Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T08:50:54.627Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Settlement layout and social organisation in the earliest European Neolithic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2016

Martin Furholt
Martin Furholt*
Affiliation:
Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Johanna-Mestorf-Strasse 2–6, D-24118 Kiel, Germany (Email: martin.furholt@ufg.uni-kiel.de)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The internal layout of early settlements can provide insight into social organisation and the processes of Neolithic expansion into Europe. Analysis of variables describing 71 sites revealed a spectrum extending between two distinct settlement types that can be regionally and chronologically situated. The very early ‘Anatolian village’ in the south-east exhibits multi-level organisation, reflected in concentrated residence and temporal stability; the younger (post 6000 BC) ‘Balkan village’ in the north-west represents a new model with less centralised control of space and a less permanent layout. Between these types is a transitional domain of more heterogeneous, and ever-changing settlement layouts, which is characterised as a ‘third space’ of hybridised traditions.

Keywords

EuropeNeolithicsettlementsocial organisationcorrespondence analysis
Type
Research
Information
Antiquity , Volume 90 , Issue 353 , October 2016 , pp. 1196 - 1212
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Schwartz, G.M.. 2009. The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16 000–300 BC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ammerman, A.J. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.. 1984. The Neolithic transition and the genetics of populations in Europe. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Banning, E.B. 2010. Houses, households, and changing society in the Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic of the southern Levant. Paléorient 36: 49–87.Google Scholar
Banning, E.B. 2012. The southern Levant, in Potts, D.T. (ed.) A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East: 396–414. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Biehl, P.F. 2012. Rapid vs long-term social change during the Neolithic–Chalcolithic transition in Central Anatolia. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica—Natural Sciences in Archaeology III (1): 105–13.Google Scholar
Bhabha, H.K. 2010. The location of culture. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1990 [1980]. The logic of practice. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Brami, M & Heyd, V.. 2011. The origins of Europe's first farmers: the role of Hacılar and Western Anatolia, fifty years on. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 86: 165–206.Google Scholar
Brandt, G., Haak, W., Adler, C.J., Roth, C., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Karimnia, S., Möller-Rieker, S., Meller, H., Ganslmeier, R., Friederich, S., Dresely, V., Nicklisch, N., Pickrell, J.K., Sirocko, F., Reich, D., Cooper, A. & Alt, K.W.. 2013. Ancient DNA reveals key stages in the formation of Central European mitochondrial genetic diversity. Science 342: 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1241844 Google Scholar
Çilingiroğlu, Ç. 2009. Central-west Anatolie at the end of 7th and beginning of 6th millennium BCE in the light of pottery from Ulucak (Izmir). Tübingen: Eberhard-Karls-Universität.Google Scholar
Cutting, M.V. 2005. The Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic farmers of Central and southwest Anatolia (British Archaeological Reports international series 1435). Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Draşovean, F. & Schier, W.. 2010. The Neolithic tell sites Parţa and Uivar (Romanian Banat). A comparison of their architectural sequence and organization of social space, in Hansen, S. (ed.) Leben auf dem Tell als soziale Praxis: 165–87. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Düring, B.S. 2006. Constructing communities. Clustered neighbourhood settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic ca. 8500–5500 cal BC. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universiteit Leiden.Google Scholar
