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Penny Whistles and Prehistory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

J. V. S. Megaw
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Type
Research Article
Information
Antiquity , Volume 34 , Issue 133 , March 1960 , pp. 6 - 13
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 1960

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References

1 Prof. Stuart Piggott in Ant. J., XXXIX (1959), 19-32, discusses some British evidence for the carnyx in the light of the continental material.

2 F. Behn, Musikleben im Altertum und frühen Mittelalter (1954), 6-15, Taf. 2-6.

3 O. Seewald, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Steinzeitlichen Mttsikinstrumente Europas (1934), 42-3; within its chronological limits this is the only thorough discussion of the material evidence for music in prehistoric Europe and I have freely drawn on it for the first part of this study.

4 C. Sachs, Geist und Werden der Musikinstrumente (1929), 24 ff.

5 Another example is published by L. Capitan and D. Peyrony, La Madeleine (1928), 90, fig. 53,

6 S. Reinach, Antiquités nationales, I (1889), 206, 220.

7 A. Buchner, Musical Instruments through the Ages (N.D.), pls. 1-3.

8 T. Wilson in Smithsonian Institute: Report of the U.S. National Museum, 1896 (1898), 566.

9 Z. Horusitzky in Acta Arch. Hung., V (1955). 13397.

10 J. Bayer in Die Eiszeit und Urgeschichte, VI, 1/2 (1929), 90-95, Taf. V.

11 A. Abel and G. Kyrie, Die Drachenhöhle bei Mixnitz (1931), 905-6, Taf. CXCV, 2 and CXCVI, 1-2.

12 Upper Palaeolithic Age in Britain, (1926), 47.

13 Horusitzky, op. cit.

14 E. Passemard in Préhistoire, IX (1944), 56.

15 R. and S. de Saint-Périer, ‘La Grotte d’Isturitz III’, Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie humaine 35 (1952), 59.

16 A. Cheynier, ‘Badegoule’, Archives .., 23 (1949), 116-8.

17 M. Ebert in Prähistorische Zeitschrift, V (1913), 518-9, Abb. 15.

18 Seewald, op. cit., 36.

19 Aarbϕger, X (1920), 91 ff., fig. 33.

20 Kuml (1951), 145-53.

21 E. Piette in Bull. Soc. Anthrop. de Paris, VIII (1873), 387; for an illustration v. Seewald, op. cit., Taf. II, II.

22 F. J. Fétis in Histoire générale de la Musique, 1 (1869), 24-26, figs. 3-4.

23 L. Lindenschmidt, Die Altertümer zu Sigtnaringen (1860), 171-4, 216, Taf. XXV, 16.

24 H. Messikommer, Die Pfahlbauten von Robenhausen (1913), 51, Taf. X, 11.

25 E. Perrault in Matériaux pour l’Histoire primitif et naturelle de l’Homme, 2e serie, 9 (1871), 412.

26 O. Seewald in Mannus, 34, 1/2 (1942), 192-3

27 R. Battaglia in L. V. Bertarelli and E. Boegan, Duemilia grotte (1926), 95.

28 W. Przybysławski, Reportoryum zabytkow przedhistorycznych (1906), pl. III, 7.

29 F. von Tompa in B.R.G.K., 24-25 (1934-5), 84.

30 T. Bateman, Ten Years’ Diggings (1861), 154-5, records ‘a short piece cut from a tubular bone’ and laterally perforated found with an urn burial at Throwly, Staffs. J. R. Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches (1905), xliv, 62, pl. XV, fig. 126, illustrates the long bone ‘from some small animal’ from a cremation in his barrow 54 at Swinham Plantation, E. Yorks,; it is 1-15 cm. long, complete, and without any form of holes whatsoever.

31 Ancient Wiltshire, 1 (1812), 199; also S. Piggott in P.P.S., IV, 1 (1938), fig. 17, 5. The pipe is now in Devizes Museum and my thanks for his co-operation are due to Mr K. Annable.

32 Diary of a Dean (1851), 18-19; this must be the same grave described by Thurnham in Archaeologia, XLIII, 2 (1870), 439.

