Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T02:42:30.127Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Stones in the snow: a Norse fur traders' road into Sami country

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Ingela Bergman
Affiliation:
The Silvermuseum of Arjeplog, S-930 90 Arjeplog, Sweden (Email: ingela.bergman@arjeplog.se)
Lars Östlund
Affiliation:
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umeå, Sweden
Olle Zackrisson
Affiliation:
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umeå, Sweden
Lars Liedgren
Affiliation:
The Silvermuseum of Arjeplog, S-930 90 Arjeplog, Sweden (Email: ingela.bergman@arjeplog.se)

Extract

High in the mountains between Norway and Sweden, archaeological survey has brought to light a trail marked by standing stones at regular intervals and tall enough to show above the winter snows. In the absence of any cultural material, the erection of the stones was dated by the diameter of the lichen spreads upon them, and corroborated by a study of the documents and radiocarbon dates. The authors argue that this was not an indigenous trail but one constructed by a Norse chieftain probably around the ninth century AD to gain safe access to the fur-trading Sami.

Type
Method
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ågren, J. 1983. Dendroekologisk undersökning av Domarvägen mellan Árjeplog och Jokkmokk. Fornvännen 78: 269–79.Google Scholar
Ångström, A. 1974. Sveriges klimat. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Armstrong, R.A. 2005. Radial growth of Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon lichen thalli over six years at Snoqualmie Pass in the Cascade Range, Washington State. Arctic and Alpine Research 37: 411–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aronsson, K.-Å. 1991. Forest reindeer herding A.D. 1-1800 (Archaeology and Environment 10). Umeå: Department of Archaeology, University of Umeå.Google Scholar
Bergman, I. 1991. Spatial structures in Saami landscapes, in Kvist, R. (ed.) Readings in Saami history, culture and language II (Center for Arctic Cultural Research Miscellaneous Publications 12): 5966. Umeå: Center for Arctic Cultural Research, University of Umeå.Google Scholar
Bergman, I., Östlund, L. & Zackrisson, O.. 2004. The use of plants as regular food in Ancient Subarctic economies: A case study based on Sami use of Scots pine innerbark. Arctic Anthropology 41 (1): 113.Google Scholar
Briones, L. 2006. The geoglyphs of the north Chilean desert: an archaeological and artistic perspective. Antiquity 80: 924.Google Scholar
Broadbent, N. 1987. Testing of lichen chronology on the Swedish North Bothnian Coast, in Lichenometry and archaeology (Center for Arctic Cultural Research Reports 2). Umeå: Center for Arctic Cultural Research, University of Umeå.Google Scholar
Broadbent, N. 1990. Use of lichenometric and weathering rates for dating. Norwegian Archaeological Review 23: 38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, N. 1999. An assessment of the Stolpa mine site in Tärnaby, Northern Sweden, and newly calculated lichen growth equations for Swedish Lapland. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
Davies, P., Robb, J.G. & Ladbrook, D.. 2005. Woodland clearance in the Mesolithic: the social aspects. Antiquity 79: 280–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earle, T. 1991. Paths and roads in evolutionary perspective, in Trombold, Ch.D. (ed.) Ancient road networks and settlement hierarchies in the New World: 1016. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ericsson, S., Östlund, L. & Andersson, R.. 2003. Destroying a path to the past the loss of culturally scarred trees and change in forest structure along Allmunvägen, in mid-west boreal Sweden. Silva Fennica 37 (2): 283–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenwick, H. 2004. Ancient roads and GPS survey: modelling the Amarna Plain. Antiquity 78: 880–85.Google Scholar
