1 See United States v. Hudson, 7 Cranch 32 (1812); United States v. Coolidge, 1 Wheat. 415 (1816).

2 1 Stat. 112.

1 3 Stat. 510.

2 3 Stat. 600.

3 4 Stat. 775.

4 9 Stat. 72.

1 9 Stat. 175.

2 The sections of the Revised Statutes, and also of the Criminal Code of 1909, in which the provisions of the earlier statutes have been embodied, are as follows:

3 Act of March 4, 1909, 35 Stat. 1088.

4 29 Stat. 487.

1 4 Stat. 115. Sections 6, 7 and 9 have been embodied in Rev. Stat. Sees. 5361, 5362 and 5358; and in the Criminal Code of 1909, Sees. 298, 299 and 297, respectively.

2 3 Stat. 510.

1 By the Act of January 30, 1823, 3 Stat. 721.

2 12 Stat. 314.

3 Rev. Stat. Sees. 4293–4299.

1 35 Stat. 1088.

2 The Criminal Code of 1909, Chapter Two, relating to Offenses against Neutrality, 35 Stat. 1089, also contains the following provision:

1 Translation from Guevara, G. B., The Penal Code of the Philippine Islands, Second Edition (Manila, 1923), 127–129.Google Scholar

2 The physical injuries specified in the articles cited are: Castration; any other intentional mutilation; wounds, beatings or assaults, in consequence of which the injured person shall become an imbecile, impotent or blind, or shall have lost an eye or any principal member, or shall have lost the use of such member, or shall have become incapacitated for the work in which he shall have been habitually engaged before receiving the injury.

2 The offenses specified are: Rape, or the commission of any act of lasciviousness upon another person of either sex, provided force or intimidation be used or such person is deprived of reason or is unconscious or is under twelve years of age.

1 Text from Código de Procedimientos en lo Criminal para la Justicia Federal y los Tribunales de la Capital y Territorios Nacionales, nueva edición (Buenos Aires, 1924).

2 Text from Nuevo Código Penal de la República Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1921).

1 Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Oesterreich, Jahrgang 1855, 68.

2 Ibid., 1869, 327.

3 Reichs-Oesetz-und Regierungsblatt fur das Kaiserthum Oesterreich; Jahrgang 1852, 497.

4 Text from Servais and Mechelynck, Les Codes et les Lois Spéciales les plus Usuelles en Vigueur en Belgique, dix-huitième édition (Brussels, 1929), 1363.

5 Text from Servais and Mechelynck, Les Codes et les Lois Speciales les plus Usuelles en Vigueur en Belgique, dix-huitième édition (Brussels, 1929), 1374.

1 Text from Louwers and Grenade, Codes el Lois du Congo Belge, deuxième édition (Brussels, 1923), 984.

2 Text from Ordoñez Lopez, Leyes Penales de la República de Bolivia (La Paz, 1918), 37.

1 Collecçâo das Leis do Imperio do Brazil de 1822, Parte I, 108.

1 Collecçâo das Leis da Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brazil de 1893, Parte II, 710.

2 Text from Collecçâo das Leis do Imperio do Brasil de 1850, Parte I, 267.

3 The penalties referred to consist of imprisonment, and a fine of 200 milreis for every slave imported, together with the expenses of returning the latter to any part of Africa. See CoUeccao das Leis do Imperio do Brazil de 1881, Parte I, 182.

4 Text from Macedo Soares, Codigo Penal da Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brasil, quinta ediçâo (Rio de Janeiro, 1910).

1 The Central Criminal Court Act, 1834 (4 & 5 Will. IV, c. 36, s. 22).

2 The Admiralty Offences Act, 1844 (7 & 8 Vict., c. 2).

3 It does, however (in sec. 4), exclude from the scope of the offence the taking of food or equipment under compulsion of necessity from a ship which may conveniently spare the same, provided the taker pay for the property.

4 Commentators have defined the crime as the commission of those acts of robbery and depredation upon the high sea which, if committed upon land, would have amounted to felony there. See 4 Blackstone, Commentaries, p. 72; 2 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown, ch. XX, sec. 3.

