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Paleoeskimo Occupation History of Foxe Basin, Arctic Canada: Implications for the Core Area Model and Dorset Origins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

James M. Savelle  and
Arthur S. Dyke
James M. Savelle
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T7, Canada (james.savelle@mcgill.ca)
Arthur S. Dyke
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B3X9 (arthur.s.dyke@gmail.com)
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Abstract

This paper presents the first detailed record of Paleoeskimo occupation history of Foxe Basin, Nunavut, Arctic Canada, the traditional Paleoeskimo “core area.” Rather than continuous, stable occupations from approximately 4000–1000 B.P. traditionally assumed for the core area, the region has undergone a series of demographic oscillations, including several instances of abandonment of key areas, most notably Igloolik. The Foxe Basin demographic trends are reminiscent of Paleoeskimo “boom and bust” cycles recognized elsewhere, but show no consistent chronological pattern either within Foxe Basin or inter-regionally. Equally important, our results bear on the critical question of the Pre-Dorset to Dorset transition. Rather than having been a gradual in situ process centered within the core area, the demographic patterns, including the abrupt and widespread appearance of semi-subterranean dwellings during earliest Dorset, are consistent with newly arrived populations from outside of Foxe Basin. While there is no obvious “parent” culture to Dorset within the Eastern Arctic, it is suggested that a Western Arctic origin, specifically Norton Culture, invoking to some extent Jorgen Meldgaard’s “smell of the forest”, may have played a significant role.

Resumen

Resumen

Este artículo presenta el primer registro detallado de la historia de la ocupación Paleoesquimal en la Cuenca Foxe, Nunavut, en el Artico Canadiense; principal área tradicional Paleoesquimal. Lejos de encontrar ocupaciones continuas y estables en el área principal entre 4000–1000 A.P., como tradicionalmente se suponía, la región ha sufrido una serie de oscilaciones demográficas, incluyendo varios casos de abandono de áreas importantes; siendo Igloolik la más notable. Las tendencias demográficas de la Cuenca Foxe evocan los ciclos de “auge y debacle” Paleoesquimal que se han identificado en otros lugares, pero no muestran un patrón cronológico coherente dentro de la Cuenca Foxe, ni a nivel inter-regional. De igual importancia, nuestros resultados se relacionan con el problema de la transición Pre-Dorset a Dorset. En lugar de tener un proceso in situ, gradual, centrado en el área principal, los patrones demográficos–incluyendo la aparición abrupta y generalizada de viviendas semisubterráneas durante la etapa Dorset más temprana–coinciden con el arribo de poblaciones provenientes defuera de la Cuenca Foxe. Si bien no hay una clara “cultura madre” déla Dorset en el área este del Artico, nuestros resultados sugieren un origen en su lado poniente; específicamente es posible que en dicho origen la cultura Norton haya jugado un importante rol, como asegura Jorgen Meldgaard’s (1960, 1962) en “Smell of the Forest.”

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 79 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 249 - 276
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2014

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