Fjellström, Ph. 1982. Northern Scandinavian hunting culture as reflected in Medieval records, in? Hultkrantz, A. & Vorren, Ø. (ed.) The hunters, their culture and way of life (Tromsø museums skrifter. XVIII): 87100.Tromsø: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Fjellström, Ph. 1985. Samernas samhälle i tradition och nutid. Stockholm: Norstedts.Google Scholar
Gustafson, L. 1988. Farlig ferd i fjellet. SPOR 5: 3842. Trondheim.Google Scholar
Hætt, O.M. 1980. Eldste skriftkilder om samer (Lokalsamfunnet i skolen, Emnehefte 12, Same tema 3). Vadsø: Högskolan i Finnmark.Google Scholar
Hansen, L.I. 1990. Samisk fangstsamfunn og norsk høvdingeøkonomi. Olso: Novus.Google Scholar
Hansen, L.I. & Olsen, B.. 2004. Samenes historie fram til 1750. Oslo: Cappelen akademisk forlag.Google Scholar
Hedman, S.– D. 2003. Boplatser och offerplatser. Ekonomisk strategi och boplatsmönster bland skogssamer 700-1600 AD (Studia Archaeologica Universitatis Umensis 17). Umeå: Institutionen för arkeologi och samiska studier, Umeå Universitet.Google Scholar
Hellberg, E., Hörnberg, G., Liedgren, L., Karlsson, H., Bergman, I., Zackrisson, O. & Ö;stlund, L.. 2004. Human impact on forest-limit ecosystems - palaeoecological indications of deforestation and prolonged ecological effects of land-use at a site in the Swedish Scandes, in Hellberg, E. (ed.) Historical Variability of Deciduous Forests in Northern Sweden. Effects of forest fires, land-use and climate (Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Silvestria 308): 120.Google Scholar
Hoppe, G. 1945. Vägarna inom Norrbottens län. Studier över den trafikgeografiska utvecklingen från 1500-talet till våra dagar (Geographica 16, Uppsala Universitet). Uppsala: Appelberg.Google Scholar
Innes, J.L. 1985. An examination of some factors affecting the largest lichens on a substrate. Arctic and Alpine Research 17: 99106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jørgensen, M.S. 1996. Oldtidens veje i Danmark. Nogle aspekter af den forhistoriske landfærdsel. Braut. Nordiska Vejhistoriske Studier 1: 3762.Google Scholar
Karlén, W. 1975. Lichenometrisk datering i norra Skandinavien - Metodens tillförlitlighet och regionala tillämpning (Forskningsrapport 22). Stockholm: Naturgeografiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet.Google Scholar
Karlén, W. & Black, J.L.. 2002. Estimates of lichen growth-rate in northern Sweden. Geografiska Annaler 84: 225–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laroche, S.J. & Smith, D.J.. 2004. Calibrated Rhizocarpon spp. growth curve for the Mount Waddington area, British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research 36: 407–18.Google Scholar
Larsson, L. (ed.). 2001. Kommunikation i tid och rum (University of Lund, institute of Archaeology Report 82). Lund: Insitute of Archaeology, University of Lund.Google Scholar
Liedgren, L., Bergman, I., Östlund, L., Zackrisson, O., Hellberg, E., Hörnberg, E. & Deluca, Th.H.. In press. Radiocarbon dating of prehistoric hearths in alpine northern Sweden: problems and possibilities. Journal of Archaeological Science.Google Scholar
Loso, M.G. & Doak, D.F.. 2006. The biology behind lichenometric dating curves. Oecologia 147: 223–29.Google Scholar
Magnus, O. 1982. Historia om de nordiska folken (translation of Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus). First published 1555 in Rome. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Måhl, K. 2002. Vägval. Vägval och samhälle på Gotland under 1500 år. Calidris.Google Scholar
Matthews, J.A. 2005. ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier variations in Jutenheim, Southern Norway: a study in regionally controlled lichenometric dating of recessional moraines with implications for climate and lichen growth rates. Holocene 15:1-19.Google Scholar
