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Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence, and Hohokam Population Decline

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

J. Brett Hill ,
Jeffery J. Clark ,
William H. Doelle  and
Patrick D. Lyons
J. Brett Hill
Affiliation:
Center for Desert Archaeology, 300 E, University Blvd., Suite 230, Tucson, Arizona 85705
Jeffery J. Clark
Affiliation:
Center for Desert Archaeology, 300 E, University Blvd., Suite 230, Tucson, Arizona 85705
William H. Doelle
Affiliation:
Center for Desert Archaeology, 300 E, University Blvd., Suite 230, Tucson, Arizona 85705
Patrick D. Lyons
Affiliation:
Center for Desert Archaeology, 300 E, University Blvd., Suite 230, Tucson, Arizona 85705
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Abstract

One of the most prominent but least understood demographic phenomena in the precontact Southwest is the disappearance of the Hohokam from the valleys of southern Arizona. Despite extensive research, no widely accepted explanation has been offered. We argue that the failure to identify a satisfactory cause is due to excessive focus on catastrophic phenomena and terminal occupations, and a lack of attention to gradual demographic processes. Based on a combination of macro-regional population studies and local research in the lower San Pedro River valley, we present an explanation for gradual population decline precipitated by social and economic coalescence beginning in the late A.D. 1200s. In the southern Southwest an influx of immigrants from the north led to a shift from a dispersed, extensive settlement/subsistence strategy to increased conflict, aggregation, and economic intensification. This shift resulted in diminished health and transformation from population growth to decline. Over approximately 150 years gradual population decline resulted in small remnant groups unable to maintain viable communities. Small, terminal populations were ultimately unable to continue identifiable Hohokam cultural traditions and consequently disappeared from the archaeological record of southern Arizona, either through migration or a shift in lifestyle that rendered them archaeologically invisible.

Resumen

Resumen

Un de los fenómenos más prominentes, pero menos entendido fenómeno demográfico en el pre-contacto de la región Suroeste del Norte América, es la desaparición de los Hohokam de los volles de Arizona austral. Pese a extensivas investigaciones, una explicación satisfactoria no ha sido aun ofertada. Argüimos que el fallo de identificar una causa satisfactoria, es debido al excesivo enfoque en las ocupaciones terminales y los fenómenos catastróficos, conjuntamente con una falta de atención a los procesos demográficos graduales. Basándonos en una combinación de estudios depoblación macro-regionales e investigación local en la parte baja del Volle de San Pedro, presentamos una explicación para el gradual declinamiento de la población, precipitada por la coalescencia social y económica en el comienzo de los tardíos 1200. En el Suroeste Norteamericano austral, el influjo de inmigrantes provenientes del Norte condujo a un cambio en la estrategia de asentamiento de dispersión extensiva a un incremento en el conflicto, de agregación, e intensificación económica. Este cambio resulto en una disminución en la salud y una transformación en el crecimiento de la población hacia su declinamiento. Aproximadamente sobre un periodo de 150 años el gradual declinamiento población dejo pequeños grupos remanentes incapaces de mantener las comunidades viables. Finalmente estas poblaciones terminales pequeñas fueron incapaces de continuar las tradiciones culturales identificándose con los Hohokam y consecuentemente desaparecieron de los registros Arqueológicos de Arizona austral, mediante la migración o un cambio en la adaptación que los hecho invisibles a los arqueólogos.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 69 , Issue 4 , October 2004 , pp. 689 - 716
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2004

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