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Pan Europe, The Marshall Plan Countries and the Western European Union

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2017

Josef L. Kunz
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Editorial Comment
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American Journal of International Law , Volume 42 , Issue 4 , October 1948 , pp. 868 - 877
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1948

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References

1 See W. Schücking,Die Organisation der Welt(1908); Jacob Ter Meulen, Der Gedanke der internationalen Organisation in seiner Entwicklung, vol. I, 1300-1800 (The Hague, 1917); Vol. II, Part I, 1789-1867 (1929); Vol. II, Part II, 1867-1889 (1940).

2 See P. Renouvin, “Les idées et les pro jets d'Union Européenne au XlXe siècle” in Conciliation Internationale, No. 6, Paris, 1931, pp. 27-47; H. Wehberg, “ Ideen und Projekte betreff end die Vereinigten Staaten von Europa in den letzten 100 Jahren,” in Friedens-Warte, Vol. XLI, No. 2-3 (1941), pp. 49-122.

3 Les États-Unis de I'Europe (1849).

4 Die Organisation des europäischen Staatenvereines (1878).

5 Nouveaupro jet de paix perpétuelle (1842).

6 Confédération européenne (1861).

7 Les Ètats-Unis d'Europe (1872).

8 Der Friede in Europa (1892).

9 The United States of Europe (1899).

10 La Fédération de I'Europe (1901).

11 Der europäische Bund (1907).

12 Thus, in Europe, A. H. Fried; in the Americas, Alejandro Alvarez.

13 SeeButler, N. M., The United Statesof Europe(New York, 1914).Google Scholar

14 See also Hutchinson, P., The United States of Europe (Chicago, 1929).Google Scholar

15 Pan Europa (1923).

16 Commission d'étude pour I'Union européenne, Procès-verbaux des sessions, Vols. I-VI. Literature: J. Lambert, “Les Etats-Unis de I'Europe et I'exemple américain” in Revue Générale de Droit International, 1929, p. 396; G. Scelle, “Essai rélatif d I'Union Européenne,” ibid., 1931, pp. 521-563; L. LeFur, “Les conditions d'existence d'une Union Européenne,” in Revue de Droit International, Vol. VI (1930), pp. 7196; the articles by C. R. Pusta in the same review, 1930, pp. 97-122, and 1931, No. 4; “Union Europiéenne: Réponses des gouvernements,” ibid., 1930, pp. 280-325; A. Cordier, European Union and the League of Nations (Geneva Special Studies, Vol. II (1931), No. 6); R. Mamel, L'Union Européenne (Paris, 1932); O. Bilfinger, “Das Briand Memorandum,” in Europäxische Revue, Vol. VI (1930), pp. 478-486; C. Ralli, Essai sur le problème de I'Entente Européenne (Paris, 1932); R. Riedl, Die Vereinigten Staaten von Europa als konstrukives Problem (Berlin, 1933); E. Van Ralte, De Volkenbond en de Vereenigte Staten van Europa (The Hague, 1933). For Pan Europe in general, see the book by E. Léonard, Vers une organisation politique et juridique de I'Europe (Paris, 1935).

17 Wolf, J., Europäxische Zollunion (Berlin, 1926)Google Scholar; Truchy, H.,“L'union douanière européenne,”; in Hague Academy of International Law, Recueil des Cours, 1934,Vol.II, p. 5.Google Scholar

18 David Davies,Federated Europe (London, 1940).

19 Bingham, A.,The United States of Europe(New York, 1940)Google Scholar; Brecht, A., in Harvard Law Review, Vol. 55 (1942), p. 561 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; A. C. Weinfeld, Towards a UnitedStates of Europe (Washington, 1942).

20 Jennings, W. J.,A Federation for Western Europe (New York,1940).Google Scholar

21 Coudenhove-Kalergi, R. N., Crusade for Fan Europe(New York,1943).Google Scholar

22 Fisher, Eric,The Passing of the European Age (Cambridge, Mass., 1943)Google Scholar; Lengyel, E., “The Wreck of Europe,”; in The Annals, May, 1948, pp. 13-22.Google Scholar

23 “Instead of being a centre from which energy and initiative radiate outwards, Europe has become a centre upon which non-European energy and initiative converge. Europe's will no longer decides European destiny. Her future lies on the knees of the giants who now overshadow her. ...” For “today, in the arena of naked power politics, the United States and the Soviet Union face one another alone.” ( Toynbee, A., Civilization on Trial (New York, 1948), pp. 124-125.Google Scholar)

24 Already in 1928, Salvador de Madariaga had written that ‘ ‘ only a few years remain, if we want to save Europe. and Europe is equivalent to culture.” “If Europegoes bankrupt, all goes bankrupt,” stated Sir Walter Layton.

25 See, e.g., G. Eigassi, “Fin de I'Europe?” in Revue de Droit International (Sottile), Vol. XXIII (1945); Haas, L., “Europa—was nun&” in Schweizer Annalen, Vol. III (1946-47), No. 11, pp. 615-623.Google Scholar

26 See, e.g., IT. Compagnola, Republica Federate Europea (1946).

27 Europa, Organ der Europa Union (Basle), Vol.XV (1948); Neues Europa (Munich), Vol. Ill (1948); L'Action Fédéraliste Européenne (Neuchâtel), Vol. Ill (1948); Stati Uniti d'Europa (Rome), Vol. I (1947).

