Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:53:30.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Jake Bluff: Clovis Bison Hunting on the Southern Plains of North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Leland C. Bement  and
Brian J. Carter
Leland C. Bement
Affiliation:
Oklahoma Archeological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (Lbe.ment@ou.edu)
Brian J. Carter
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 (brian.j.carter@okstate.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Clovis hunters of the North American Great Plains are known for their ability to hunt and scavenge mammoths. Less is known of their hunting strategies for other large animals, such as horse, camel, and bison, although remains of these animals have been found at several Clovis camps. Recent investigations of the Jake Bluff site on the southern Plains have identified a Clovis bison kill in an arroyo. The apparent use of an arroyo style trap for bison hunting provides the opportunity to study Clovis hunting strategies that came to be widely used during later Paleoindian times. The arroyo style bison trap is generally attributed to Folsom and later groups, and yet the Jake Bluff site yielded an association of Clovis-style projectile points with the remains of 22 Bison antiquus at the bottom of a short arroyo. The late date of 12,838 cal. BP suggests that the site spans the gap between the Clovis mammoth hunter and the Folsom bison hunter, indicating that some Clovis hunters developed the arroyo style bison trap to capture multiple bison at the same time, and as mammoths were extirpated from certain areas during the Pleistocene to Holocene transition.

Resumen

Resumen

Los cazadores Clovis de los Great Plains de Norte América se conocen por su habilidad de cazar mamuts y alimentarse de restos de mamuts. Se conoce menos de sus estrategias de caza para otros animales grandes, como caballos, camellos, y bisontes, aunque se han encontrado restos de estos animales en varios campamentos Clovis. Investigaciones recientes del sitio, Jake Bluff, en el sur de las Great Plains han identificado una matanza Clovis de bisontes en un arroyo. Este uso aparente de una trampa de estilo arroyo para cazar bisontes provee la oportunidad de estudiar estrategias Clovis de caza que llegaron a usarse extensamente durante tiempos más tardíos paleo-indios. La trampa de estilo arroyo para bisontes generalmente se atribuye a Folsom y otros grupos más tardíos, y sin embargo, el sitio Jake Bluff rindió una asociación de puntas de proyectil de estilo Clovis con los restos de 22 Bison antiquus en el fondo de un arroyo corto. La fecha tardía de 12,838 AP sugiere que el sitio abarca el intervalo entre los cazadores Clovis de mamuts y los cazadores Folsom de bisontes, indicando que los cazadores Clovis desarrollaron la trampa estilo arroyo para bisontes para capturar múltiples bisontes al mismo tiempo, y así, un abastecimiento de carne cuando el número de mamuts disminuía durante la transición de Pleistoceno al Holoceno.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 75 , Issue 4 , October 2010 , pp. 907 - 933
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Alley, Richard B. 2000 The Younger Dryas Cold Interval as Viewed From Central Greenland. Quaternary Science Review 19:213–226.Google Scholar
Bedord, Jean N. 1974 Morphological Variation in Bison Metacarpals and Metatarsals. In The Casper Site: A Hell Gap Bison Kill on the High Plains, edited by George C. Frison, pp. 199–240. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Behrensmeyer, Anna K. 1978 Taphonomic and Ecologic Information from Bone Weathering. Paleobiology 4:150–162.Google Scholar
Bement, Leland C. 1999 Bison Hunting at Cooper Site: Where Lightning Bolts Drew Thundering Herds. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Bement, Leland C. 2003 Constructing the Cooper Model of Folsom Bison Kills on the Southern Plains. Great Plains Research 13:27–41.Google Scholar
Bement, Leland C. 2009 Clovis Sites, Gut Piles, and Environmental Reconstructions in Northwest Oklahoma. Plains Anthropologist 54(212):325–331.Google Scholar
Bement, Leland C., and Basmajian, Susan 1996 Epiphyseal Fusion Rates of Bison antiquus . Current Research in the Pleistocene 13:75–77.Google Scholar
Bement, Leland C., and Brosowske, Scott D. 1999 Paleoindian Bison Hunting Along the Beaver River, Harper County, Oklahoma. Archeological Resource Survey Report 40. Oklahoma Archeological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman.Google Scholar
Bement, Leland C., and Carter, Brian J. 2008 A Younger Dryas Signature on the Southern Plains. Current Research in the Pleistocene 25:193–194.Google Scholar
Bement, Leland C., Carter, Brian J., Varney, R. A., Cummings, Linda S., and Byron Sudbury, J. 2007 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction and Bio-Stratigraphy, Oklahoma Panhandle, USA. Quaternary International 169–170:29–50.Google Scholar
