Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-21T17:05:00.051Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2013

M. V. Sanz Fernandez ,
S. C. Pearce ,
N. K. Gabler ,
J. F. Patience ,
M. E. Wilson ,
M. T. Socha ,
J. L. Torrison ,
R. P. Rhoads  and
L. H. Baumgard
M. V. Sanz Fernandez
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
S. C. Pearce
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
N. K. Gabler
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
J. F. Patience
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
M. E. Wilson
Affiliation:
Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, 55344, USA
M. T. Socha
Affiliation:
Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, 55344, USA
J. L. Torrison
Affiliation:
Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, 55344, USA
R. P. Rhoads
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
L. H. Baumgard*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
*
†E-mail: baumgard@iastate.edu
Get access

Abstract

Heat stress (HS) jeopardizes livestock health and productivity and both may in part be mediated by reduced intestinal integrity. Dietary zinc improves a variety of bowel diseases, which are characterized by increased intestinal permeability. Study objectives were to evaluate the effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex (ZnAA) on intestinal integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs. Crossbred gilts (43±6 kg BW) were ad libitum fed one of three diets: (1) control (ZnC; 120 ppm Zn as ZnSO4; n=13), (2) control+100 ppm Zn as ZnAA (Zn220; containing a total of 220 ppm Zn; n=14), and (3) control+200 ppm Zn as ZnAA (Zn320; containing a total of 320 ppm Zn; n=16). After 25 days on their respective diets, all pigs were exposed to constant HS conditions (36°C, ∼50% humidity) for either 1 or 7 days. At the end of the environmental exposure, pigs were euthanized and blood and intestinal tissues were harvested immediately after sacrifice. As expected, HS increased rectal temperature (P⩽0.01; 40.23°C v. 38.93°C) and respiratory rate (P⩽0.01; 113 v. 36 bpm). Pigs receiving ZnAA tended to have increased rectal temperature (P=0.07; +0.27°C) compared with ZnC-fed pigs. HS markedly reduced feed intake (FI; P⩽0.01; 59%) and caused BW loss (2.10 kg), but neither variable was affected by dietary treatment. Fresh intestinal segments were assessed ex vivo for intestinal integrity. As HS progressed from days 1 to 7, both ileal and colonic transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) decreased (P⩽0.05; 34% and 22%, respectively). This was mirrored by an increase in ileal and colonic permeability to the macromolecule dextran (P⩽0.01; 13- and 56-fold, respectively), and increased colonic lipopolysaccharide permeability (P⩽0.05; threefold) with time. There was a quadratic response (P⩽0.05) to increasing ZnAA on ileal TER, as it was improved (P⩽0.05; 56%) in Zn220-fed pigs compared with ZnC. This study demonstrates that HS progressively compromises the intestinal barrier and supplementing ZnAA at the appropriate dose can improve aspects of small intestinal integrity during severe HS.