28 Köver, J. F., “Die Föderalistische Bewegung auf neuen Bahnen,” in Friedens- Warte, Vol. XLVII (1947), pp. 170-176.Google Scholar

29 Thus also Fulbright, J. W., “A United States of Europe?”; in The Annals, May, 1948, pp. 151-156.Google Scholar

30 See his now famous speech of Sept. 19, 1946, at the University of Zurich, elaborated in his speech of May 14, 1947, at Albert Hall in London.

31 U.E.F., Bapport du premier Congrès annuel de l'U.E.F., Aug. 27-31, 1947, Montreux (Geneva. Pp. 141).

32 New York Times, May 8, 1948, p. 6; resolutions of the Hague Congress in Friedens- Warte, Vol. XLVIII/3 (1948), pp. 178-183.

33 Hartnett, Rub. C. and Payzs, Tibor, The Marshall Plan (New York. Pp. 61).Google Scholar

34 Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Great Britain and France. To them must be added the three western zones of occupied Germany. Recently the Free Territory of Trieste was admitted to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (New York Times, July 14, 1948, p. 11).

35 SEEC, Vol. I, General Report, Paris, Sept. 21, 1947 (Department of State Publication 2930, European Series 28, 1947. Pp. 138); Vol. II, Technical Report (loc. cit., 2952, European Series 29. Pp. 552).

36 Appointment of three committees by the President on June 22, 1947 (They presented the following reports: European Recovery and American Aid (Washington, 1947. Pp. 286); National Resources and Foreign Aid (Washington, 1947. Pp. 97); The Impact of Foreign Aid upon the Domestic Economy (Washington, 1948. Pp. 67)); adoption of the European Interim Aid Act of 1947, authorizing $597,000,000 “so that the United States may extend emergency assistance to Austria, France and Italy.” The Interim Aid Program, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Nov. 10, 1947 (pp. 36); Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations U. S. Senate, 80th Cong., 1st. sess. (Washington, 1947. Pp. 272); Senator Vandenberg's report on the principal bill (Report No. 771. Pp. 16); the President's Message to the Congress, Dee. 19, 1947 (Department of State Publication3022, Economic Cooperation Series 2, Washington, February, 1948. Pp. 20). See also Sen. Doc. No. Ill, 80th Cong., 1st sess., 1947 (pp. 211); Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations U. S. Senate, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., January, 1948 (pp. 532).

37 Public Law 472, 80th Cong., Ch. 169, 2nd sess., S. 2202 (pp. 26).

38 Administrator, Mr. Paul Grey Hoffman;a Deputy Administrator; a twelve-member Public Advisory Board and a U. S. Special Representative in Europe (Ambassador Averill C. Harriman).

39 See Gross', Ernest A.; address before the American Society of International Law (Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 467 (May 2, 1948), pp. 564-567, 585); Proceedings, American Society of International Law, 1948, p. 84.Google Scholar

40 The exchange of ratifications of their customs union agreement took place at Brussels on Oct. 29, 1947.

41 New York Times, Aug. 29, 1947, p. 6.

42 A mixed Franco-Italian Commission signed a report on Dec. 22, 1947, recommending a customs union to their governments (New York Times, Dec. 23, 1947, p. 4).

43 Art. 5 of the Convention for European Economic Cooperation states that “they will continue the study of customsunions.”

44 Text in New York Times, April 16, 1948, p. 8; also in International Organiza-tion, Vol. II, No. 2(June 1948), pp. 420-426.

45 Its Presidentis elected annually. Present President is Prime Minister Spaak of Belgium.

46 Chairman elected annually. Present Chairman is Sir Edmund Hall-Patch of Great Britain.

47 Now Robert Marjolin of France.

48 United Kingdom, Misc. No 2 (1948), Cmd, 7367; New York Times, March 18, 1948, p. 13; Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 462 (May 9, 1948, pp. 600602; American Bar Association Journal, May, 1948, pp. 406-408; International Organization, Vol. II, No. 2 (June, 1948), pp. 427-429. Text in French and German translation in Friedens-Warte, Vol. XLVIII/3 (1948), pp. 172-178.

49 Great Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands—all Allies, all Western European states, all democracies, all United Nations members, all Marshall Plan countries.

50 See this writer's editorial comment in this Journal, Vol. 42 (1948), pp. 111-120.

51 Whereas the Rio treaty is open to accession only by the ‘ ‘ American States, ’ ’ and the Paris convention only by “an European State.”

52 See the President's message to Congress of March 17, 1948, the very day of the signature of the Brussels treaty: “I am confident that the United States will,by appropriate means, extend to the free nations the support which the. situation requires. I am sure that the determination of the free countries of Europe to protect themselves will be matched by an equal determination on our part to help them to do so.”

53 New York Times, April 25, 1948, p. 13.

54 Ibid., June 12, 1948, pp. 1, 3.

55 Toynbee, op. cit., p. 124.