1 18 Geo. II, c. 30.

2 8 Geo. I, c. 24.

3 32 Geo. II, c. 25, s. 12 (1759), repealed by 27 & 28 Vict., c. 23 (1864).

4 5 Geo. IV, c. 113, s. 9.

5 12 & 13 Geo. V, c. 21, s. 4.

6 7 Will. IV & 1 Vict., c. 88.

7 20 & 21 Vict., c. 3.

8 54 & 55 Vict., c. 69.

1 This provision is slightly modified by the Act of 11 & 12 Will. Ill, c. 7, s. 11 (1698).

2 13 & 14 Vict., c. 26.

1 28 Henry VIII, c. 15.

1 Provisions as to punishment repealed by the Piracy Act, 1837, 7 Will. IV & 1 Vict., c. 88, s. 1. (See infra.)

1 Amended by Act of 1 & 2 Geo. IV, c. 76, s. 16 (1821).

2 22 & 23 Charles II, c. 11.

1 Section IX repealed as to England by Act of June 27, 1828, 9 Geo. IV, c. 31, s. 1; and as to India by Act of July 25, 1828, 9 Geo. IV, c. 74, s. 125. Compare Section 9 of Act of 1698, 11 & 12 Will. III. c. 7 (printed infra).

1 Section XII repealed as to England by Act of June 21, 1827, 7 & 8 Geo. IV, c. 27, s. 1; and as to India by Act of July 25, 1828, 9 Geo. IV, c. 74, s. 125. Similar provisions are contained in Sections 117 and 118 of the latter Act.

2 The Statute Law Revision Act, 1863 (26 & 27 Vict., c. 125).

3 11 & 12 William III, c. 7.

The Piracy Act, 1717 (4 Geo. I, c. 11, s. 7) provides that persons committing offences within the Act of 1698 may be tried and judged in the manner and form provided by the Offences at Sea Act, 1536 (supra).

4 The Statute Law Revision Act, 1867 (30 & 31 Vict., c. 59).

5 The provisions of this Act as to the punishment have been repealed by the Piracy Act, 1837, 7 Will. IV & 1 Vict., c. 88, s. 1. (See infra.)

1 Act of 6 Geo. I, c. 19 (1719); Statute Law Revision Act, 1867 (30 & 31 Vict., c. 59). See also Act of 9 Geo. IV, c. 31, ss. 1 and 30 (1828), and Act of 9 Geo. IV, c. 74, s. 125 (1828).

2 8 George I, c. 24.

1 Provisions as to punishment repealed by the Piracy Act, 1837, 7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict., c. 88, s. 1. (See infra.)

2 Act of 4 & 5 Will. IV, c. 34, s. 1 (1834).

3 Act of 22 Geo. II, c. 33, ss. 1, 2 (1749).

1 Remainder of Section X repealed. Act of 2 Geo. II, c. 28, s. 7 (1729), and the Statute Law Revision Act, 1867 (30 & 31 Vict., c. 59).

2 18 George II, c. 30.

1 Provisions as to punishment repealed by the Piracy Act, 1837, 7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict., c. 88, s. 1. (See infra.)

Section II of the Act of 1744 provides that persons tried thereunder, shall not be liable to be again indicted for the same crime or fact as high treason. Section III declares that nothing in the act shall prevent persons guilty but not tried thereunder from being tried for high treason.

2 5 George IV, c. 113, as amended by the Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act, 1888 (51 & 52 Vict., c. 57).

Section XII of the Act of 1824 provides that nothing in the act making piracies of the several offences mentioned shall be construed to repeal, annul or alter the other provisions of the act, imposing forfeitures and penalties upon the same offences.

The remainder of the Act of 1824 does not involve piracy. On the slave trade see also the Slave Trade Act, 1873 (36 & 37 Vict., c. 88).

1 7 William IV & 1 Victoria, c. 88, as amended by the Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act, 1888 (51 & 52 Vict., c. 57), and the Statute Law Revision Act, 1892 (55 & 56 Vict., c. 19). As to Scotland further minor amendments have been made by the Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act, 1890 (53 & 54 Vict., c. 51).