Keywords

pigsheat stresszinc amino acid complexintestinal integrity
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 43 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alam, AN, Sarker, SA, Wahed, MA, Khatun, M and Rahaman, MM 1994. Enteric protein loss and intestinal permeability changes in children during acute shigellosis and after recovery: effect of zinc supplementation. Gut 35, 1707–1711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgard, LH and Rhoads, RP 2012. Ruminant nutrition symposium: ruminant production and metabolic responses to heat stress. Journal of Animal Science 90, 1855–1865.Google Scholar
Baumgard, LH and Rhoads, RP 2013. Effects of heat stress on postabsorptive metabolism and energetics. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 1, 311–337.Google Scholar
Brown-Brandl, TM, Nienaber, JA, Xin, H and Gates, R 2004. A literature review of swine heat production. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 47, 259–270.Google Scholar
Bynum, G, Brown, J, Dubose, D, Marsili, M, Leav, I, Pistole, TG, Hamlet, M, LeMaire, M and Caleb, B 1979. Increased survival in experimental dog heatstroke after reduction of gut flora. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 50, 816–819.Google ScholarPubMed
Collin, A, van Milgen, J, Dubois, S and Noblet, J 2001. Effect of high temperature and feeding level on energy utilization in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 79, 1849–1857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federation of Animal Sciences Societies 2010. Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in research and teaching, 3rd edition Federation of Animal Sciences Societies, Champaign, IL, USA.Google Scholar
Finamore, A, Massimi, M, Conti Devirgiliis, L and Mengheri, E 2008. Zinc deficiency induces membrane barrier damage and increases neutrophil transmigration in Caco-2 cells. Journal of Nutrition 138, 1664–1670.Google Scholar
Flanagan, SW, Ryan, AJ, Gisolfi, CV and Moseley, PL 1995. Tissue-specific HSP70 response in animals undergoing heat stress. American Journal of Physiology 268, R28–R32.Google ScholarPubMed
Fujimura, T, Matsui, T and Funaba, M 2012. Regulatory responses to excess zinc ingestion in growing rats. British Journal of Nutrition 107, 1655–1663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garriga, C, Hunter, RR, Amat, C, Planas, JM, Mitchell, MA and Moreto, MA 2006. Heat stress increases apical glucose transport in the chicken jejunum. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 290, R195–R201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gathiram, P, Wells, MT, Brock-Utne, JG and Gaffin, SL 1987. Antilipopolysaccharide improves survival in primates subjected to heat stroke. Circulatory Shock 23, 157–164.Google ScholarPubMed
Hall, DM, Baumgardner, KR, Oberley, TD and Gisolfi, CV 1999. Splanchnic tissues undergo hypoxic stress during whole body hyperthermia. American Journal of Physiology 276, G1195–G1203.Google Scholar
Hall, DM, Buettner, GR, Oberley, LW, Xu, L, Matthes, RD and Gisolfi, CV 2001. Mechanisms of circulatory and intestinal barrier dysfunction during whole body hyperthermia. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, H509–H521.Google Scholar
Hamann, L, Alexander, C, Stamme, C, Zahringer, U and Schumann, RR 2005. Acute-phase concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein inhibit innate immune cell activation by different LPS chemotypes via different mechanisms. Infection and Immunity 73, 193–200.Google Scholar
Krebs, NF 2000. Overview of zinc absorption and excretion in the human gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Nutrition 130, 13745–13775.Google Scholar
Kregel, KC 2002. Heat shock proteins: modifying factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance. Journal of Applied Physiology 92, 2177–2186.Google Scholar
Lambert, GP, Gisolfi, CV, Berg, DJ, Moseley, PL, Oberley, LW and Kregel, KC 2002. Selected contribution: hyperthermia-induced intestinal permeability and the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Journal of Applied Physiology 92, 1750–1761. discussion 1749.Google Scholar
Lambert, JC, Zhou, Z, Wang, L, Song, Z, McClain, CJ and Kang, YJ 2003. Prevention of alterations in intestinal permeability is involved in zinc inhibition of acute ethanol-induced liver damage in mice. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Theurapeutics 305, 880–886.Google Scholar
Leon, LR 2007. Heat stroke and cytokines. Progress in Brain Research 162, 481–524.Google Scholar
Lu, YC, Yeh, WC and Ohashi, PS 2008. LPS/TLR4 signal transduction pathway. Cytokine 42, 145–151.Google Scholar
MacIver, NJ, Jacobs, SR, Wieman, HL, Wofford, JA, Coloff, JL and Rathmell, JC 2008. Glucose metabolism in lymphocytes is a regulated process with significant effects on immune cell function and survival. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 84, 949–957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mao, X, Qi, S, Yu, B, He, J, Yu, J and Chen, D 2013. Zn(2+) and L-isoleucine induce the expressions of porcine beta-defensins in IPEC-J2 cells. Molecular Biology Reports 40, 1547–1552.Google Scholar
National Research Council 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th edition National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA.Google Scholar
Pearce, SC, Gabler, NK, Ross, JW, Escobar, J, Patience, JF, Rhoads, RP and Baumgard, LH 2013a. The effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on metabolism in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 91, 2108–2118.Google Scholar
Pearce, SC, Mani, V, Boddicker, RL, Johnson, JS, Weber, TE, Ross, JW, Rhoads, RP, Baumgard, LH and Gabler, NK 2013b. Heat stress reduces intestinal barrier integrity and favors intestinal glucose transport in growing pigs. PLoS One 8, e70215.Google Scholar
Renaudeau, D, Gourdine, JL and St-Pierre, NR 2011. A meta-analysis of the effects of high ambient temperature on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 89, 2220–2230.Google Scholar
Roberts, ES, van Heugten, E, Lloyd, K, Almond, GW and Spears, JW 2002. Dietary zinc effects on growth performance and immune response of endotoxemic growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15, 1496–1501.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, P, Darmon, N, Chappuis, P, Candalh, C, Blaton, MA, Bouchaud, C and Heyman, M 1996. Intestinal paracellular permeability during malnutrition in guinea pigs: effect of high dietary zinc. Gut 39, 416–422.Google Scholar
Rollwagen, FM, Madhavan, S, Singh, A, Li, YY, Wolcott, K and Maheshwari, R 2006. IL-6 protects enterocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by induction of bcl-2 mRNA and reduction of fas mRNA. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 347, 1094–1098.Google Scholar
St-Pierre, NR, Cobanov, B and Schnitkey, G 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. Journal of Dairy Science 86, E52–E77.Google Scholar
Sturniolo, GC, Di Leo, V, Ferronato, A, D'Odorico, A and D'Incà, R 2001. Zinc supplementation tightens "leaky gut" in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 7, 94–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturniolo, GC, Fries, W, Mazzon, E, Di Leo, V, Barollo, M and D'inca, R 2002. Effect of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in experimental colitis. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 139, 311–315.Google Scholar
Waeytens, A, De Vos, M and Laukens, D 2009. Evidence for a potential role of metallothioneins in inflammatory bowel diseases. Mediators of Inflammation 2009, 9.Google Scholar
Wang, X, Valenzano, MC, Mercado, JM, Zurbach, EP and Mullin, JM 2013. Zinc supplementation modifies tight junctions and alters barrier function of CACO-2 human intestinal epithelial layers. Digestive Diseases and Science 58, 77–87.Google Scholar
Zhang, B and Guo, Y 2009. Supplemental zinc reduced intestinal permeability by enhancing occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) expression in weaning piglets. The British Journal of Nutrition 102, 687–693.Google Scholar