Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T16:09:41.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Family-forest Owners' Willingness to Harvest Sawlogs and Woody Biomass: The Effect of Price on Social Availability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2016

Francisco X. Aguilar*
Affiliation:
Department of Forestry, School of Natural Resources at University of Missouri
Marissa “Jo” Daniel
Affiliation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service
Zhen Cai
Affiliation:
Department of Forestry, School of Natural Resources at University of Missouri
*
Correspondence: Department of Forestry, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, Phone 573.882.6304, Email aguilarf@missouri.edu.

Abstract

Understanding willingness to harvest (WTH) is essential to assessing the social availability of woody biomass from private land. Currently, the only economically feasible way to harvest woody biomass is in conjunction with sawlogs. We examined WTH sawlogs and woody biomass from owners of family forests using data from a survey of Missouri forest owners. While their WTH increased with revenue expected from woody biomass, revenue expected from sawlogs was a stronger influence. Incentive payments for woody biomass thus are unlikely to increase its supply, and the social availability of woody biomass will remain limited unless sawlog prices rise significantly.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamowicz, W.L., Boxali, P.C., Williams, M., and Louviere, J. 1998. “Stated Preference Methods for Measuring Passive Use Values: Choice Experiments and Contingent Valuation.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80(1): 6475.Google Scholar
Aguilar, F.X. 2009. “Investment Preferences for Wood-based Energy Initiatives in the U.S.Energy Policy 37(6): 22922299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilar, F.X., Daniel, M.J., and Narine, L.L. 2013. “Opportunities and Challenges to the Supply of Woody Biomass for Energy from Missouri Nonindustrial Privately Owned Forestlands.Journal of Forestry 111(4): 249260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilar, F.X., and Garrett, H.E. 2009. “Perspectives of Woody Biomass for Energy: Survey of State Foresters, State Energy Biomass Contacts, and National Council of Forestry Association Executives.Journal of Forestry 107(6): 297306.Google Scholar
Akter, S., Bennett, J., and Akhter, S. 2008. “Preference Uncertainty in Contingent Valuation.Ecological Economics 67(3): 345351.Google Scholar
Amacher, G.S., Conway, M.C., and Sullivan, J. 2003. “Econometric Analyses of Nonindustrial Forest Landowners: Is There Anything Left to Study?Journal of Forest Economics 9(2): 137164.Google Scholar
Bartuska, A. 2010. Why Is Biomass Important? The Role of the USDA in Managing and Using Biomass for Energy and Other Uses. USDA Forest Service. Available at www.fs.fed.us/research/pdf/biomass_importance.pdf (accessed September 6, 2012).Google Scholar
Becker, D.R., Klapperich, J.J., Domke, G.M., Kilgore, M.A., D'Amato, A.W., Current, D.A., and Ek, A.R. 2010. “2010 Outlook for Forest Biomass Availability in Minnesota: Physical, Environmental, Economic, and Social Availability.” Staff Paper 211, Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Beggs, A., Cardell, S., and Hausman, J. 1981. “Assessing the Potential Demand for Electric Cards.Journal of Econometrics 16(1): 119.Google Scholar
Beilmann, A.P., and Brenner, L.G. 1951. “The Recent Intrusion of Forests in the Ozarks.Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 38(3): 261282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binkley, C. 1981. Timber Supply from Nonindustrial Forests: A Microeconomic Analysis of Landowner Behavior. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bliss, J.C., and Martin, A.F. 1989. “Identifying the NIPF Management Motivations with Qualitative Methods.Forest Science 35(2): 601622.Google Scholar
Brant, R. 1990. “Assessing Proportionality in the Proportional Odds Model for Ordinal Logistic Regression.Biometrics 46(4): 11711178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bretton-Clark Company. 1988. “Conjoint DesignerSoftware. New York, NY: Bretton-Clark Co. Google Scholar
Broderick, S., Hadden, K., and Heninger, B. 1994. “The Next Generation's Forest: Woodland Owners’ Attitudes toward Estate Planning and Land Preservation in Connecticut.North Journal Applications of Forestry 11(2): 4752.Google Scholar