Düring, B.S. 2011. The prehistory of Asia Minor: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Duru, R. 2012. The Neolithic of the Lakes Region Hacilar-Kurucay Höyük-Höyücek-Bademagaci Höyük, in Başgelen, N., Özdoğan, M. & Kuniholm, P.I. (ed.) The Neolithic in Turkey, western Turkey, volume 4: 1–65. Istanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications.Google Scholar
Fisher, K.D. 2009. Placing social interaction: an integrative approach to analyzing past built environments. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28: 439–57.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. 1984. The constitution of society: outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, M., Winn, S. & Shimabuku, D.. 1989. Achilleion. A Neolithic settlement in Thessaly, Greece, 6400–5600 BC. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California.Google Scholar
Greenacre, M.J. 1984. Theory and application of correspondence analysis. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Greenacre, M.J. 1993. Correspondence analysis in practice. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Llamas, B., Brandt, G., Nordenfelt, S., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fu, Q., Mittnik, A., Bánffy, E., Economou, C., Francken, M., Friederich, S., Pena, R.G., Hallgren, F., Khartanovich, V., Khokhlov, A., Kunst, M., Kuznetsov, P., Meller, H., Mochalov, O., Moiseyev, V., Nicklisch, N., Pichler, S.L., Risch, R., Rojo Guerra, M.A., Roth, C., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Wahl, J., Meyer, M., Krause, J., Brown, D., Anthony, D., Cooper, A., Alt, K.W. & Reich, D.. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14317 Google Scholar
Hansen, S., Reingruber, A. & Toderaş, M.. 2009. Pietrele: Der kupferzeitliche Siedlungshügel “Măgura Gorgana” und sein Umfeld. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen und geomorphologischen Untersuchungen im Sommer 2008. Eurasia Antiqua 15: 15–66.Google Scholar
Hillier, B. & Hanson, J.. 1984. The social logic of space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 2014. Çatalhöyük: the leopard changes its spots. A summary of recent work. Anatolian Studies 64: 1–22.Google Scholar
Hofmann, R. 2013. Spätneolithische Keramik und Siedlungsentwicklung in Zentralbosnien. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Karul, N., Eres, Z., Özdoğan, M., Parzinger, H., Fassbinder, J.W.E. & Becker, H.. 2003. Aşağı Pınar 1: Einführung, Forschungsgeschichte, Stratigraphie Und Architektur (Archäologie in Eurasien 15). Mainz: P. von Zabern.Google Scholar
Kelly, R.L. 1995. The foraging spectrum. Diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Washington, D.C. & London: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Kotsakis, K. 2006. Settlement of discord: Sesklo and the emerging household, in Tasic, N. & Grozdanov, C. (ed.) Homage to Milutin Garasanin: 207–20. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.Google Scholar
Lichardus, J., Fol, A., Getov, L., Bertemes, F., Echt, R., Katincarov, R. & Iliev, I.K.. 1996. Bericht über die bulgarisch-deutschen Ausgrabungen in Drama (1989–1995). Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 77: 5–154.Google Scholar
Lillie, M., Budd, C., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Karul, N. & Pinhasi, R.. 2012. Musings on early farming communities in northwest Anatolia and other flights of fancy. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica - Natural Sciences in Archaeology III (1): 11–22.Google Scholar
Madsen, T. 2015. CAPCA. Available at: http://www.archaeoinfo.dk/ (accessed 4 July 2016).Google Scholar
Madsen, T. & Petersen, J.E.. 1984. Tidligneolitiske anlæg ved Mosegården. Regionale og kronologiske forskelle i tidligneolitikum. Kuml 1982–1983: 61–120.Google Scholar
Marciniak, A., Barański, M.Z., Bayliss, A., Czerniak, L., Goslar, T., Southon, J. & Taylor, R.E.. 2015. Fragmenting times: interpreting a Bayesian chronology for the Late Neolithic occupation of Çatalhöyük East, Turkey. Antiquity 89: 154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.33 Google Scholar