As to the procedure when a person arraigned on an indictment for felony or piracy stands mute or refuses to answer to the indictment, see the Felony and Piracy Act, 1772 (12 Geo. III, c. 20), the Criminal Law Act, 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. IV, c. 28), and the Criminal Law (Ireland) Act, 1828 (9 Geo. IV, c. 54, s. 8).

2 The Statute Law Revision Act, 1874 (37 & 38 Vict., c. 35).

3 These are the Offences at Sea Act, 1536; the Act of 1698; the Piracy Act, 1717; the Piracy Act, 1721; and the Piracy Act, 1744. (See supra.)

4 20 & 21 Vict., c. 3. Section 2 provides that after the commencement of the act, no person shall be sentenced to transportation; and any person who, prior to the passage of the act, might have been sentenced to transportation shall thereafter be liable to be sentenced to be kept in penal servitude for a term of the same duration as the term of transportation to which such person would have been liable if the said act had not been passed.

By the Penal Servitude Act, 1891 (54 & 55 Vict., c. 69) the sentence may, at the discretion of the court, be of penal servitude for any term not less than three years or of imprisonment for any term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labor.

The punishment for piracy in Ireland was assimilated to that in England under the Piracy Act, 1837, by the Capital Punishment (Ireland) Act, 1842 (4 & 6 Vict., c. 28, ss. 16,18).

5 As to the punishment of accessories, see also the Accessories and Abettors Act, 1861 (24 & 25 Vict., c. 94).

6 The Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act, 1893 (56 & 57 Vict., c. 54); the Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act, 1890 (53 & 54 Vict., c. 51); the Statute Law Revision Act, 1874 (37 & 38 Vict., c. 35), as corrected by the Statute Law Revision Act, 1874 (No. 2) (37 & 38 Vict., c. 96).

1 The distribution of bounty among the officers and crew of warships is regulated at present by Order in Council of April 27, 1918, Statutory Rules & Orders, 1918 (No. 539), II, p. 671, promulgated under the authority of the Naval Agency and Distribution Act, 1864 (27 & 28 Vict., c. 24).

2 41 & 42 Victoria, c. 73. Part of the act is omitted.

1 12 and 13 Viet., c. 96.

2 37 & 38 Vict., c. 27.

3 This paragraph is found in the following: Statute Law of the Bahamas Islands (Rev. ed. 1929), c. 60, s. 436; British Guiana, Indictable Offence Ordinance, No. 18 of 1893, sec. 332; Laws of The Gold Coast Colony (Rev. ed. 1928), c. 29, s. 338; Grenada, Revised Laws (1911), c. 176, s. 348; St. Lucia, Criminal Code of 1920, s. 362.

1 As published in the Statutes of New South Wales, Vol. VI, 1902, 715.

1 As published in the Incorporated Acts of New South Wales (Sydney, 1925), I, 95.

1 As published in the Queensland Statutes (Brisbane, 1911), I, 341.

2 The definition of robbery is contained in section 409 of the Act, which reads as follows:

1 As published in The Acts of the Parliament of South Australia, 1876, 50.

1 As published in the Statutes of Tasmania (1883), I, 404.

1 As published in the Victorian Statutes (1929), II, 1.

1 As published in The Acts of the Parliament of Western Australia, for the First Session of the Fourth Parliament (1902), 247.

1 As published in Revised Statutes, 1927, c. 36, p. 663.

1 As published in the Consolidated Statutes of the Dominion of New Zealand, 1908, I, 257.

1 As published in the Consolidated Statutes of the Dominion of New Zealand, 1908, V, 257.

1 As published in Roy, D. C., The Indian Penal Code (Calcutta, 1926), 733.

2 Text from The Ordinances of Hongkong, 1844–1923, I, 155; and The Ordinances of Hongkong, 1927 (No. 15).

By the Suppression of Piracy Amendment Ordinance, 1927 (No. 15 of 1927), an additional statute, the Piracy Prevention Ordinance, 1914 (No. 23 of 1914), was repealed. The latter law had provided that no launch or ship should leave the waters of the Colony on a voyage to certain specified destinations in China, unless the ship-owner should have entered into a bond, conditioned for the observance of all regulations made under the Ordinance. It was further declared lawful for the Governor in Council to make regulations prescribing the precautions to be observed with a view to the prevention of piracy. (Compare section 7 of Ordinance No. 1 of 1868 as amended.)

