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Options and legal requirements for national and regional animal genetic resource collections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2010

H.D. Blackburn  and
P.J. Boettcher
H.D. Blackburn*
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
P.J. Boettcher
Affiliation:
Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
*
Correspondence to: H.D. Blackburn, Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of Agriculture, 1111 S. Mason Street, Fort. Collins, CO 80521, USA. email: Harvey.Blackburn@ars.usda.gov
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Summary

The contraction of animal genetic resources on a global scale has motivated countries to establish gene banks as a mechanism to conserve national resources. Gene banks should establish a set of policies that ensure they are complying with national laws. The two primary areas of consideration are how gene banks interact with the owners of the livestock from which they are collecting samples and the relevant national or international health standards. With respect to dealing with livestock breeders for the purpose of germplasm acquisition, private property rights are the most common legal issue that will come into consideration while building collections and distributing stored material. National animal health standards may determine which animals may or may not be collected and to what extent the germplasm can be used. Internationally, the country's overall health status will determine the type of testing necessary before, during and after collection to ensure the movement of germplasm across international boundaries and through the normal protocols of animal germplasm transfer. Policy-makers will need to evaluate if the current structure of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) regulations will allow the development of bilateral backup collections or if waivers should be given to facilitate the genetic security afforded through gene banking.

Résumé

La réduction des ressources zoogénétiques à l'échelle mondiale a poussé les pays à créer des banques de gènes en tant que mécanisme de conservation des ressources nationales. Les banques de gènes devraient établir un ensemble de politiques garantissant leur conformité aux lois nationales. Les deux domaines principaux à prendre en considération sont les façons dont les banques de gènes interagissent avec les propriétaires des animaux d'élevage fournissant les échantillons et les normes sanitaires pertinentes au niveau national ou international. Pour ce qui concerne la gestion des sélectionneurs aux fins de l'acquisition du matériel génétique, les droits relatifs à la propriété privée représentent la question juridique la plus courante à prendre en considération lors de la création des collections et de la distribution du matériel stocké. Les normes nationales relatives à la santé animale pourraient décider des animaux pouvant ou ne pouvant pas être collectés et le niveau auquel le matériel génétique peut être utilisé. Au plan international, l'état sanitaire général du pays déterminera le type de contrôle nécessaire avant, pendant et après la collecte pour garantir la circulation du matériel génétique à travers les frontières internationales et selon les protocoles courants du transfert de matériel génétique. Les décideurs devront évaluer si la structure courante des règlements de l'OIE permet le développement de collections bilatérales de réserve ou s'il faut prévoir des dérogations afin de faciliter la sécurité génétique obtenue par le biais de la mise en place des banques de gènes.

Resumen

La contracción de los recursos zoogenéticos a escala mundial ha llevado a los países a crear bancos de germoplasma como mecanismo para conservar los recursos nacionales. Los bancos de germoplasma deben establecer un conjunto de políticas que garanticen que se están cumpliendo las leyes nacionales. Las dos principales áreas para tener en cuenta son la forma en que los bancos de germoplasma interactúan con los propietarios del ganado del que se toman las muestras y las normas sanitarias nacionales o internacionales pertinentes. Con respecto al tratamiento de los ganaderos con el propósito de adquirir germoplasma, los derechos de propiedad privada son la cuestión jurídica más común que se tendrá en cuenta, además de la creación y difusión de colecciones del material genético almacenado. En base a las normas nacionales de sanidad animal se puede determinar de qué animales se puede o no se puede obtener muestras y en qué medida se puede utilizar el germoplasma. A nivel internacional, el estado sanitario general del país va a determinar previamente el tipo de pruebas necesarias, durante y después de la obtención para asegurar el movimiento del germoplasma de un país a otro, y por medio de los protocolos normales para la transferencia de germoplasma animal. Los responsables del desarrollo de políticas tendrán que evaluar si la actual estructura de las normas de la OIE permitirán desarrollar colecciones de apoyo bilaterales o si la renuncia se debe dar para facilitar la seguridad genética que ofrecen a través de bancos de germoplasma.

Keywords

Animal genetic diversitygene bankgene banking regulationsanimal healthdiversité zoogénétiquebanque de gènesrèglements relatifs à la mise en place des banques de gènessanté animalediversidad genética animalbanco de germoplasmanormas para el almacenamiento de germoplasmasanidad animal
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales , Volume 47 , July 2010 , pp. 91 - 100
Copyright
Copyright © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2010

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