Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T10:38:22.163Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

QUECHUA AS A LINGUA FRANCA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2006

Kendall A. King  and
Nancy H. Hornberger
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines ideologies surrounding Quechua's use as a lingua franca and contrasts these ideologies with the historical and ethnographic record across pre-Colombian, colonial, and postcolonial times. Drawing from classic and recent research on Quechua sociolinguistics and comparatively on current work in the study of World Englishes and English as a lingua franca, we describe ways in which Quechua possibly served as a lingua franca, but also argue that Quechua's role and potential as lingua franca have often been misunderstood. We illustrate how these misunderstandings are intertwined with some of the myths and ideologies surrounding the Quechua language in particular and lingua francas more generally. Specifically, we argue that Quechua as lingua franca has been neither one stable, standardized variety nor a politically neutral communicative tool. Further, we highlight some of the overlooked ways in which local varieties and local speakers of the lingua franca have responded to, and in some cases resisted, the inequities and ideologies associated with the lingua franca.

Type
Research Article
Information
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics , Volume 26 , January 2006 , pp. 177 - 196
Copyright
© 2006 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

OTHER REFERENCES

Albó X. (1977). El futuro de los idiomas oprimidos en los Andes. Lima: Centro de Investigación de Linguistica Aplicada
Benson C. (2004). Bilingual schooling in Mozambique and Bolivia: From experimentation to implementation. Language Policy, 3 (1), 47– 66.Google Scholar
Bolton K. (2004). World Englishes. In A. Davies & C. Elder (Eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 367– 396). Malden, MA: Blackwell
Canagarajah A. S. (this volume). Negotiating the local in English as a lingua franca.
Canagarajah A. S. (2005). Reclaiming the local in language policy and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Cerrón-Palomino R. (Ed.). (1982). Aula quechua. Lima: Signo Universitario
Cerrón-Palomino R. (1987). Lingüística quechua. Cusco, Peru: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos “Bartolomé de las Casas.”
Cerrón-Palomino R. (1989). Language policy in Peru: A historical overview. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 77, 11– 33.Google Scholar
Cerrón-Palomino R. (1992). Standardization in Andean languages. Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 8 (1), 31– 44.Google Scholar
Cerrón-Palomino R. (2000). Lingüística aimara. Cusco, Peru: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos “Bartolomé de las Casas.”
Cieza de León (1550/1986). Crónica del Peru, 3 Vols. Lima, Peru: Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru
CONAIE. (1990) Ñucanchic Shimi 1. Quito, Ecuador: MEC; DINEIIB; CONAIE
De la Vega Garcilaso. (1609/1961). The Incas (A. Gheerbrant, Ed. & M. Jolas, Trans.). New York: Avon
Dedenbach-Salazar S. (1997). Point of view and evidentiality in the Huarochiri texts. In R. Howard-Malverde (Ed.), Creating context in Andean cultures (pp. 149– 167). Oxford: Oxford University Press
de Vries L. (1988). Política lingüística en Ecuador, Peru y Bolivia. Quito: Proyecto EBICEDIME.
Elder C., & Davies A. (this volume). Assessing English as a lingua franca.
Escobar A. (Ed.). (1972). El reto del multilingüismo en el Peru. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos
Gleich U. von (1992). Changes in the status and function of Quechua. In U. Ammon & M. Hellinger (Eds.), Status changes in languages (pp. 43– 64). Berlin: de Gruyter
Gleich U. von (1994). Language spread policy: The case of Quechua in the Andean republics of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 107, 77– 113.Google Scholar
Godenzzi J. C. (Ed.). (1992). El Quechua en debate: Ideología, normalización y enseñanza. Cusco, Peru: “Centro Bartolomé de Las Casas.”
Godenzzi Alegre J. (Ed.). (1996). Educación e interculturalidad en los Andes y la Amazonía. Cusco, Peru: Centro “Bartolomé de Las Casas.”
Graddol D. (1999). The decline of the native speaker. In D. Graddol & U. H. Meinhoff (Eds.), English in a changing world (pp. 57– 68; AILA Review 13). Guildford, England: AILA
Haboud M. (1998). Quichua y castellano en los Andes ecuatorianos: Los efectos de un contacto prolongado. Quito, Ecuador: Abya-Yala
Heath S. B. & Laprade R. (1982). Castilian colonization and indigenous languages: The cases of Quechua and Aymara. In R. L. Cooper (Ed.), Language spread: Studies in diffusion and social change (pp. 119– 134). Washington: CAP
Hornberger N. H. (1988a). Bilingual education and language maintenance: A southern Peruvian Quechua case. Berlin: Mouton
Hornberger N. H. (1988b). Language planning orientations and bilingual education in Peru. Language Problems and Language Planning, 12 (1), 14– 29.Google Scholar
Hornberger N. H. (Ed.). (1989). Bilingual education and language planning in indigenous Latin America. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 77, special issue.
Hornberger N. H. (1995). Five vowels or three? Linguistics and politics in Quechua language planning in Peru. In J. W. Tollefson (Ed.), Power and inequality in language education (pp. 187– 205). New York: Cambridge University Press
Hornberger N. H. (Ed.). (1996). Indigenous literacies in the Americas: Language planning from the bottom up. Berlin: Mouton
Hornberger N. H. (2000). Bilingual education policy and practice in the Andes: Ideological paradox and intercultural possibility. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 31 (2), 173– 201.Google Scholar
Hornberger N. H. (2006). Voice and biliteracy in indigenous language revitalization: Contentious educational practices in Quechua, Guaraní, and Maori contexts. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 5 (4).Google Scholar