1 Under certain circumstances, flogging may be added to the punishment imposed upon persons convicted of piracy. See The Peace Preservation Ordinance, 1886, sec. 12A (No. 10 of 1886), and The Flogging Ordinance, 1903 (No. 3 of 1903).

1 Text from The Ordinances of Hongkong, 1928 (second part), 33.

1 As published in The Laws of the Straits Settlements (Edition of 1926), I, 33.

1 Administered by Great Britain.

2 Text from Código Civil de la República de Chile, editión oficial (Santiago, 1889).

3 Text from Lazo, S., Código Penal (Santiago, 1916)Google Scholar.

1 By Article 56 of the Penal Code, the penalty of presidio mayor is divided into three degrees, minimum, medium and maximum. The period of the uniTiimnm degree is fixed at from five years and one day to twelve years; of the medium degree at from twelve years and one day to fifteen years; of the maximum degree at from fifteen years and one day to twenty years.

2 The injuries referred to are those, the results of which leave the victim insane, incapacitated for work, impotent, deprived of the use of any important member or noticeably deformed.

3 Text from Anguita, R., Leyes Promulgadas en Chile, desde 1810 hasta el 1'. de Junio de 1912 (Santiago, 1912), II, 429.Google Scholar

1 Text from Lazo, S., Código de Procedimiento Penal (Santiago, 1917)Google Scholar.

2 Text from Escarra, J., Code Pénal de la République de Chine (Paris, 1930), 134.Google Scholar

1 “This period, which expired on May 18,1928, has been extended six months at a time by decrees of the National Government dated May 28 and November 17, 1928. Although I have not had information of a decree of extension subsequent to this last date, I have cause to believe that this regulation is still in force.”—Note by M. Escarra.

2 Text from Escarra, J., Code Pénal de la République de Chine (Paris, 1930)Google Scholar.

1 The civic rights referred to consist of the right to be a public officer; to be a voter; to be enrolled in the army; to be an employee or professor in a governmental or public educational institution; to be a lawyer. See Article 56 of the Penal Code.

2 Text from Código Penal de la República de Colombia, edición oficial (Bogotá, 1906).

1 By constitutional amendment of October 31, 1910, the legislature was prohibited from imposing the death penalty in any case. It was provided that crimes punished by the death penalty in the Penal Code, should in the future be punished by presidio for twenty years, unless the law should later provide otherwise. See Actos Legislatives y Leyes de Colombia, 1910 (Bogotá, 1911), 7.

2 Text from Código Penal de la República de Costa Rica (San José, 1924, official edition).

3 The punishment specified is fixed by Article 143, as follows:

Prisión in the Fourth Degree: From 5 years, 3 months and 1 day to 6 years and 10 months;

1 The injuries mentioned in Articles 258 and 259 are: Damage or wounds resulting in a mental disease or other permanent or probably incurable suffering, or permanent disability for work, or the loss of a sense, of an organ, or of an important limb or of speech, or of the capacity to beget or to conceive;

A wound producing a persistent weakness either of health or of a sense, or of an important organ or limb, or a permanent impediment of speech; or a wound endangering the life of the person injured, or leaving him deformed or with a permanently scarred face, or rendering him unfit for work for thirty days or more.

2 Presidio temporal in its fourth degree involves confinement for a minimum period of 15 years and one day. (Article 143.)

