Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T10:49:23.480Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An archaeology of late antique pilgrim flasks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

William Anderson
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne

Abstract

Pilgrimage happens when a place becomes the focus of veneration because of its association with a person or event. Pilgrim cults from the past can sometimes be identified by grouping certain types of material evidence, although interpretation of a cult's historical meaning is only possible once the material has been fully assessed. This study considers what sorts of information can be drawn from the archaeological context of a group of clay ampullae; miniature flasks originating from Asia Minor in late antiquity.

Özet

Herhangi bir yer, bir kişi ya da olayla olan baǧlantısı nedeniyle saygı odaǧı olduǧu zaman buraya hac ziyaretleri başlar. Geçmisten gelen hac ibadetleri bazen belirli tipteki maddi kanıtlarin gruplandırılmasıyla tanımlanabilir. Ancak bir ibadetin tarihsel anlamının yorumlanabilmesi eldeki malzeme tamamen gözden geçirilip deǧerlendirilmeden olası deǧildir. Bu çalışmada Küçük Asya kaynaklı ve geç antik döneme tarihlenen bir grup minyatür matara ve ampullaeden arkeolojik baǧlamda ne çeşit bir bilgi edinileceǧi konusu ele alınmaktadır.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aharoni, Y. 1964: Excavations at Ramat Rahel, Seasons 1961 and 1962. RomeGoogle Scholar
Anderson, W. forthcoming: ‘Asia Minor ampullae: late antique pilgrim flasks in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden’ Eastern Christian Art in its Late Antique and Islamic Contexts 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atik, N. 1995: Die keramik aus den Sudthermen von Perge. TubingenGoogle Scholar
Basset, S.E. 1903: ‘The cave at Vari: the terra-cotta lampsAmerican Journal of Archaeology 7, 2nd series: 338–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baur, P.V.C. 1922: Catalogue of the Rebecca Darlington Stoddard Collection of Greek and Italian vases in Yale University. New HavenGoogle Scholar
Broneer, O. 1932: ‘Eros and Aphrodite on the north slope of the AcropolisHesperia 1: 3155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckton, D. (ed.) 1994: Byzantium: Treasures of Byzantine Art and Culture. LondonGoogle Scholar
Cameron, A. 1979: ‘Images of authority: élites and icons in late sixth century ByzantiumPast and Present 84: 335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. 1988: ‘Armchair pilgrims: ampullae from Aphrodisias in CariaMedieval Studies 50: 539–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. 1996: ‘Signs of prosperity in the decoration of some fourth-fifth century buildings at Aphrodisias’ in Roueché, C., Smith, R.R.R. (eds), Aphrodisias Papers 3 (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 20). Michigan: 187–99Google Scholar
Collignon, M. 1904: ‘Note sur les fouilles exécutées a Aphrodisias par M. Paul Gaudin’ Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres: 703–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collignon, M. 1906: ‘Les fouilles d'AphrodisiasRevue de l'art Ancien et Moderne 19: 3350Google Scholar
Cormack, R. 1990: ‘Byzantine Aphrodisias: changing the symbolic map of a cityProceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 216, new series no. 36: 2641CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cormack, R. 1990a ‘The Temple as the Cathedral’ in Roueché, C., Erim, K. (eds), Aphrodisias Papers 1 (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 1). Michigan: 7588Google Scholar
Crowfoot, J.W., Fitzgerald, G.M., 1929: Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley, Jerusalem 1927 (Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund 5). LondonGoogle Scholar
Curcic, S., St Clair, A., 1986: Byzantium at Princeton: Byzantine Art and Archaeology at Princeton University. PrincetonGoogle Scholar
Dalton, O.M. 1901: Catalogue of Early Christian Antiquities and Objects from the Christian East in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities and Ethnography of the British Museum. LondonGoogle Scholar
Dark, K. 2001: Byzantine Pottery. Stroud, GloucestershireGoogle Scholar
Davis, S.J. 1998: ‘Pilgrimage and the cult of Saint Thecla in late antique Egypt’ in Frankfurter, D. (ed.), Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt. Leiden: 3039Google Scholar