Mulk, I.M. 1994. Sirkas - ett samiskt samhälle i förändring Kr. f. - 1600 e. Kr (Studia Archaeologica Universitatis Umensis 6). Umeå: Department of Archaeology, University of Umeå.Google Scholar
Mulk, I.M. 1996. The role of the Sámi in fur trading during the Late Iron Age and Nordic Medieval Period in the light of the Sámi sacrificial sites in Lapland, Northern Sweden. Acta Borealia 1996: 4780.Google Scholar
Nordlander, J. 1906. Om birkarlarne. Historisk tidskrift: 217–55.Google Scholar
Odner, K. 1983. Finner og terfinner. Etniske prosesser i det nordlige Fenno-Skandinavia (Oslo Occasional papers in social anthropology 90). Oslo: Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Östlund, L., Zackrisson, O. & Hörnberg, G.. 2002. Trees on the border between nature and culture. Culturally modified trees in boreal Sweden. Environmental History 7: 4868.Google Scholar
Petersen, Th. 1931. Gamle veier. Trondheims Turistforenings årbok: 725.Google Scholar
Pipo, C.P. & Hunt, T.L.. 2005. Mapping prehistoric statue roads on Easter Island. Antiquity 79: 158–68.Google Scholar
Qviström, M. (ed.) 2006. Gångna landskap: möten mellan väghistoria och landskapshistoria. Alnarp: Institutionen för landskapsplanering.Google Scholar
Rudebeck, E. 2002. Vägen som rituell arena, in Jennbert, K., Andrén, A. & Raudvere, C. (ed.) Plats och praxis: studier av förkristen ritual: 167200. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.Google Scholar
Serning, I. 1956. Lapska offerplatsfynd från järnålder och medeltid i de svenska lappmarkerna (Acta Lapponica XI, Nordiska museet). Stockholm: Hugo Geber.Google Scholar
Smedstad, I. 1988. Etableringen av et organisert veihold i Midt-Norge i tidlig historisk tid (Varia, Universitetets Oldsaksamling 16). Oslo: University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Smedstad, I. 1996. Kommunikasjonsforhold i Trøndelag i vikingtid og middelalder, in Walberg, Ø. (ed.) Før og etter Stiklestad 1030. Religionsskifte, kulturforhold, politisk makt: 93107. Stiklestad nasjonale Kultursenter A.S.|Verdal.Google Scholar
Snead, J.E. (2002). Ancestral Pueblo trails and the cultural landscape of the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico. Antiquity 76: 756–65.Google Scholar
Steckzén, B. 1964. Birkarlar och lappar. En studie i birkarleväsendets, lappbefolkningens och skinnhandelns historia (Kungliga vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademiens handlingar, historiska serien 9). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Storli, I. 1993. Sami Viking Age pastoralism - or ‘The fur trade paradigm’ reconsidered. Norwegian Archaeological Review 26: 120.Google Scholar
Thörn, R. 2002. Förhistoriska vägar i Malmö, Sverige. Nordiske Veghistoriske Studier 2: 135–48.Google Scholar
Trombold, Ch.D. 1991. An introduction to the study of ancient New World road networks, in Ch.D. Trombold (ed.) Ancient road networks and settlement hierarchies in the New World: 19. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vahtola, J. 1991. Birkarlarna, in Tornedalens historia 1. Från istid till 1600-talet: 215–21.Google Scholar
Wallerström, Th. 1994. A merchant's depot and a hiding place for stolen goods - or Saami sacrificial sites? A source critical look at the Gråträsk and Mörtträsket finds. Meddelanden från Lunds universitets historiska museum 1993–1994. new series 10: 167–87.Google Scholar
Weber, B. 1987. På leiting etter gamle veier. Nicolay 4: 2033. Oslo.Google Scholar
Weber, B. 1988. I pilgrimenes spor. SPOR 5: 46–9. Trondheim.Google Scholar
Zachrisson, I. 1984. De samiska metalldepåerna år 1000-1350 i ljuset av fyndet från Mörtträsket, Lappland (Archaeology and Environment 3). Umeå: Department of Archaeology, University of Umeå.Google Scholar