1 Text from Reichs-Oesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Oesterreich, Jahrgang 1855, 68.

2 Text from Sammlung Ausserdeutscher Strafgesetzbücher (Berlin, 1901), XVI, 49.

1 Text from Código Civil de h. República del Ecuador (New York, 1889).

1 Text from Decretos y Leyes sancionados en el Año 1900 (Quito, 1901), 17.

2 Text from Código de Enjuiciamientos en Materia Criminal (Quito, 1906).

3 Text from enclosure with Despatch No. 56, October 14, 1930, from the American Minister to Ecuador to the Secretary of State.

1 Text from Svod Zahonov Rossiiskoi Imperii (Petrograd, 1916), XV, 5.

2 Text from Morduhai-Boltorsky, I. D., Svod Zahonov Rossiiskoi Imperii (St. Petersburg, 1912), IV, 965.Google Scholar

1 Text from Riigi Teataja, Nr. 56 (June 20, 1929). This code has not yet been put into operation.

1 Text from Beauchet, L., Code Pénal de Firdande (Nancy, 1900)Google Scholar. See also the text in German in Sammlung Ausserdeutscher Strafgesetzbücher, VII (Berlin, 1891).

1 See Chapter II, §14, of the Penal Code.

1 Text from Carette, A.-A., Lois Annotées, 1789 à 1830 (Paris, 1854), 638.

2 Ibid., 1132.

1 The Code referred to is the Penal Code of February 22, 1810. Articles 59 et seq. deal with the punishment of accomplices to crime. Articles 265 et seq. deal with the subject of combinations of wrong-doers.

2 With regard to the distribution of the proceeds of condemned vessels, see the decrees of February 28, 1801, and May 22, 1803; Carette, Lois Annotées, 1789 à 1830, 555 and 638.

1 This regulation deals with the organization, jurisdiction and procedure of the maritime courts. For the text, see Carette, Lois Annotées, 1789 à 1830, 732. See also the Code of Military Justice for the Navy, of June 4, 1858, the text of which is contained in Devilleneuve and Carette, Lois Annotées, année 1858, 90.

2 Text from Devilleneuve and Carette, Lois Annotées, année 1858, 90.

1 Text from Allfeld, P., Die Strafgesetzgebung des Deutschen Reichs, 2. Auflage (Berlin, 1913). 1.Google Scholar

1 Text from Perels, F., Das Internationale öjfentliche Seerecht der Gegenwart, zweite Auflage (Berlin, 1903), 311 Google Scholar.

1 Text from enclosure with Despatch No. 538, October 9, 1930, from the American Ambassador to Germany to the Secretary of State.

1 Text from Malagarde, A. N., Poinikos Nomos (Athens, 1926), 389 Google Scholar.

2 The Code referred to is the Code of Penal Procedure of March 10, 1834. For the text, see Rhalle, G. A., Oi EUenikoi Kodikes (Athens, 1856), II, 3.Google Scholar

3 This is a law authorizing Greek consuls and other representatives abroad to take evidence for use in criminal cases. For the text of the statute, see Deligianne, T. P., and Zenopoulos, G. K., Ellenike Nomoihesia apo tou 1835 Mechri tou 1860 (Athens, 1860), I, 172.Google Scholar

1 Text from Malagarde, A. N., Poinikos Nomoa (Athens, 1926), 388.Google Scholar

1 Text from Código Penal de la República de Guatemala (Guatemala, 1914, official edition).

1 Text from República de Honduras, Código Penal, 1906 (Tegucigalpa, 1906).

1 Presidio mayor in its maximum degree is fixed at from nine years and one day to twelve years, by Article 86 of the Penal Code.

2 Text from República de Honduras, Código Civil, 1906 (Tegucigalpa, 1906).

3 Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Oesterreich, Jahrgang 1865, 68.

4 For the text of this Code in French, see Martinet, C., and Dareste, P., Code Pénal Hongrots (Paris, 1885)Google Scholar; for the text in German, see Sammlung Ausserdeutscher Strafgesetzbücher, XXX (Berlin, 1910).

1 Text from Franchi, L., Codici e Leggi del Regno d'Italia, qvarta edizione (Milan, 1913), I, 799.Google Scholar

For the text of the Decree of December 1, 1889, see Raccolta Ufficiale delle Leggi e dei Decreti del Regno d'Italia, Vol. XCV, anno 1889, 4363.