Davis, S.J. 2001: The Cult of St Thecla: A Tradition of Women's Piety in Late Antiquity. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Luca, G. 1984: Das Asklepieion (Altertümer von Pergamon XI, 4). BerlinGoogle Scholar
Devreker, J. 1995: ‘Nouveaux monuments et inscriptions de Pessinonte (IV)Epigraphica Anatolica 24: 7383Google Scholar
Duncan-Flowers, M. 1990: ‘A pilgrim's ampulla from the shrine of St John the Evangelist at Ephesus’ in Ousterhout, R. (ed.), The Blessings of Pilgrimage (Illinois Byzantine Studies I). Urbana, Chicago: 125–39Google Scholar
Eisenmenger, U. 2001: Die Spätantike keramik aus den sondagen des Ptolemaions in Limyra. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of ViennaGoogle Scholar
Eisner, J. 2003: ‘Archaeologies and agendas: reflections on late antique Jewish art and early Christian artJournal of Roman Studies 93: 114–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engemann, J. 2002: ‘Palästinische frühchristliche pilgerampullenJahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 45: 153–69Google Scholar
Erim, K.T. 1986: Aphrodisias, City of Venus Aphrodite. LondonGoogle Scholar
Finley, M.I. 1973: The Ancient Economy. LondonGoogle Scholar
Foss, C. 1979: Ephesus after Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine and Turkish City. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Foss, C. 2002: ‘Pilgrimage in medieval Asia MinorDumbarton Oats Papers 56: 129–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gassner, V. 1997: Das Südtor der Tetragonos-Agora, keramik und kleinfunde (Forschungen in Ephesos XIII / 1 / 1). ViennaGoogle Scholar
Grabar, A. 1958: Ampoules de terre sainte. ParisGoogle Scholar
Greenewalt, C.H. Jr, Ratté, C., Rautman, M.L. 1994: ‘The Sardis campaigns of 1990 and 1991Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 52: 136Google Scholar
Greenewalt, C.H. Jr, Rautman, M.L. 1998: ‘The Sardis campaigns of 1994 and 1995American Journal of Archaeology 102: 469505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffing, R.P. Jr 1938: ‘An early Christian ivory plaque in Cyprus and notes on the Asiatic ampullaeArt Bulletin 20: 266–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, P. 1998: ‘The pilgrimage center of Abû Mînâ’ in Frankfurter, D. (ed.), Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt. Leiden: 281302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guarducci, M. 1974: ‘Un ricordo di terra santa ad AquileiaAquileia Nostra, rivista dell' associazone nazionale per Aquileia 45: 617–30Google Scholar
Hahn, C. 1990: ‘Loca sancta souvenirs: sealing the pilgrim's experience’ in Ousterhout, R. (ed.), The Blessings of Pilgrimage. Urbana, Chicago: 8596Google Scholar
Haldon, J. 1990: Byzantium and the Seventh Century, the Transformation of a Culture. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, N.G.L. 1981: Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in Antiquity. Park Ridge, N.J.Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G.M.A., 1959: ‘Excavations at Sardis, 1958Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 154: 535CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanfmann, G.M.A., 1968: ‘The tenth campaign at Sardis (1967)Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 191: 242CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanfmann, G.M.A., 1983: Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times, Results of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 1958–1975. Cambridge, MassGoogle Scholar
Hanfmann, G.M.A., 1985: ‘The donkey and the kingHarvard Theological Review 78: 421–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanfmann, G.M.A., Detweiler, A.H. 1959: ‘New explorations at SardisArchaeology 12: 5361Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G.M.A., Swift, G.F. 1965: ‘The eighth campaign at Sardis (1965)Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 182: 254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanfmann, G.M.A., Waldbaum, J.C. 1975: A Survey of Sardis and the Major Monuments Outside the City Walls. Cambridge, MassGoogle Scholar
Harris, A. 2003: Byzantium, Britain and the West, the Archaeology of Cultural Identity AD 400–650. Stroud, GloucesterGoogle Scholar
Hayes, J.W. 1971: ‘A new type of early Christian ampullaAnnual of the British School at Athens 66: 243–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hepding, H. 1907: ‘Die Arbeiten zu Pergamon 1904–1905Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Athenische Abteilung 32: 161414Google Scholar