Mathieson, I., Lazaridis, I., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Patterson, N., Roodenberg, S.A., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., Sirak, K., Gamba, C., Jones, E.R., Llamas, B., Dryomov, S., Pickrell, J., Arsuaga, J.L., de Castro, J.M.B., Carbonell, E., Gerritsen, F., Khokhlov, A., Kuznetsov, P., Lozano, M., Meller, H., Mochalov, O., Moiseyev, V., Guerra, M.A.R., Roodenberg, J., Vergès, J.M., Krause, J., Cooper, A., Alt, K.W., Brown, D., Anthony, D., Lalueza-Fox, C., Haak, W., Pinhasi, R. & Reich, D.. 2015. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528: 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16152 Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. 1967. Çatal Hüyük: a Neolithic town in Anatolia. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. 1970. Excavations at Hacilar. Edinburgh: The British Insitute of Archaeology at Ankara.Google Scholar
Milojčić, V. 1983. Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Otzaki-Magula in Thessalien II. Das mittlere Neolithikum. Die mittelneolithische Siedlung. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Mischka, C. 2010. Beispiele für Ähnlichkeit und Diversität neolithischer und kupferzeitlicher regionaler Siedlungsmuster in Rumänien anhand von geomagnetischen Prospektionen, in Hansen, S. (ed.) Leben auf dem Tell als soziale Praxis: 165–87. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Müller, J. & Zimmermann, A.. 1997. Archäologie Und Korrespondenzanalyse. Beispiele, Fragen, Perspektiven. Espelkamp: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Özbaşaran, M. 2012. Aşıklı, in Özdoğan, M., Başgelen, N. & Kuniholm, P.I. (ed.) The Neolithic in Turkey, central Turkey, Volume 3: 135–58. Istanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications.Google Scholar
Özdoğan, M. 2011. An Anatolian perspective on the Neolithization process in the Balkans. New questions, new prospects, in Krauss, R. (ed.) Beginnings—new research in the appearance of the Neolithic between northwest Anatolia and the Carpathian Basin: papers of the international workshop, 8th–9th April 2009, Istanbul: 23–33. Rahden/Westfalen: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Öztan, A. 2011. Köşk Höyük. A Neolithic settlement in Niğde-Bor Plateau, in Özdoğan, M., Başgelen, N. & Kuniholm, P.I. (ed.) The Neolithic in Turkey, central Turkey, volume 3: 31–70. Istanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications.Google Scholar
Parzinger, H. 1993. Studien Zur Chronologie Und Kulturgeschichte Der Jungstein-, Kupfer- Und Frühbronzezeit Zwischen Karpaten Und Mittlerem Taurus. Mainz: Zabern.Google Scholar
Perlès, C. 2001. Early Neolithic in Greece: the first farming communities in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reingruber, A. 2008. Die Deutschen Ausgrabungen Auf Der Argissa-Magula II. Die Argissa-Magula. Das Frühe Und Das Beginnende Mittlere Neolithikum Im Lichte Transägäischer Beziehungen. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Ridley, C., Wardle, K.A. & Mould, C.A.. 2000. Servia I. Anglo-Hellenistic rescue excavations 1971–73 directed by Katerina Rhomiopoulou and Cressida Ridley. London: The British School at Athens.Google Scholar
Roodenberg, J.J. & Roodenberg, S.A. (ed.). 2008. Life and death in a prehistoric settlement in northwest Anatolia. The Ilipinar excavations, volume III (Publication de l'Institut Historique et Archéologique Néerlandais de Stamboul 110). Leiden: The Netherlands Institute for the Near East.Google Scholar
Souvatzi, S.G. 2008. A social archaeology of households in Neolithic Greece. An anthropological approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Brandt, G., Haak, W., Keerl, V., Jakucs, J., Möller-Rieker, S., Köhler, K., Mende, B.G., Oross, K., Marton, T., Osztás, A., Kiss, V., Fecher, M., Pálfi, G., Molnár, E., Sebők, K., Czene, A., Paluch, T., Šlaus, M., Novak, M., Pećina-Šlaus, N., Ősz, B., Voicsek, V., Somogyi, K., Tóth, G., Kromer, B., Bánffy, E. & Alt, K.W.. 2015. Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 282: article no. 20150339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0339 Google Scholar
Vitelli, K.D. 2007. Lerna: a Preclassical site in the Argolid. Volume V: the Neolithic pottery from Lerna. Princeton (NJ): The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Furholt supplementary material

Furholt supplementary material 1

Download Furholt supplementary material(File)
File 45.1 KB
Supplementary material: File

Furholt supplementary material

Furholt supplementary material 2

Download Furholt supplementary material(File)
File 48.6 KB
Supplementary material: File

Furholt supplementary material

Furholt supplementary material 3

Download Furholt supplementary material(File)
File 57.3 KB