1 The penalty referred to consists of imprisonment for from ten to twenty yeaxs, or of imprisonment for life in aggravated cases.

2 Translation from Raikes, P. W., The Maritime Codes of Italy (London, 1900), 184 Google Scholar. This English edition does not include that portion of the Mercantile Marine Code in which are contained articles 320–334 dealing with piracy.

1 Text from Raccolta Vffic Me delle Leggi e dei Decreti del Regno d'Italia, anno 1913, IV, 3909.

1 The penalties referred to consist of imprisonment for from ten to twenty years, or in aggravated cases of imprisonment up to thirty years or for life.

2 The persons referred to are the husband or wife, the father, the mother, relations by marriage in the ascending or descending line, adoptive father or mother, adopted child, or brother or sister who live with the person committing the act.

1 These rules, included in articles 222-236 of the Code, are the same in substance as those contained in articles 228-242 of the Mercantile Marine Code for Italy, which are printed above.

2 Text from enclosure with Despatch No. 3, August 12,1930, from the American Minister to Liberia to the Secretary of State.

1 Text from Morduhai-Boltorsky, I. D., Svod Zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii (St. Petersburg, 1912). IV, 965.Google Scholar

2 These references are to the Russian Penal Code of 1885. The Russian Penal Code of March 22, 1903, has, however, been adopted in Lithuania and article 589 of the Code of 1903 has in that country superseded articles 1630 and 1633 of the older Code, which are cited in the Code of Commerce.

1 Text from Ugolovnoie Ulozherde Vys. Utverzhd, 22 Marta, 1903 goda. (St. Petersburg, 1903), 230. For the text of this Code in French, see Eberlin, E., Code Pénal Russe (Paris, 1906).Google Scholar

1 Translation from Branch, H. N., The Mexican, Constitution of 1917 (Philadelphia, 1917), 14 Google Scholar.

2 Text from Leyes, Decretos y Ordenes que Forman el Derecho International Mexicano, edition oficial (Mexico, 1879), III, 361.

The provisions of this Circular were reaffirmed in a Circular of November 15, 1839. Ibid., 365.

1 Text from Legislación Mexicana, edición oficial (Mexico, 1877), VI, 115.

1 Text from Anvario de Legislación y Jurisprudencia, Sección de Legislación.—afio de 1897, Suplemento—Leyes Militares y Navales, I, 436.

2 Ibid., II, 317.

3 Text from Diario Oficial, tomo LXVII, Núm. 89, Sección tercera (August 14, 1931).

1 Text from Fruin, J. A., De Nederlandsche Wetboeken (Gravenhage, 1931), 1245.Google Scholar

1 The rights referred to include: The right to assume office; the right to serve in the armed forces; the right to vote or to run for office; the right to become a counsellor; the right to exercise certain professions.

2 Translation from Van Leeuwen, F. W. A. de K., Maritime Code of the Netherlands (The Hague, 1927). See Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, 1924, No. 573.

3 Text from Engelbrecht, W. A., De Nederlandsch-Indische Wetboeken (Leiden, 1930), I, 1128.Google Scholar

1 The rights referred to include: The right to assume office; the right to serve in the armed forces; the right to vote or to run for office; the right to become a counsellor; the right to exercise certain professions.

2 Text from Código Penal de la Repüblica de la Nicaragua (Managua, 1891).

3 Reclusión in the fourth degree is fixed at twelve years, and in the first degree at three years, by Article 58 of the Penal Code.

1 Presidio in the second degree is fixed at six years by Article 58 of the Penal Code.

2 Text from Norsk Lovtidende, 2^den Afdeling, 1902 ,286.

1 The means of access referred to in the sections cited are by burglary, by means of a ladder, by stealth, by disguising one's self, or by shamming or misusing an official position or order.

