Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T15:22:45.087Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The utilization of alkali-treated wheat straw: effects of neutralization of residual alkali and potassium supplementation on growth and mineral balance of male calves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

Z. Holzer ,
D. Drori ,
A. Brosh  and
D. Levy
Z. Holzer
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Organization, Newe-Ya ar Experiment Station, PO Haifa 31-999, Israel
D. Drori
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Organization, Newe-Ya ar Experiment Station, PO Haifa 31-999, Israel
A. Brosh
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Organization, Newe-Ya ar Experiment Station, PO Haifa 31-999, Israel
D. Levy
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Organization, Newe-Ya ar Experiment Station, PO Haifa 31-999, Israel
Get access

Abstract

The mineral balance of male calves given neutralized (with HC1) and unneutralized 35 g NaOH per kg treated wheat straw (WS), was determined in a digestibility trial in which WS was offered at inclusion levels of 300, 500 and 700 g/kg diet. The ratio of apparently retained sodium (Na) and potassium (K) increased with increasing proportion of straw in the diet and was lower on neutralized straw diets.

The effect of supplementation with 3 and 6 g K per kg diet dry matter in a diet comprising approximately 500 g/kg of 35 g NaOH per kg treated WS, on performance, mineral status and acidbase balance was examined in a growth trial with 56 Israeli-Friesian male calves. The animals on the untreated WS diet had significantly (P < 0·05) less fat in the large depots and lower fat trim of carcass than did animals on the treated WS diets. No other differences in performance were significant. Ammonia concentration in rumen liquor and urea in blood were lower in the animals given alkali-treated WS. The concentrations of Na, K and chlorine in blood serum of the experimental animals were not affected by the treatment. The data on Na, K and magnesium (Mg) in muscle show depletion of Na and K and a trend towards a decrease in Mg concentration. K supplementation reduced the extent of depletion of Na and K. In bone, only Na was affected by the feeding of alkali-treated WS, the pattern being the same as in the muscle. The blood acid-base balance of the experimental animals was not significantly affected by treatments. The values of pH, actual bicarbonate and pCO2 of the animals given 35 g/kg alkali-treated WS indicate mild alkalosis in those animals. This alkalotic state did not affect performance. It appears that there is no Na loading problem which might interfere with growth.