Hornberger N. H., & Coronel-Molina S. M. (2004). Quechua language shift, maintenance and revitalization in the Andes: The case for language planning. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 167, 9– 67.Google Scholar
Hornberger N. H., & King K. A. (1998). Authenticity and unification in Quechua language planning. Language, Culture, and Curriculum, 11 (3), 390– 410.Google Scholar
Hornberger N. & King K. (2001). Reversing Quechua language shift in South America. In J. Fishman (Ed.), Can threatened languages be saved? Reversing language shift, revisited: A 21st century perspective (pp. 166– 194). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters
Hornberger N. H., & López L. E. (1998). Policy, possibility and paradox: Indigenous multilingualism and education in Peru and Bolivia. In J. Cenoz & F. Genesee (Eds.), Beyond bilingualism: Multilingualism and multilingual education (pp. 206– 242). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters
Howard-Malverde R. (Ed.) (1997). Creating context in Andean cultures. New York: Oxford University Press
King K. A. (1999). Inspecting the unexpected: Language corpus and status shifts as aspects of language revitalization. Language Problems and Language Planning, 23 (2), 109– 132.Google Scholar
King K. A. (2000). Language ideologies and heritage language education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 3 (3), 167– 184.Google Scholar
King K. A. (2001). Language revitalization processes and prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters
Klarén P. F. (2000). Peru: Society and nationhood in the Andes. New York: Oxford University Press
Lin A., & Martin P. (Eds.). (2005). Decolonisation, globalisation: Language-in-Education policy and practice. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters
López L. E. (Ed.). (1988). Pesquisas en lingüística andina. Lima-Puno, Peru: CONCYTEC/Universidad Nacional del Altiplano-Puno/GTZ
López L. E. (1995). Sigue el debate sobre educación bilingüe. Cuarto Intermedio, 36, 79– 100.Google Scholar
López L. E. (1996). Donde el zapato aprieta: Tendencias y desafíos de la educación bilingüe en el Perú. Revista Andina, 14 (2), 295– 342.Google Scholar
López L. E. (2004, Mayo). Las tesis de maestría del PROEIB Andes: Un aporte concreto a la educación. La EIB en Bolivia Suplemento Bimensual, pp. 6–7.
López L. E., & Küper W. (2004). La educación intercultural bilingüe en América Latina: Balance y perspectivas (2nd ed.). La Paz-Cochabamba, Bolivia: Cooperación Técnica Alemana (GTZ)-PINSEIB-PROEIBAndes.
López L. E., & Moya R. (Eds.). (1989). Pueblos indios, estados y educación. Lima, Peru: PEB-Puno/Proyecto EBI-MEC-GTZ/Programa ERA
Luykx A. (1998). The citizen factory: Schooling and cultural production in Bolivia. Albany, NY: SUNY Press
Luykx A. (2004). The future of Quechua and the Quechua of the future: Language ideologies and language planning in Bolivia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 167, 147– 158.Google Scholar
Mannheim B. (1991). The language of the Inka since the European invasion. Austin: University of Texas Press
Mason J. A. (1950). The languages of South American Indians. In R. M. W. Dixon and A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.) The Amazonian languages (pp. 251– 267). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
McQuown N. A. (1955). The indigenous languages of Latin America. American Anthropologist, 57, 510– 570.Google Scholar
Niño-Murcia M. (1997). Linguistic purism in Cuzco, Peru: A historical perspective. Language Problems and Language Planning, 21, 134– 161.Google Scholar
Ostler N. (2005). Empires of the word: A language history of the world. New York: Harper Collins
Parker G. (1963). La clasificación genética de los dialectos quechuas [The genetic classification of Quechua dialects]. Revista del Museo Nacional, 32, 241– 252.Google Scholar
Pickering L. (this volume). Current research on intelligibility in English as a lingua franca.
Pozzi-Escot I. (1974). Las lenguas vernaculas en la educación escolarizada. Educación, Año V, 70–75. Lima, Peru.
Rowe J. H. (1950). Sound patterns in three Inca dialects. International Journal of American Linguistics, 16 (3), 137– 148.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer B. Breiteneder A., & Pitzl M.-L. (this volume). English as a lingua franca in Europe: Challenges for applied linguistics.
Sichra I. (2003). La vitalidad del Quechua: Lengua y sociedad en dos provincias de Cochabamba. La Paz, Bolivia: Plural Editores
Tamayo Herrera J. (1980). Historia del Indigenismo Cuzqueño. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Cultura
Torero A. (1964). Los dialectos quichuas. Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, 2, 446– 476.Google Scholar
Torero A. (1970). Lingüística e historia de la sociedad andina. Anales Científicos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, 8, 231– 264.Google Scholar
Torero A. (1984). El comercio lejano y la difusión del quechua: El caso del Ecuador. Revista Andina 2 (2), 367– 402.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1951/1968). The use of vernacular languages in education: The report of the UNESCO meeting of specialists, 1951. In J.A. Fishman (Ed.), (1968), Readings in the Sociology of Language (pp. 689– 716). The Hague: Mouton. (Report later published in 1953 by UNESCO, Paris).
Urban G. (1991). The semiotics of state-Indian linguistic relationships: Peru, Paraguay, and Brazil. In G. Urban & J. Sherzer (Eds.), Nation-states and Indians in Latin America (pp. 307– 330). Austin: University of Texas Press
Zavala V. (2001). To walk with sight and defend ourselves: Literacy and schooling in the Peruvian Andes. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Georgetown University, Washington DC.
Zavala V. (2002). (Des)encuentros con la escritura: Escuela y comunidad en los Andes peruanos. Lima, Peru: Red para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales en el Perú