2 Text from Código Penal, edición oficial (Barcelona, 1917).

1 Text from Código Penal de la República del Paraguay, edición oficial (Asunción, 1914).

1 Text from Calderon, E. G., Constitución, Códigos y Leyes del Perú, 2a. edición (Lima, 1929), 545.Google Scholar

1 Text from d'Almeida Didier, Novo Codigo Penal (Lisbon, 1898).

2 Ferrâo in commenting upon the third paragraph of Article 162, and after referring to a treaty in which the slave trade was declared to be piracy, says:

See his Theoria do Direito Penal, IV, 273.

1 Text from Codificación de Leyes Patrias (San Salvador, 1879), 342.

2 The Civil Code referred to is that of 1859. Article 656 of that Code is identical with Article 623 of the 1926 edition of the Civil Code, as printed herein.

3 Text from Quiñones Molina, Constitución y Códigos de la República de El Salvador (Barcelona, 1926). 765.

1 Text from Quiñones Molina, Constitución y Códigos de la República de El Salvador (Barcelona, 1926), 87.

1 The aggravating circumstances mentioned in sections 293 and 294 are as follows: by night; by breaking through, scaling or climbing over any enclosure made for the protection of persons or property; by using any passage not intended for human entrance, or any passage unfastened by any principal or accessory to the offence; by opening any lock by means of keys unlawfully possessed or by means of any other instrument; by breaking open or carrying away any closed receptacle; by taking advantage of any fire, explosion, railway accident, distress of vessel or other public calamity; by a person carrying any arms; by a person disguised or with his face blackened; by false personation; by a person falsely pretending to act under lawful authority; by two or more persons; in a dwelling place, provided that the offender is in such place without the consent of the injured person; in any place of public worship; in any railway station, wharf or other place of entry or discharge of goods; upon anything intended for the service of the State or for public use; by a clerk or servant upon any property in the possession of his master or employer; upon any cattle or beast of burden.

1 Section 250 is as follows: Whoever commits murder under any of the following circumstances:

1. (1)

   (1) on his father or mother or other relation in the direct ascending line;

2. (2)

   (2) on any official in, or by reason of, the lawful exercise of his functions;

3. (3)

   (3) with premeditation;

4. (4)

   (4) by employing torture or acts of cruelty;

5. (5)

   (5) for the purpose of preparing or facilitating the commission of any other offence;

6. (6)

   (6) for the purpose of securing the benefit obtained through any other offence, or of concealing such offence or of escaping punishment for such offence; shall be punished with death.

1 Text from Novísima Recopilación de las Leyes de España (Madrid, 1805), III, 128.

1 Text from Colección Legislativa de España, segundo semestre de 1873, 100.

2 Ibid., volumen 39 de 1894, 661.

1 Text from Colección Legislatives de España, volumen 29 de 1923, 375.

2 The Code referred to is that of June 18, 1870. Articles 155 and 156 have been superseded by articles 246 and 248 of the Penal Code of September 8, 1928.

3 Text from Calón, E. C., Código Penal (Barcelona, 1929)Google Scholar.

1 The offences referred to are: Rape, or the commission of acts of lasciviousness upon another person of either sex, provided force or intimidation is used or such person is deprived of reason or of consciousness or is incapable of resisting.

1 Text from de la Grasserie, R., Les Codes Suédois (Paris, 1895), 102.Google Scholar

See also Antell, H., Sveriges Rikes Strafflagar (Lund, 1892)Google Scholar; Söderqvist, N., Droit International Maritime Suédois (Paris, 1930)Google Scholar.

2 See Chapter 2, §19, of the Penal Code.

3 Text from de Aréchaga, E. J., Código Penal y Código de Instructión Criminal, quinta edición (Montevideo, 1926).Google Scholar

1 The death penalty was abolished in Uruguay by a law of September 23,1907. This law provided that in its stead there should be imposed an indeterminate prison sentence, with a minimum of thirty years and a maximum of forty years.

1 Text from Recopilación de Leyes y Decretos de Venezuela (Caracas, 1887), XI, 106

1 Text from Recopilación de Leyes y Decretos de Venezuela, tomo XLIX, año de 1926 (Caracas, 1927), 506.