Bement, Leland, Schuster, Kurt, and Carter, Brian 2007 Archeological Survey for Paleo-Indian Sites Along the Beaver River, Beaver County, Oklahoma. Archeological Resource Survey Report No. 54. Oklahoma Archeological Survey University of Oklahoma, Norman.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1984 Faunal Remains From Klasies River Mouth. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bonnichsen, Robsen, Stanford, Dennis, and Fastook, J. L. 1987 Environmental Change and Developmental History of Human Adaptive Patterns: The Paleoindian Case. In North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation: The Geology of North America, vol. K–3, edited by W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr., pp. 403–424. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Byers, David A., and Ugan, Andrew 2005 Should We Expect Large Game Specialization in the Late Pleistocene? An Optimal Foraging Perspective on Early Paleoindian Prey Choice. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:1624–1640.Google Scholar
Cannon, Michael D., and Meltzer, David J. 2004 Early Paleoindian Foraging: Examining the Faunal Evidence for Large Mammal Specialization and Regional Variability in Prey Choice. Quaternary Science Reviews 23:1955–1987.Google Scholar
Carter, Brian J., and Bement, Leland C. 2003 Geoarchaeology of the Cooper Site, Northwest Oklahoma: Evidence for Multiple Folsom Bison Kills. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 18(1): 115–127.Google Scholar
Cole, Kenneth L., and Arundel, Samantha T. 2005 Carbon 13 Isotopes From Fossil Packrat Pellets and Elevational Movements of Utah Agave Reveal Younger Dryas Cold Period in Grand Canyon, Arizona. Geology 33(9):713–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Michael B. 1998 Wilson-Leonard, An 11,000-year Archeological Record of Hunter-Gatherers in Central Texas. Studies in Archeology 31, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin. Archeology Studies Program, Report 10, Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division, Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael B. 1999a Clovis Blade Technology. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael B. 1999b Clovis and Folsom Lithic Technology on and Near the Southern Plains. In Folsom Lithic Technology: Explorations in Structure and Variation, edited by D. S. Amick, pp. 12–38. International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 12. Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael B. 2002 The Gault Site, Texas, and Clovis Research. Athena Review 3(2):24–36.Google Scholar
Dalquest, Walter W., and Baskin, Jon A. 1992 Mammals of the Elm Creek Local Fauna, Late Pleistocene of Beaver County, Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 127:13–20.Google Scholar
Duffield, Lathel F. 1973 Aging and Sexing of the Post-Cranial Skeleton of Bison. Plains Anthropologist 18:132–139.Google Scholar
Ferring, C. Reid 1995 The Late Quaternary Geology and Archaeology of the Aubrey Clovis Site, Texas; A Preliminary Report. In Ancient Peoples and Landscapes, edited by Eileen Johnson, pp. 273–281. Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael B. 2001 The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Aubrey Clovis Site (4IDN479) Denton County, Texas. Center for Environmental Archaeology, Department of Geography, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.Google Scholar
Firestone, R. B., West, A., Kennett, J. P., Becker, L., Bunch, T. E., Revay, Z. S., Schultz, P. H., Belgya, T., Kennett, D. J., Erlandson, J. M., Dickenson, O. J., Goodyear, A. C., Harris, R. S., Howard, G. A., Kloosterman, J. B., Lechler, P., Mayewski, P. A., Montgomery, J., Poreda, R., Darrah, T, Que Hee, S. S., Smith, A. R., Stich, A., Topping, W., Wittke, J. H., and Wolbach, W. S. 2007 Evidence for an Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 Years Ago That Contributed to the Megafaunal Extinctions and the Younger Dryas Cooling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(41):16016–16021.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 1978 Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 1982 The Sheaman site: A Clovis Component. In The Agate Basin Site: A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains, edited by George C. Frison and Dennis J. Stanford, pp. 143–157. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 1996 The Mill Iron Site. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 2004 Survival by Hunting: Prehistoric Human Predators and Animal Prey. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Frison, George C, and Todd, Lawrence C. 1986 The Colby Mammoth Site—Taphonomy and Archaeology of a Clovis Kill in Northern Wyoming. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Graham, Russell W., and Lundelius, Ernest Jr. 1984 Coevolutionary Disequilibrium and Pleistocene Extinctions. In Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, edited by Paul S. Martin and Richard G. Klein, pp. 223–249. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Graham, Russell W., and Mead, James 1987 Environmental Fluctuations and Evolution of Mammalian Faunas During the Last Deglaciation. In North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, edited by W. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, pp. 371–402. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K. 1989 The Chronology of North American Late Pleistocene Extinctions. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:153–165.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K., and Meltzer, David J. 2002 Clovis Hunting and Large Mammal Extinction: A Critical Review of Evidence. Journal of World Prehistory 16:313–359.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 2003 A Requiem for North American Overkill. Journal of Archaeological Science 30:585–593.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 2004 North American Overkill Continued? Journal of Archaeological Science 31:133–136.Google Scholar
Gustavson, Thomas C, Baumgardner, Robert W. Jr., Christopher Caran, S., Holliday, Vance T., Mehnert, Harold H., Micheal O’Neil, J., and Reeves, C. C. Jr. 1991 Quaternary Geology of the Northern Plains. In Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous U. S., edited by R. B. Morrison. Geology of North America K–2. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Hammatt, Hallett H. 1970 A Paleo-Indian Butchering Kit. American Antiquity 35(2):141–152.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. Vance Jr. 1993 Clovis—Folsom Geochronology and Climatic Change. In From Kostenki to Clovis, Upper Paleolithic—Paleo-Indian Adaptations, edited by Olga Soffer and N. D. Praslov, pp. 219–236. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. Vance Jr., and Huckell, Bruce B. 2007 Murray Springs: A Clovis Site With Multiple Activity Areas in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Haynes, Gary 1982 Utilization and Skeletal Disturbances of North American Prey Carcasses. Arctic 35:266–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frison, George C. 2002 The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Haynes, Gary, Anderson, David G., Reid Ferring, C., Fiedel, Stuart J., Grayson, Donald K., Vance Haynes, C. Jr., Holliday, Vance T., Huckell, Bruce B., Kornfeld, Marcel, Meltzer, David J., Marrow, Julie, Surovell, Todd, Wagues-pack, Nicole M., Wigand, Peter, and Yohe, Robert M. 2007 Comment on “Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas.” Science 317(5836):320.Google Scholar
Hemmings, E. Thomas 1970 Early Man in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 2007 Buried Animal Kills and Processing Localities, Areas 1–5. In Murray Springs: A Clovis Site With Multiple Activity Areas in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona, edited by C. Vance Haynes and Bruce B. Huckell, pp. 83–137. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hester, James J. 1972 Blackwater Locality No. 1: A Stratified, Early Man Site in Eastern New Mexico. Publication of the Fort Burg-win Research Center No. 8. Portales, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Hill, Matthew E. Jr. 2007 A Moveable Feast: Variation in Faunal Resource Use Among Central and Western North American Paleoindian Sites. American Antiquity 72(3):417–438.Google Scholar
Hill, Matthew E. Jr., Hill, Matthew G., and Widga, Christopher C. 2008 Late Quaternary Bison Diminution on the Great Plains of North America: Evaluating the Role of Human Hunting Versus Climate Change. Quaternary Science Reviews 27:1752–1771.Google Scholar
Hofman, Jack L. 1991 Folsom Land Use: Projectile Point Variability as a Key to Mobility. In Raw Material Economies Among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, edited by Anita Montet-White and Steven Holen, pp. 335–355. University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology 19, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 1995 Dating Folsom Occupations on the Southern Plains: Lipscomb and Waugh Sites. Journal of Field Archaeology 22:421–437.Google Scholar
Hofman, Jack L., and Carter, Brian J. 1991 The Waugh Site: A Folsom Association in North western Oklahoma. In A Prehistory of the Plains Border Region, edited by Brian J. Carter and Philip A. Ward III, pp. 24–37. Guidebook of the 9th Annual Meeting of the South-Central Friends of the Pleistocene. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Hofman, Jack A., Carter, Brian J., and Hill, Matthew 1992 Folsom Occupation at the Waugh Site in Northwestern Oklahoma. Current Research in the Pleistocene 9:22–23.Google Scholar
Hofman, Jack L., and Wyckoff, Don G. 1991 Clovis Occupation in Oklahoma. Current Research in the Pleistocene 8:29–32.Google Scholar