Butler, B., Ma, Z., Kittredge, B., and Catanzaro, P. 2010. “Social versus Biophysical Availability of Wood in the Northern United States.Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(4): 151159.Google Scholar
Butler, J., and Leatherberry, E. 2004. “America's Family Forest Owners.Journal of Forestry 102(7): 414.Google Scholar
Butler, J., Tyrell, M., Feinbergh, G., Vanmanen, S., Wiseman, L., and Wallinger, A. 2007. “Understanding and Reaching Family Forest Owners: Lessons from Social Marketing Research.Journal of Forestry 105(7): 348357.Google Scholar
Capuano, A.W., Dawson, J.D., and Gray, G.C. 2007. “Maximizing Power in Seroepidemiological Studies through Use of the Proportional Odds Model.Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 1(3): 8793.Google Scholar
Champ, P.A., Bishop, R.C., Brown, T.C., and McCollum, D.W. 1997. “Using Donation Mechanisms to Value Non-use Benefits from Public Goods.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 33(2): 151162.Google Scholar
Conway, C. 1998. “Effects of Shifting Populations and Preferences on Nonindustrial Landowner Behavior.” Master's thesis, Department of Forestry, Virginia Tech.Google Scholar
Crouchley, R. 1995. “A Random-effects Model for Ordered Categorical Data.Journal of the American Statistical Association 90(430): 489498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Amato, W.A., Catanzaro, P., Damery, D., Kittredge, D., and Ferrare, K. 2010. “Are Family Forest Owners Facing a Future in Which Forest Management Is Not Enough?Journal of Forestry 108(1): 3238.Google Scholar
Daniel, M.J. 2012. “Social Availability of Woody Biomass for Renewable Energy: Missouri Non-Industrial Private Forest Landowners’ Perspective.” Master's thesis, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri.Google Scholar
Dillman, D.A. 2000. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (2nd edition). New York, NY: Wiley and Sons, Inc. Google Scholar
Elfenbein, H.A., and Ambady, N. 2002. “On the Universality and Cultural Specificity of Emotion Recognition: A Meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin 128(2): 203235.Google Scholar
Erickson, D., Ryan, R., and De Young, R. 2002. “Woodlots in the Rural Landscape: Landowner Motivations and Management Attitudes in a Michigan Case Study.Landscape and Urban Planning 58(2-4): 101112.Google Scholar
Finley, A.O., and Kittredge, D.B. Jr. 2006. “Thoreau, Muir, and Jane Doe: Different Types of Private Forest Owners Need Different Kinds of Forest Management.Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23(1): 2734.Google Scholar
Galik, C., Abt, R., and Wu, Y. 2009. “Forest Biomass Supply in the Southeastern United States: Implications for Industrial Roundwood and Bioenergy Production.Journal of Forestry 107(2): 6977.Google Scholar
Getzner, M., and Grabner-Krauter, S. 2004. “Consumer Preferences and Marketing Strategies for ‘Greenshares’: Specifics of the Austrian Market.The International Journal of Bank Marketing 22(4): 260278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goerndt, M.E., Aguilar, F.X., Miles, P., Shifley, S., Song, N., and Stelzer, H. 2012. “Regional Assessment of Woody Biomass Physical Availability as an Energy Feedstock for Combined Combustion in the U.S. Northern Region.Journal of Forestry 110(5): 138148.Google Scholar
Green, P.E., and Srinivasan, V. 1990. “Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice.Journal of Marketing 54(4): 319.Google Scholar
Greene, J.L., and Blatner, K.A. 1986. “Identifying Woodland Owner Characteristics Associated with Timber Management.Forest Science 32(1): 135146.Google Scholar
Greene, W.H., and Hensher, D.A. 2009. Modeling Ordered Choices. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Economics, New York University. Available at http://people.stern.nyu.edu/wgreene/OrderedChoiceModeling.pdf.Google Scholar
Greene, W.S. 2011. Econometric Analysis (7th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar
Gruchy, S.R., Grebner, D.L., Munn, I.A., Joshi, O., and Hussain, A. 2012. “An Assessment of Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowner Willingness to Harvest Woody Biomass in Support of Bioenergy Production in Mississippi: A Contingent Rating Approach.Forest Policy and Economics 15(Feb.): 140145.Google Scholar
Hall, D.O. 1997. “Biomass Energy in Industrialized Countries—A View of the Future.Forest Ecology and Management 91(1): 1745.Google Scholar