33 T. Bateman, Descriptive Catalogue (1855), 123-4 and illustration.

34 Vestergaard Nielsen, op. cit., 145-7.

35 A. Bulleid and H. St. G. Gray, Glastonbury Lake Village, I (1911) pl. XLIV, B 377-8, 11 (1917), 429.

36 W. R. Wilde, Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, 11 (1861), 263, 341, 343, fig. 225.

37 Sir Henry Dryden, ‘Roman and Roman-British Remains’, Pub. Cambridge Antiq. Soc., 1 (1845), 17-18.

38 In a lecture to the Prehistoric Society, ‘A Belgio Chieftain’s Grave at Hertford Heath’, 25 March, 1959.

39 I am indebted to Mr James MacGillivray for allowing me to make mention of these first impressions from his recent re-examination of the object.

40 A. Raistruck, Prof. Spaul, and E. Todd in Galpin Society Journal, V (1952), 28-38; a recording of the Malham pipe was issued privately and I am grateful to Prof. Piggott for the loan of his copy—the original impetus for this article.

41 The four Guildhall pipes are published in Catalogue of the Guildhall Museum (1908), 42, pl. XXXIV, 12-15; the Wandsworth example is No. 207.

42 The Museum accession numbers for these are: 82 3-21 7 (two finger holes and a blow-hole), 82 2-21 6 (a blow-hole), 66 12-3 204 (one finger hole and blow-hole); all are probably from the area of the Wallbrook and I am grateful to Mr J. W. Brailsford for allowing me to examine these objects.

43 Sir Mortimer Wheeler, ‘London in Roman Times’, London Museum Catalogues, No. 3 (1946), 107, pl. XLVII, B.

44 Behn, op. cit., 109, Taf. 62, Abb. 142.

45 My thanks are due to Mr Gerald C. Dunning for supplying me with notes on bone pipes of the early medieval period on both sides of the North Sea; examples from Haithabu are published by H. Jankuhn, Haithabu 1937-39 (1943), 162, Abb. 79, while a pipe from Birka is in the Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm. There are several Dutch examples in the museums at Groningen and Leiden.

46 Mr R. Rainbird Clarke has kindly given me information on these two examples, both of which are now in the Castle Museum, Norwich.

47 W. Hawley in Proc. Soc. Ant., XXIII (1909-11), 515; I am indebted to Mr Hugh de S. Shortt for sending me sketches and references for these two examples.

48 Archaeologia, XCVII (1959), 91, fig. 19, 10-11.

49 Lydney Castle, Ant. J., XI (1931), 254, pl. XXXVI, 2; Castle Hill, Folkestone, Archaeologia, XLVII (1883), 464, pl. XX, 35 ; Rayleigh Castle, Essex, Trans. Essex Arch. Soc., N.S. XII (1913), 170, fig. 5, 5 ; Bungay Castle, Suffolk, Proc. Suffolk Inst, of Arch., XXII (1936), 334.

50 Vestergaard Nielsen, op. cit., 149-9.

51 Todd, op. cit., 36-37.

52 Mannus (1942), 189-90 Abb. 2.

53 Miss Kathleen Schlesinger has developed the theory of a common musical system based on the ‘harmonia’ in her monumental volume, The Greek Autos (1939). She has much of interest for our present topic and, it is only fair to note, comments on the general modal nature of primitive flutes; another observation is the apparent concentration from earliest times of notched flutes in the Americas and pipes fitted with a fipple in Europe.

54 M. Schneider in New Oxford History of Music, 1 (1957), 2; his contribution embodies an excellent summary of the various theories of the evolution of music and its position in modern primitive groups.

55 For a recent and balanced discussion of this whole topic v. Annette Laming, Lascaux (1959), 51, 171-2, 190 ff.

56 Sachs, op. cit., 77.

57 Mortimer, op. cit., xliv, makes mention of a long bone from Troy which he regards as a possible musical instrument, but misses a much more obvious candidate; H. Schliemann, Troy and its Remains (1875), 264—a reference to a ‘bone . . . with one hole at one end and three at the other’.

58 E. A. Speiser in Bull. Am. Schools of Oriental Research, 64 (1936), 8; a parallel from Nimrud, now lost, capable of producing three tones was published by C. Engel, Music of the Most Ancient Nations (1870), 76.