Holen, Steven R. 2001 Clovis Mobility and Lithic Procurement on the Central Great Plains of North America. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Holliday, Vance T. 1997 Paleo-Indian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Holliday, Vance T, Vance Haynes, C., Hofman, Jack L., and Meltzer, David J. 1994 Geoarchaeology and Geochronology of the Miami (Clovis) Site, Southern High Plains of Texas. Quaternary Research 41:234–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckell, Bruce B., and Vance Haynes, C. 2007 Clovis Paleoecology as Viewed From Murray Springs, Arizona. In Murray Springs, A Clovis Site with Multiple Activity Areas in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona, edited by C. Vance Haynes, Jr., and Bruce B. Huckell, pp. 214–225. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Jochim, Michael A. 1996 Surprises, Recurring Themes, and New Questions in the Study of the Late Glacial and Early Postglacial. In Humans at the End of the Ice Age, edited by L. G. Straus, B. V. Eriksen, J. M. Erlandson, and D. R. Yesner, pp. 357–363. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Johnson, Eileen 1985 Current Developments in Bone Technology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 8, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. 157–235. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Eileen 1995 Ancient Peoples and Landscapes. Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.Google Scholar
Johnson, Eileen, and Bement, Leland C. 2009 Bison Butchery at Cooper, a Folsom Site on the Southern Plains. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:1430–1446.Google Scholar
Johnson, Eileen, and Holliday, Vance T. 1987a Summary. In Lubbock Lake, Late Quaternary Studies on the Southern High Plains, edited by Eileen Johnson, pp. 159–162. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Johnson, Eileen, and Holliday, Vance T. 1987b Introduction. In Lubbock Lake, Late Quaternary Studies on the Southern High Plains, edited by Eileen Johnson, pp. 1–13. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Johnson, Eileen, and Holliday, Vance T. 1997 Analysis of Paleoindian Bone Beds at the Clovis Site: New Data From Old Excavations. Plains Anthropologist 42(161):329–352.Google Scholar
Kennett, Doug J., Kennett, James P., West, Alan, Mercer, C., Que Hee, Shane S., Bement, Leland, Bunch, Ted E., Sellers, M., and Wolbach, Wendy S. 2009 Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary Sediment Layer. Science 323:94.Google Scholar
Kilby, J. David 2008 An Investigation of Clovis Caches: Content, Function, and Technological Organization. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Leonhardy, Frank C. 1966 Domebo: A Paleo-Indian Mammoth Kill in the Prairie-Plains. Contribution No. 1. Museum of the Great Plains, Lawton, Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Lewis, Patrick J., Buchanan, Briggs, and Johnson, Eileen 2005 Sexing Bison Metapodials Using Principal Component Analysis. Plains Anthropologist 50(194): 150–172.Google Scholar
Lyman, R. Lee 1994 Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
MacArthur, Robert H., and Pianka, Eric R. 1966 On Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment. American Naturalist 100:603–609.Google Scholar
Madole, Richard R, Reid Ferring, C., Guccinone, Margaret, Hall, Stephen A., Johnson, William C., and Sorenson, Curtis J. 1991 Quaternary Geology of the Northern Plains. In Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous U. S., edited by R. B. Morrison. Geology of North America K–2. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Mallouf, Robert J. 1994 Sailor-Helton: A Paleoindian Cache from Southwestern Kansas. Current Research in the Pleistocene 11:44–46.Google Scholar
Martin, Paul S. 1984 Prehistoric Overkill: The Global Model. In Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, edited by P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, pp. 354–404. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
McDonald, Jerry N. 1981 North American Bison: Their Classification and Evolution. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 1993 Is There a Clovis Adaptation? In From Kostenki to Clovis, Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-Indian Adaptations, edited by O. Soffer and N. D. Praslov, pp. 293–310. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2002 What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Colonization of New Lands. In The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World, edited by N. G. Jablonski, pp. 27–58. Wattis Symposium Series in Anthropology, Memoirs of the California Academy of Science No. 27, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2004 Modeling the Initial Colonization of the Americas: Issues of Scale, Demography, and Landscape Learning. In The Settlement of the American Contients, edited by C. Michael Barton, Geoffrey A. Clark, David R. Yesner, and Georges A. Pearson, pp. 123–137. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2006 Folsom, New Archaeological Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2009 First Peoples in a New World, Colonizing Ice Age America. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Morrow, Juliet E., and Morrow, Toby A. 2002 Rummells-Maske Revisited: A Fluted Point Cache from East Central Iowa. Plains Anthropologist 47(183):307–321.Google Scholar
Newby, Paige, Gradley, James, Spiess, Arthur, Shuman, Bryan, and Leduc, Phillip. 2005 A Paleoindian Response to Younger Dryas Climate Change. Quaternary Science Reviews 24:141–154.Google Scholar