Héron de Villefosse, M. 1890: (untitled) Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France: 94Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 1982: Dark Age Economics, the Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600–1000. LondonGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, A. 1998: ‘The Roman remodeling of the Asklepieion’ in Koester, H. (ed.), Pergamon, Citadel of the Gods: Archaeological Record, Literary Description and Religious Development. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: 4161Google Scholar
Hunt, L-A. 1994: ‘The Byzantine mosaics of Jordan in context: remarks on imagery, donors and mosaicistsPalestine Exploration Quarterly 126: 106–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivaniševic, V. 1990: ‘Le monnaies’ in Bavant, B., Kondic, V., Spieser, J-M., Caričin Grad II (Collection de l'École Française de Rome 75). Belgrade: 259–67Google Scholar
Kaufmann, C.M. 1910: Zur ikonographie der Menas ampullen. CairoGoogle Scholar
Kingsley, S., Decker, M. 2001: ‘New Rome, new theories on inter-regional exchange. An introduction to the east Mediterranean economy in late antiquity’ in Kingsley, S., Decker, M. (eds), Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean During Late Antiquity. Oxford: 127Google Scholar
Kiss, Z. 1989: Les ampoules de Saint Ménas découvertes à Kôm el-Dikka, 1961–1981 (Alexandrie 5). WarsawGoogle Scholar
Kitzinger, E. 1954: ‘The cult of images in the age before IconoclasmDumbarton Oaks Papers 8: 83150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohl, H., Krencker, D., Reuther, O., Scarre, F., Sobernheim, M. 1925: Baalbek III: ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und untersuchungen in den jahren 1898 bis 1905. BerlinGoogle Scholar
Lambert, C., Pedemonte Demeglio, P. 1994: ‘Ampolle devozionali ed itinerary di pellegrinaggio tra IV e VII secoloAntiquite Tardive 2: 205–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopreato, P. 1977: ‘Le ampolle di San Menas a la diffusione del suo culto nell'Alto AdriaticoAntichità Altoadriatiche 12: 411–28Google Scholar
Love, I.C. 1972: ‘Excavations at Knidos, 1970American Journal of Archaeology 76: 6176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, I.C. 1973: ‘A preliminary report of the excavations at Knidos, 1972American Journal of Archaeology 11: 413–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maeir, A.M., Strauss, Y. 1995: ‘A pilgrim flask of Anatolian origin from late Byzantine / early Ummayyad JerusalemAnatolian Studies 45: 237–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magness, J. 1993: Jerusalem Ceramic Chronology c. 200–800 CE. SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Mandel, U. 1988: Kleinasiatische Reliefkeramik der Mittleren (Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, Pergamenische Forschungen 5). BerlinCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markov, N. 2003: ‘A fourth century pilgrim amuletArheologia (Sophia), Journal of the Institute of Archaeology with the Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 44: 5153Google Scholar
Metzger, C. 1981: Les ampoules à eulogie du musée du Louvre. ParisGoogle Scholar
Metzger, C. 1984: ‘Une “ampoule à eulogie” du type d'Asie Mineure’ in Duval, N., Popovic, V. (eds), Caričin Grad I (Collection de l'École Française de Rome 75). Belgrade: 158–60Google Scholar
Michon, M.E. 1899: ‘Nouvelles ampoules à eulogieMemoirs de la Société des Antiquaires de France 57: 285332Google Scholar
Miltner, F. 1937: Forschungen in Ephesos IV, 2: Das Cömeterium der Sieben Schläfer. ViennaGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1993: Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor. Volume 2: The Rise of the Church. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Noll, R. 1958: Vom altertum zum mittelalter. Spätantike, Altchristliche, Völkerwanderungszeitliche und Frühmittel-alterische Denkmäler der Antikensammlung. ViennaGoogle Scholar
Özdoǧan, M. 1998: ‘Ideology and archaeology in Turkey’ in Meskell, L. (ed.), Archaeology under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London: 111–23Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. 1994: ‘Uno stampo per eulogia trovato a GerusalemmeLiber Anuus 44: 585–90Google Scholar
Pirenne, H. 1957: Mohammed and Charlemagne (1939). Translation: Miall, B.. New YorkGoogle Scholar
Rahmani, L.Y. 1966: ‘Two early Christian ampullaeIsrael Exploration Journal 16: 7174Google Scholar