Harrison, R.W., Gillespie, J., and Fields, D. 2005. “Analysis of Cardinal and Ordinal Assumptions in Conjoint Analysis.Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 34(2): 238252.Google Scholar
Hausman, J.A., and Ruud, P.A. 1987. “Specifying and Testing Econometric Models for Rankordered Data.Journal of Econometrics 34(1): 83104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, W., Biles, L., Mayfield, C., and Ashton, S. 2007. Sustainable Forestry for Bioenergy and Bio-based Products: Trainers Curriculum Notebook. Athens, GA: Southern Forest Research Partnership, Inc.Google Scholar
Ince, P.J., and Nepal, P. 2012. Effects on U.S. Timber Outlook of Recent Economic Recession, Collapse in Housing Construction, and Wood Energy Trends. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-219, USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Joshi, S., and Arano, K. 2009. “Determinants of Private Forest Management Decisions: A Study on West Virginia NIPF Landowners.Forest Policy and Economics 11(2): 118125.Google Scholar
Joshi, O., Grebner, D.L., Hussain, A., and Grado, S.C. 2013. “Landowner Knowledge and Willingness to Supply Woody Biomass for Wood-based Bioenergy: Sample Selection Approach.Journal of Forest Economics 19(2): 97109.Google Scholar
Joshi, O., and Mehmood, S.R. 2011. “Factors Affecting Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners’ Willingness to Supply Woody Biomass for Bioenergy.Biomass and Bioenergy 35(1): 186192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J.H. 2003. “Assessing Practical Significance of the Proportional Odds Assumption.Statistics and Probability Letters 65(3): 233239.Google Scholar
Kline, J.D., Alig, R.J., and Johnson, R.L. 2000. “Fostering the Production of Nontimber Services among Forest Owners with Heterogeneous Objectives.Forest Science 46(2): 302311.Google Scholar
Kurtz, W., and Lewis, B. 1981. “Decision-making Framework for Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners: An Application in the Missouri Ozarks.Journal of Forestry 79(5): 285288.Google Scholar
Louviere, J.J., Hensher, D.A., and Swait, J.D. 2000. Stated Choice Methods: Analysis and Applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusk, J.L., and Norwood, F.B. 2005. “Effect of Experimental Design on Choice-based Conjoint Valuation Estimates.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 87(3): 771785.Google Scholar
Markowski-Lindsay, M., Stevens, T., Kittredge, D.B., Butler, B.J., Cantanzaro, P., and Damery, D. 2012. “Family Forest Owner Preferences for Biomass Harvesting in Massachusetts.Forest Policy and Economics 14(1): 127135.Google Scholar
Marty, T.D., Kurtz, W.B., and Gramann, J.H. 1988. “PNIF Owner Attitudes in the Midwest: A Case Study in Missouri and Wisconsin.National Journal of American Forestry 5(3): 194197.Google Scholar
McKelvey, R.D., and Zavoina, W. 1975. “A Statistical Model for the Analysis of Ordinal Level Dependent Variables.Journal of Mathematical Sociology 4(1): 103120.Google Scholar
Miles, P.D. 2011. “Forest Inventory EVALIDator” application version 1.5.1.04. USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. Available at http://apps.fs.fed.us/Evalidator/evalidator.jsp (accessed September 9, 2011).Google Scholar
Missouri Department of Conservation. 2008. Missouri Woody Biomass Harvesting: Best Management Practices Manual. Jefferson City, MO. Available at http://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2010/09/woody_biomass_harvesting_bmp_book.pdf (accessed August 1, 2012).Google Scholar
Missouri Department of Conservation. 2012. Missouri Timber Price Trends. Jefferson City, MO. Available at http://agebb.missouri.edu/mkt/timber (accessed July 24, 2012).Google Scholar
Moser, W.K., Hansen, M.H., Treiman, T., Moltzan, B., Lawrence, R., and Brand, G.J. 2006. Missouri's Forest Resources in 2004. Resource Bulletin NC-257, USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar
Moser, W.K., Piva, R.J., and Treiman, T.B. 2012. Missouri's Forest Resources in 2011. Resource Note NRS-133, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA.Google Scholar
Narine, L.L. 2013. “Woody Biomass Availability for Energy: A Perspective from Non-Industrial Private Forest Landowners in the U.S. Great Lakes States.” Master's thesis, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri.Google Scholar