Puseman, Kathy 2003 Protein Analysis of A rtifacts From the Cooper Site and the Jake Bluff Site, Oklahoma. Ms. on file with Oklahoma Archaeological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman.Google Scholar
Reimer, Paula J., Baillie, Mike G. L., Bard, Eduard, Bayliss, Alex, Beck, Warren J., Bertrand, Chanda J. H., Black-well, Paul G., Buck, Caitlin E., Burr, George S., Cutler, Kirsten B., Damon, Paul E., Lawrence Edwards, R., Fairbanks, Richard G., Friedrich, Michael, Guilderson, Thomas P., Hogg, Alan G., Hughen, Konrad A., Kromer, Bernd, McCormac, Gerry, Manning, Sturt, Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, Reimer, Ron W., Remmele, Sabine, Southon, John R., Stuiver, Minze, Talamo, Sahra, Taylor, F. W., van der Plicht, Johannes, and Weyhenmeyer, Constanze E. 2004 IntCal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46(3): 1029–1058.Google Scholar
Sarnthein, Michael, Kiefer, Thorsten, Grootes, Pieter M., Elderfield, Henry, and Erlenkeuser, Helmut 2006 Warmings in the Far Northwestern Pacific Promoted Pre-Clovis Immigration to America during Heinrich Event 1. Geology 34(3): 141–144.Google Scholar
Sellards, E. H. 1952 Early Man in America: A Study in Prehistory. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Shipman, Pat 1988 Actualistic Studies of Animal Resources and Hominid Activities. In Scanning Electron Microscopy in Archaeology, edited by S. L. Olsen, pp. 261–285. British Archaeological Reports International Series 452. Oxford.Google Scholar
Shipman, Pat 1989 Altered Bones From Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: Techniques, Problems, and Implications of Their Recognition. In Bone Modification, edited by R. Bonnichsen and M. H. Sorg, pp. 317–334. Center for the Study of the First Americans, University of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
Shipman, Pat, and Rose, Jerry J. 1988 Bone Tools: An Experimental Approach. In Scanning Electron Microscopy in Archaeology, edited by S. L. Olsen, pp. 303–335. British Archaeological Reports International Series 452. Oxford.Google Scholar
Stanford, Dennis 1999 Paleoindian Archaeology and Late Pleistocene Environments in the Plains and Southwestern United States. In Ice Age Peoples of North America: Environments, Origins, and Adaptations of the First Americans, edited by R. Bonnichsen and K. L. Turnmire, pp. 281–239. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Surovell, Todd A., and Waguespack, Nicole M. 2009 Human Prey Choice in the Late Pleistocene and Its Relation to Megafaunal Extinctions. In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, edited by Gary Haynes, pp. 77–105. Springer U.S., New York.Google Scholar
Svensson, Emma M., Gotherstrom, Anders, and Vretemark, Maria 2008 A DNA Test for Sex Identification in Cattle Confirms Osteometric Results. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:942–946.Google Scholar
Todd, Lawrence C., Hofman, Jack L., and Bertrand Schultz, C. 1990 Seasonality of the Scottsbluff and Lipscomb Bison Bonebeds: Implications for Modeling Paleoindian Sub-sistence. American Antiquity 55(4):313–827.Google Scholar
Todd, Lawrence C., Rapson, David J., and Hofman, Jack L. 1996 Dentition Studies of the Mill Iron and Other Early Paleoindian Bison Bonebed Sites. In The Mill Iron Site, edited by George C. Frison, pp. 145–175. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Todd, Lawrence C., Witter, R., and Frison, George C. 1987 Excavation and documentation of the Princeton and Smithsonian Horner site assemblages. In The Horner Site: The Type Site of the Cody Cultural Complex, edited by G. C. Frison and L. C. Todd, pp. 39–91. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Waguespack, Nicole M., and Surovell, Todd A. 2003 Clovis Hunting Strategies, or How to Make Out on Plentiful Resources. American Antiquity 68(2):333–352.Google Scholar
Waters, Michael R., and Stafford, Thomas W. Jr. 2007 Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas. Science 315:1122–1126.Google Scholar
Wayne, William J., Aber, James S., Agard, Sherry S., Bergantino, Robert N., Bluemle, John P., Coates, Donald A., Cooley, Maurice E., Madole, Richard F., Martin, James E., Mears, Brainerd B. Jr., Morrison, Robert B., and Sutherland, Wayne M. 1991 Quaternary Geology of the Northern Plains. In Quaternary Nonglacial Geology; Conterminous U. S., edited by R. B. Morrison, pp. 441–446. Geology of North America K–2. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Yates, Bonnie C., and Lundelius, Ernest L. Jr. 2001 Vertebrate Faunas From the Aubrey Clovis Site. In The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Aubrey Clovis Site (41DN479), Denton County, Texas, edited by C. R. Ferring, pp. 103–120. Center for Environmental Archaeology, Department of Geography, University of North Texas, Denton.Google Scholar
Yost, Chad 2007 Protein Residue Analysis of a Clovis Point From the Jake Bluff Site, 34HP60, Harper County, Oklahoma. Paleo Research Institute Technical Report 07–106. On file at the Oklahoma Archeological Survey, Norman.Google Scholar