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Ancient Shellfish Mariculture on the Northwest Coast of North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Dana Lepofsky ,
Nicole F. Smith ,
Nathan Cardinal ,
John Harper ,
Mary Morris ,
Gitla (Elroy White) ,
Randy Bouchard ,
Dorothy I.D. Kennedy ,
Anne K. Salomon  and
Michelle Puckett
...Show all authors
Dana Lepofsky
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Hakai Institute, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 (dlepofsk@sfu.ca)
Nicole F. Smith
Affiliation:
Independent Archaeologist and Hakai Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2G8
Nathan Cardinal
Affiliation:
Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, Parks Canada Agency, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 2P6
John Harper
Affiliation:
Coastal and Ocean Resources, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 3B8
Mary Morris
Affiliation:
Archipelago Marine Research, Victoria, British Columbia V9A 5S1
Gitla (Elroy White)
Affiliation:
Central Coast Archaeology, Bella Bella, British Columbia VOT 1Z0
Randy Bouchard
Affiliation:
Bouchard and Kennedy Research Consultants, Victoria, British Columbia V8S 1B5
Dorothy I.D. Kennedy
Affiliation:
Bouchard and Kennedy Research Consultants, Victoria, British Columbia V8S 1B5
Anne K. Salomon
Affiliation:
School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Hakai Institute, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6
Michelle Puckett
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6
Kirsten Rowell
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Abstract

While there is increasing recognition among archaeologists of the extent to which non-agricultural societies have managed their terrestrial ecosystems, the traditional management of marine ecosystems has largely been ignored. In this paper, we bring together Indigenous ecological knowledge, coastal geomorphological observations, and archaeological data to document how Northwest Coast First Nations cultivated clams to maintain and increase productivity. We focus on “clam gardens,” walled intertidal terraces constructed to increase bivalve habitat and productivity. Our survey and excavations of clam gardens in four locations in British Columbia provide insights into the ecological and social context, morphology, construction, and first reported ages of these features. These data demonstrate the extent of traditional maricultural systems among coastal First Nations and, coupled with previously collected information on terrestrial management, challenge us to broaden our definition of “forager” as applied to Northwest Coast peoples. This study also highlights the value of combining diverse kinds of knowledge, including archaeological data, to understand the social and ecological contexts of traditional management systems.

Résumé

Résumé

Si bien se observa, a partir de la arqueología, un mayor reconocimiento sobre la medida de incursión de las sociedad no-agrícolas en el manejo sus ecosistemas terrestres, el manejo tradicional de los ecosistemas marinos ha sido considerablemente ignorado. En este documento integramos: el conocimiento ecológico Indígena, observaciones geomorfológicas sobre áreas costaneras y datos arqueológicos; con la finalidad de documentor la forma en la cual las Primeras Naciones de la Costa Noroeste cultivaron almejas para mantener e incrementar los niveles de productividad. Nos centramos en el estudio de los “jardines de almejas”, los cuales constituyen terrazas amuralladas de la zona intermareal construidos para la ampliación del hábitat y productividad de bivalvos. Nuestra prospección y excavaciones de jardines de almejas en cuatro localidades de la Columbia Británica proporcionan información detallada sobre el contexto ecoldgico y social, morfología, constructión y las primeras dataciones de estos rasgos. Tales datos exponen la extensión de los sistemas tradicionales de maricultura entre las Primeras Naciones costaneras y junto con la información recopilada previamente sobre el manejo de ecosistemas terrestres, nos plantea el desafío de ampliar nuestra definición de “recolector” tal como se aplica alas poblaciones de la Costa Noroeste. Este estudio pone de manifiesto el valor de combinar diversidad de conocimientos, incluyendo datos arqueológicos, para comprender los contextos sociales y ecológicos de los sistemas de manejo tradicionales.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 80 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , pp. 236 - 259
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2015

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