1801-1808. CrossRef
Humanson G.L., 1979, Animal tissue technique. New York, Freeman and Co.
Ianora, A., Miralto, A., Buttino, I., Romano, G., Poulet, S.A., 1999, First evidence of some dinoflagellates reducing male copepod fertilization capacity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 147-153. CrossRef
Johnson, K., Petty, R.L., 1982, Determination of phosphate in seawater by flow injection analysis with injection of reagent. Analyt. Chem. 54, 1185-1187. CrossRef
Johnson, K.S., Petty, R.L., 1983, Determination of nitrate and nitrite by flow injection analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28, 1260-1266. CrossRef
Kattner, G., Becker, H., 1991, Nutrients and organic nitrogenous compounds in the marginal ice zone of the Fram Strait. J. Mar. Syst. 2, 385-394. CrossRef
Kim, C.S., Lee, S.G., Lee, C.K., Kim, H.G., Jung, J., 1999, Reactive oxygen species as causative agents in the ichthyotoxicity of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides. J. Plankton Res. 21, 2105-2115. CrossRef
Lacoste, A., Malham, S.K., Gelebart, F., Cueff, A., Poulet, S.A., 2002, Stress-induced immune changes in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Develop. Comp. Immunol. 26, 1-9. CrossRef
Luckenbach, M.W., Sellner, K.G., Shumway, S.E., 2002, Effects of two bloom-forming dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum minimum and Gyrodinium uncatenum, on the growth and survival of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791). J. Shellfish Res. 12, 411-415.
Malham, S.K., Coulsen, C.L., Runham, N.W., 1998, Effects of repeated sampling on the haemocytes and haemolymph of Eledone cirrhosa (Lam.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 121, 431-440. CrossRef
Matthews S.G., Pitcher G.C., 1996, Worst recorded marine mortality on the South African coast. Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms-7. International Conference on Marine Toxic Phytoplankton, Sendai (Japan) 12-16 Jul 1995. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 89-92.
Mazurié J., Fleury P.G., Ropert M., Soletchnik P., Maurer D., Gangnery A., 2005, Assessment and interpretation of temporal or spatial differences in shellfish productivity of various French ecosystems. 8th International Conference on Shellfish Restoration, pp. 73-74.
Mortensen, S.H., Glette, J., 1996, Phagocytic activity of scallop (Pecten maximus) haemocytes maintained in vitro. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 6, 111-121. CrossRef
Parsons T.R., Maita Y., Lalli C.M., 1984, A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis. 1.7 Determination of Silicate. Pergamon Press, pp. 25-27.
Pavela-Vrančič, M., Meštrović, V., Marasović, I. Gillman, M., Furey, A., James, K.J., 2002, DSP toxin profile in the coastal waters of the central Adriatic Sea. Toxicon 40, 1601-1607. CrossRef
Qian, J., Mopper, K., 1996, Automated high-performance, high-temperature combustion total organic carbon analyzer. Analyt. Chem. 68, 3090-3097. CrossRef
Rey, C., Harris, R., Irigoien, X., Head, R., Carlotti, F., 2001, Influence of algal diet on growth and ingestion of Calanus helgolandicus nauplii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 216, 151-165. CrossRef
Ricard M., 1987, Atlas du phytoplancton marin. Vol. 2: Diatomophycées. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
Shaw, B.L., Battle, H.I., 1957, The gross and microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract of the oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Can. J. Zool. 35, 325-347. CrossRef
Sournia A., 1978, Phytoplankton manual. UNESCO's Monographs on oceanographic methodology.
Sournia A., 1986, Atlas du phytoplancton marin. Vol. 1: Cyanophycées, Dictyochophycées, Dinophycées, Raphidophycées. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
Spencer B.E., 1990, Cultivation of Pacific Oysters. Laboratory Leaflet, MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research 63, 47 p.
Spencer, B.E., Key, D., Millican, P. F., Thomas, M.J., 1978, The effect of intertidal exposure on the growth and survival of hatchery reared Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) kept in trays during their first ongrowing season. Aquaculture 13, 191-203. CrossRef
Steele, S., Mulcahy, M.F., 1999, Gametogenesis of the oyster Crassostrea gigas in southern Ireland. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 79, 673-686. CrossRef
Sulkin, S., Lehto, J., Strom, S., Hutchinson, D., 1998, Nutritional role of protists in the diet of the first stage larvae of the Dungeness crab Cancer magister. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 169, 237-242. CrossRef
Tomas C.R., Hasle G.R., Steidinger K.A., Syvertsen E.E., Tangen K., 1996, Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. Academic Press Inc, London.
Volety A.K., Barnes T., Pearlstine L., Mazzotti F., 2005, Habitat suitability index model for the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica: implications for restoration and enhancement of oysters in SW Florida estuaries. 8th International Conference on Shellfish Restoration.
Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Qi, Z., 1998, Occurrence and effects of harmful bloom caused by Prorocentrum micans in seawater enclosures. J. Fish. China/Shuichan Xuebao 22, 218-222.
Werstink G., Tita G., Wilson J., 2005, Methodological approach for identifying and evaluating new areas for shellfish farming in the Magdalen Islands (Québec, Canada). 8th International Conference on Shellfish Restoration.
Wikfors, G.H., 2005, A review and analysis of trophic interactions between Prorocentrum minimum and clams, scallops and oysters. Harmful Algae 4, 585-59. CrossRef
Wikfors, G.H., Smolowitz, R.M., 1995, Experimental and histological studies of four life-history stages of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, exposed to a cultured strain of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole 188, 313-328. CrossRef