Rahmani, L.Y. 1970: ‘A eulogia stamp from the Gaza regionIsrael Exploration Journal 20: 105–08Google Scholar
Rahmani, L.Y. 1979: ‘The Adoration of the Magi on two sixth century CE eulogia tokensIsrael Exploration Journal 29: 3436Google Scholar
Rahmani, L.Y. 1993: ‘Eulogia tokens from Byzantine Bet She'anAntiqot 22: 109–19Google Scholar
Rahmani, L.Y. 1999: ‘The Byzantine Solomon eulogia tokens in the British MuseumIsrael Exploration Journal 49: 92104Google Scholar
Ratté, C. 2001: ‘New research on the urban development of Aphrodisias in late antiquity’ in Parrish, D. (ed.), Urbanism in Western Asia Minor. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: 116–48Google Scholar
Rautmann, M.L. 1996: ‘Two late Roman wells at SardisAnnual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 53: 3784Google Scholar
Rheidt, K. 1998: ‘In the shadow of antiquity: Pergamon and the Byzantine millennium’ in Koester, H. (ed.), Pergamon, Citadel of the Gods: Archaeological Record, Literary Description and Religious Development. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: 395413Google Scholar
Robert, L. 1984: ‘Documents d'Asie MineureBulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 108: 458–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roueché, C. 1989: Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity (Journal of Roman Studies Monographs 5). LondonGoogle Scholar
Sartiaux, M.F. 1921: ‘Nouvelles recherches sur le site de Phocée’ Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. 119–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffer, R. 1999: Oriental Panorama: British Travellers in 19th Century Turkey. AmsterdamCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, A.M. 1929: ‘Samos in Frühchristlicher und Byzantinischer zeitMitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Athenische Abteilung 54: 97141Google Scholar
Seif el-Din, M. 1993: ‘Technical aspects and workshop's centres of the pilgrim flasks in Greco-Roman EgyptCahiers de la Cêramique Égyptienne 3: 121–27Google Scholar
Shtereva, I. 1999: ‘Early Christian ampullae from Sliven, south BulgariaArchaeologia Bulgarica 3: 8588Google Scholar
Smith, R.R.R. 1999: ‘Late antique portraits in a public contextJournal of Roman Studies 89: 155–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R.R.R. 2002: ‘The statue monument of Oecumenius: a new portrait of a late antique governor from AphrodisiasJournal of Roman Studies 92: 134–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stopford, J. 1994: ‘Some approaches to the archaeology of Christian pilgrimage’ in Graham-Campbell, J. (ed.), Archaeology of Pilgrimage. World Archaeology 26/1: 5772CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, F.H. 1956: ‘Pilgrim flask from MeolsJournal of the Chester Archaeological Society 43: 4849Google Scholar
Van Rossenberg, E. 2003: Go with the Flow, or How to Sink a Past that is Floating. Unpublished paper. Leiden UniversityGoogle Scholar
Vikan, G. 1982: Byzantine Pilgrimage Art. WashingtonGoogle Scholar
Vikan, G. 1991: ‘Guided by land and sea, pilgrim art and pilgrim travel in early ByzantiumTesserae: Festschrift für Josef Engemann, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Ergänzungsband 18: 7492Google Scholar
Vikan, G. 1995: ‘Early Byzantine pilgrimage “devotionalia” as evidence of the appearance of pilgrimage shrines’ Akten des XII Internationalen Kongresses für Christliche Archäologie, Bonn, 22–28 September 1991 (Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Ergänzungsband 20, 1). Münster: 377–88Google Scholar
Weitzmann, K. 1974: ‘Loca Sancta and the representational art of PalestineDumbarton Oaks Papers 28: 3355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, J. 1976: ‘Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem during the Byzantine periodPalestine Exploration Quarterly 108: 75101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintermeyer, U. 1980: ‘Katalog ausgewählter keramik und kleinfundeIstanbuler Mitteilungen 30: 122–60Google Scholar
Wulff, O. 1909: Altchristliche und Mittelalterliche Byzantinische und Italienische Bildwerke. BerlinGoogle Scholar
Zalesskaya, V. 1986: ‘Ampuly-Evlogii iz Maloy Azii (IV-VI vv.)Vizantijskij vremennik 47: 182–90Google Scholar
Zalesskaya, V. 1999: ‘La representation des visions apocalyptiques sur les monuments Ephesiens du VIeme siecle’ in Friesinger, H., Krinzinger, F. (eds), 100 jahre Österreichische forschungen in Ephesos. Vienna: 355–59Google Scholar