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History and Process in Village Formation: Context and Contrasts from the Northern Southwest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Catherine M. Cameron  and
Andrew I. Duff
Catherine M. Cameron
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, 233 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0233 (cameronc@colorado.edu)
Andrew I. Duff
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910 (duff@wsu.edu)
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Abstract

Two processes characterize the later precontact history (twelfth-fourteenth centuries) of the northern part of the American Southwest: aggregation of people into large towns and depopulation of large regions. These processes have been explained as the result of environmental, economic, and social factors, including drought and warfare. Using a theoretical perspective based on Pauketat’s “historical processualism,” we argue that aggregation and depopulation are partly the result of historical developments surrounding the expansion and collapse of the Chaco regional system. We present our understanding of the Chaco regional system from the perspective of historical processualism; then, historical developments in the northern San Juan and Cibola regions-northern and southern frontiers of the Chaco world-are compared. The northern San Juan"s historically close ties with Chaco Canyon, the post-Chaco regional center at Aztec, and other factors ultimately resulted in the region’s depopulation. In the Cibola region, ties with Chaco were more tenuous and use of Chacoan ideology appears to have been strongest in the post-Chaco era, though no post-Chaco regional center emerged. Instead, large towns developed. Built on novel combinations of independent histories, ritual, and experience with Chaco, large towns enhanced stability. They were encountered by early Spanish explorers and some persist to the present day.

Résumé

Résumé

Dos procesos caracterizan la historia del precontacto tardío (siglos 12-14) de la región norte del Suroeste Americano: la congregación de personas en grandes pueblos y la despoblación de grandes regiones. Estos procesos han sido explicados como el resultado de una gama de factores ambientales, económicos, y sociales, incluidos sequías y guerras. Utilizando una perspectiva teórica basada en el “procesualismo histórico” de Pauketat, nosotros argumentamos que la congregación y despoblación son parcialmente el resultado de desarrollos históricos alrededor de la expansión y colapso del sistema regional Chaco. Presentamos nuestro entendimiento de la naturaleza y operación del sistema regional Chaco dentro de una perspectiva procesualista histórica. Luego son comparados los desarrollos históricos de las regiones norte de San Juan y Cibola, que representan las fronteras norte y sur del mundo Chaco. Las estrechas relaciones históricas entre la región norteña de San Juan y la Barranca del Chaco, el establecimiento del centro regional Azteca post-Chaco, y otros factores resultaron en el abandono de esta región. En la región de Cíbola, las relaciones con Chaco fueron menos cercanas, y el uso de la ideología Chaco parece tener su apogeo en la era post-Chaco. Sin embargo no surgieron centros regionales post-Chaco. En cambio se habilitó un escenario para la creación de grandes pueblos, que incluía novedosos desarrollos basados en una combinación de historia y rituales independientes, y experiencia con Chaco. Los grandes pueblos promovieron la estabilidad, y fueron los tipos de asentamientos encontrados por los primeros exploradores españoles; algunas de estos pueblos persisten hoy en día.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 73 , Issue 1 , January 2008 , pp. 29 - 58
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2008

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