Perez-Verdin, G., Grebner, D., Munn, A., Sun, C., and Grado, S. 2008. “Economic Impacts of Woody Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy in Mississippi.Forest Products Journal 58(11): 7583.Google Scholar
Perlack, R.D., Wright, L.L., Turhollow, A.F., Graham, R.L., Stokes, B.J., and Erbach, D.C. 2005. “Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-ton Annual Supply.Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Available at www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf (accessed September 5, 2012).Google Scholar
Public Law 107–171. 2007. “Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002.” Available at www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ171/pdf/PLAW-107publ171.pdf (accessed July 27, 2012).Google Scholar
Public Law 110–243. 2012. “Energy Independence and Security Act of 2012.” Available at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov (accessed July 27, 2012).Google Scholar
Romm, J., Tuazon, R., and Washburn, C. 1987. “Relating Forestry Investment to the Characteristics of Nonindustrial Private Forestland Owners in Northern California.Forest Science 33(1): 197209.Google Scholar
Row, C. 1978. “Economics of Tract Size in Timber Growing.Journal of Forestry 76(9): 576579.Google Scholar
Saunders, A., Aguilar, F.X., Dwyer, J.P., and Stelzer, H. 2012. “Cost Structure of Integrated Harvesting for Woody Biomass and Solid Hardwood Products in Southeastern Missouri.Journal of Forestry 110(1): 715.Google Scholar
Shaikh, S.L., Sun, L., and van Kooten, G.C. 2007. “Treating Respondent Uncertainty in Contingent Valuation: A Comparison of Empirical Treatment.Ecological Economics 62(1): 115125.Google Scholar
Shifley, S.R., Aguilar, F.X., Song, N., Stewart, S.I., Nowak, D.J., Gormanson, D.D., Moser, W.K., Wormstead, S., and Greenfield, E.J. 2012. “Forests of the Northern United States.” General Technical Report NRS-90, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA.Google Scholar
Skipper, D., Velde, L.V., Popp, M., Vickery, G., Huylenbroeck, G., and Verbeke, W. 2009. “Consumers’ Perceptions regarding Tradeoffs between Food and Fuel Expenditures: A Case Study of U.S. and Belgian Fuel Users.Biomass and Bioenergy 33(6/7): 973987.Google Scholar
Sy, H.A., Faminow, M.D., Johnson, G.V., and Crow, G. 1997. “Estimating the Values of Cattle Characteristics Using an Ordered Probit Model.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79(2): 463476.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. 2012. Missouri: State and County Quick Facts. Washington, DC. Available at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29000.html (accessed July 27, 2012).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency. 2012. Biomass Crop Assistance Program. USDA, Washington, DC. Available at www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=ener&topic=bcap (accessed September 5, 2012).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2008. Woody Biomass Utilization. USDA, Washington, DC. Available at www.fs.fed.us/woodybiomass/whatis.shtml (accessed September 5, 2012).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2012. Forest Inventory and Analysis Program. USDA, Washington, DC. Available at www.fia.fs.fed.us (accessed April 19, 2012).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Energy. 2011. U.S. Billion Ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry. ORNL/TM-2011/224, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.Google Scholar
White, E.M., Alig, R.J., and Stein, S.M. 2010. “Socio-economic Changes and Forestland Development: Commonalities and Distinctions between the Eastern and Western U.S.Journal of Forestry 108(7): 329337.Google Scholar
Williams, R. 2006. “Generalized Ordered Logit/Partial Proportional Odds Models for Ordinal Dependent Variables.The Stata Journal 6(1): 5882.Google Scholar
Woodall, C.W., Ince, P.J., Skog, K.E., Aguilar, F.X., Keegan, C.E., Sorenson, C.B., Hodges, D.G., and Smith, W.B. 2012. “An Overview of the Forest Products Sector Downturn in the United States.Forest Products Journal 61(8): 595603.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, J.M. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross-section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Young, R.A., and Reichenbach, M.R. 1987. “Factors Influencing the Timber Harvest Intentions of Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners.Forest Science 33(2): 381393.Google Scholar