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Maize Productivity in the Eastern Woodlands and Great Plains of North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Sissel Schroeder
Sissel Schroeder*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
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Abstract

Archaeologists and ethnohistorians have long been interested in quantifying potential maize productivity for late prehistoric and early historic Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands. Maize yields obtained by Native Americans using traditional farming techniques in the nineteenth century are compared to yields obtained by nineteenth-century Native Americans using plows, and nineteenth- and twentieth-century farmers in Illinois and Missouri. The result is a notion of average resource productivity for maize that is more reasonable and modest than previous estimates. In this study, the mean yield of maize for nineteenth-century Native American groups who did not use plows was 18.9 bu/acre (stdev=4.1) (1,185.4 kg/ha [stdev=254.1]). Yields on the order of 10 bu/acre (627.2 kg/ha) probably are closer to the average prehistoric yields that were available for subsistence purposes. The mean size of gardens cultivated by nineteenth-century Native American families without plows was .59 acre (stdev=.45) (.24 ha [stdev=.18]). These newly compiled data are used to generate a model of nuclear family household economy and minimal and maximal garden sizes given different levels of maize productivity and consumption. Population estimates made on the basis of previous assessments of high rates of resource productivity will need to be reevaluated.

Résumé

Résumé

Cuantificar la productividadpotencial de maíz de los grupos indígenas que habitaban la región boscosa oriental de Norteamérica durante los períodos Prehistorico Tardío e Historico Temprano ha sido un objetivo largamente acariciado por arqueólogos y etnohistoriadores. Este artículo examina los rendimientos en el cultivo de maíz que grupos indígenas munidos de técnicas tradicionales obtenían durante el siglo XIX, comparándolos con los logrados por grupos similares provistos de arados y con aquellos obtenidos durante los siglos XIX y XX por granjeros en Illinois y Missouri. De estas comparaciones surge una productividad promedio de recursos que, para el caso del maíz, resulta más moderada y creíble que las estimadas anteriormente. De acuerdo a estos cálculos, los indígenas que durante el siglo XIX cultivaban maíz sin utilizar el arado habrían obtenido un rendimiento promedio por hectárea de 1.185,4 kg., con una desviación estándar de 254,1 (18,9 bushels por acre, con una desviación estándar de 4,1). Rendimientos de 627,2 kg. por hectárea (10 bushels por acre) están probablemente más cerca de los promedios prehistóricos que habrían estado disponibles para propósitos de subsistencia. El tamaño promedio de las huertas cultivadas porfamilias indígenas durante el siglo XIX sería de 0,24 hectárea, con una desviacion estándar de0,18 (0,59 acre, con una desviación estándar de 0,45). Esta recientemente recopilada información se utiliza para generar un modelo de economía doméstica para lafamilia nuclear y para estimar las areas máxima y mínima de los huertos, basado en los diferentes niveles de productividad y consumo de maíz. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, aquellas estimaciones de población que hay an sido realizadas en base a altos niveles de productividad de recursos tendrán que ser necesariamente reevaluadas.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 64 , Issue 3 , July 1999 , pp. 499 - 516
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1999

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