Keywords

acid base equilibriumalkali treatmentmineral metabolismsteerswheat straw
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Production , Volume 52 , Issue 3 , June 1991 , pp. 451 - 459
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arndt, D. L., Richardson, C. R., Albin, R. C. and Sherrod, L. B. 1980. Digestibility of chemically treated cotton plant byproduct and effect on mineral balance, urine volume and pH. Journal of Animal Science 51: 215–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clare, N. T. and Stevenson, A. E. 1964. Measurement of feed intake by grazing cattle and sheep. Determination of nitrogen in faeces and feeds using an Auto-Analyzer. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 7: 198–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppock, C. E., Grant, P. A., Portzer, S. J., Charles, D. A. and Escobosa, A. 1982. Lactating dairy cow responses to dietary sodium, chloride and bicarbonate during hot weather. Journal of Dairy Science 65: 566–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cottyn, B. C. and Boucque, C. V. 1968. Rapid method for gas-chromatographic determination of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 16: 105–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulombe, J. J. and Favreau, L. 1963. A new simple semimicro method for colorimetric determination of urea. Clinical Chemistry 9: 102–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escobosa, A., Coppock, C. E., Rowe, L. D., Jenkins, W. L. and Gates, C. E. 1984. Effects of dietary sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride on physiological responses of lactating dairy cows in hot weather. Journal of Dairy Science 67: 574–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finco, D. R. 1980. Kidney function. In Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 3rd ed. (ed. Kaneko, J. J.), p. 347. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Halpern, S. L. 1979. Quick Reference to Clinical Nutrition, pp. 131, 135. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Harmayer, J. and Martens, H. 1980. Aspects of urea metabolism in ruminants with reference to the goat. Journal of Dairy Science 63: 1303–1328.Google Scholar
Harrington, J. T. and Kassirer, J. P. 1982. Metabolic alkalosis. In Acid Base (by Cohen, J. J. and Kassirer, J. P.), pp. 227–306. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.Google Scholar
Holzer, A., LEVY, D. and Folman, Y. 1978. Chemical processing of wheat straw and cotton by-products for fattening cattle. 2. Performance of animals receiving material after drying and pelleting. Animal Production 27: 147–159.Google Scholar
Holzer, Z., Levy, D. and Folman, Y. 1980. The incorporation of alkali-treated straw in fattening rations for male cattle. Animal Production 31: 237–242.Google Scholar
Kerley, M. S., Fahey, G. C., Berger, L. L., Mercken, N. R. and Gould, J. M. 1987. Effects of treating wheat straw with pH-regulated solutions of alkaline hydrogen peroxide on nutrient digestion by sheep. Journal of Dairy Science 70: 2078–2084.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristensen, V. F., Israelsen, M. and Neimannsorensen, A. 1981. Processed feed from straw for ruminants. Report of the National Institute of Animal Science, Copenhagen, pp. 1–22 (Mimeograph).Google Scholar
Levy, D., Holzer, Z. and Folman, Y. 1980. Chemical processing of wheat straw and cotton by-products for fattening cattle. 3. Performance of animals receiving material in complete feeds. Animal Production 31: 27–33.Google Scholar
Levy, D., Holzer, Z., Neumark, H. and Folman, Y. 1977. Chemical processing of wheat straw and cotton by-products for fattening cattle. 1. Performance of animals receiving the wet material shortly after treatment. Animal Production 25: 27–37.Google Scholar
Levy, D., Holzer, Z. and Volcani, R. 1968. The effect of age and live weight on feed conversion and yield of saleable meat of intact Israeli Friesian male calves. Animal Production 10: 325–330.Google Scholar
Masoro, E. J. and Siegel, P. D. 1971. Acid-base Balance Regulation: Its Physiology and Pathophysiology, p. 95. Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
McSherry, B. J. and Grinyer, I. 1954. The pH values, carbon dioxide content, and the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and inorganic phosphorus in the blood serum of normal cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 15: 509–510.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. H., Weir, W. C., Ittner, N. R. and Smith, J. D. 1955. The influence of high sodium chloride intakes by fattening sheep and cattle. Journal of Animal Science 14: 412–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council. 1980. Mineral Tolerance of Domestic Animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. No. 4, Nutrient Requirements of Cattle. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Playne, M. J. and Kennedy, P. M. 1976. Ruminal volatile fatty acids and ammonia in cattle grazing dry tropical pastures. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 86: 367–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poe, J. H., Greene, L. W., Schelling, G. T., Byers, F. M. and Ellis, W. C. 1985. Effects of dietary potassium and sodium on magnesium utilization in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 60: 578–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reffett, J. K. and Boling, J. A. 1985. Nutrient utilization in lambs fed diets high in sodium or potassium. Journal of Animal Science 61: 1004–1009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, W. K. and ST Omer, V. V. 1965. Dietary potassium requirements of fattening steers. Journal of Animal Science 24: 902 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Rogers, J. A., Muller, L. D., Davis, C. L., Chalupa, W., Kronfeld, D. S., Karcher, L. F. and Cummings, K. R. 1985. Response of dairy cows to sodium bicarbonate and limestone in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 646–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Safarpour, M. and Daniels, L. B. 1988. The effects of dietary mineral buffers on plasma pH and mineral levels of Holstein steers. Nutrition Reports International 37: 1289–1296.Google Scholar
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1985. Users Guide: Statistics. Version 5. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Schwartz, W. B., Yperself de Strihou, C. Van and Kassirer, J. P. 1968. Role of anions in metabolic alkalosis and potassium deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 279: 630–638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trevor-Jones, P. J. and Leibholz, J. 1984. Effect of NaOH treatment of wheat straw on acid-base balance in sheep. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 15: 761.Google Scholar
Tucker, W. B., Harrison, G. A. and Hemken, R. W. 1988. Influence of dietary cation-anion balance on milk, blood, urine and rumen fluid in lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 71: 346–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voigt, J. and Piatkowski, B. 1974 [Studies on the chemical degradation of straw. (5) Effect of sodium in NaOH treated straw on the composition of blood and urine and on the excretion of various compounds.] Archiv fur Tierernahrung 24: 589–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, G. M. 1966. Potassium metabolism of domestic ruminants — a review. Journal of Dairv Science 49: 268–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf, A. V. 1958. Thirst, Physiology of the Urge to Drink and Problems of Water Lack. Thomas, Springfield, II.Google Scholar