Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-22T11:16:46.511Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

De-standardising ageing? Shifting regimes of age measurement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2015

TIAGO MOREIRA*
Affiliation:
School of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Tiago Moreira, School of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University, 32 Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HN, UK E-mail: tiago.moreira@durham.ac.uk

Abstract

Departing from the proposition that, in the sociological debate about whether there has been a shift towards a de-standardised lifecourse in advanced economies, little attention has been devoted to the infrastructural arrangements that would support such a transition, this paper explores the changing role of standards in the governance of ageing societies. In it, I outline a sociological theory of age standard substitution which suggests that contradictory rationalities used in the implementation of chronological age fuelled the emergence of a critique of chronological age within the diverse strands of gerontological knowledge during the 20th century. The paper analyses how these critiques were linked to a proliferation of substitute, ‘personalised’ age standards that aimed to conjoin individuals’ unique capacities or needs to roles or services. The paper suggests that this configuration of age standards’ production, characterised by uncertainty and an opening of moral and epistemic possibilities, has been shrouded by another, more recent formation where institutional responses to decentred processes of standardisation moved research and political investment towards an emphasis on biological age measurement.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbaum, W. A. 1995. Crossing Frontiers: Gerontology Emerges as a Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
American Federation for Aging Research 2011. Biomarkeers of Aging. American Federation for Aging Research, New York.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. 2000. The temporal body. In Cooter, R. and Pickstone, J. (eds), Medicine in the Twentieth Century. Harwood, Amsterdam, 247–59.Google Scholar
Arthur, W. B. 1994. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baars, J. 2010. Time and ageing: enduring and emerging issues. In Dannefer, D. and Philipson, C. (eds), The Sage Handbook of Social Gerontology. Sage, Los Angeles, 367–76.Google Scholar
Beck, U. 2001. Living your own life in a runaway world. Archis, 2, 1730.Google Scholar
Bender, A., Kormendy, C. and Powell, R. 1970. Pharmacological control of aging. Experimental Gerontology, 5, 2, 97129.Google Scholar
Benjamin, H. 1947. Biologic versus chronologic age. Journal of Gerontology, 2, 3, 217–27.Google Scholar
Beveridge, W. 1942. Social Insurance and Allied Services. HMSO, London.Google Scholar
Biggs, S. 2005. Beyond appearances: perspectives on identity in later life and some implications for method. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60B, 3, S11828.Google Scholar
Birren, J. 1959. Principles of research on aging. In Birren, J. (ed.), Handbook of Aging and the Individual. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 342.Google Scholar
Boltanski, L. 1990. Sociologie critique et sociologie de la critique. Politix, 3, 10, 124–34.Google Scholar
Boltanski, L. and Thévenot, L. 2006. On Justification: Economies of Worth. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Bourlière, F. 1970. The Assessment of Biological Age in Man. World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
Bourlière, F., Clément, F. and Parot, S. 1966. «Normes» de vieillissement morphologique et physiologique d'une population de niveau socio-économique élevé de la région parisienne. Cahiers du Centre de recherches anthropologiques, 10, 1, 1139.Google Scholar
Bowker, G. C. and Star, S. L. 1999. Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Brückner, H. and Mayer, K. U. 2005. De-standardization of the life course: what it might mean? And if it means anything, whether it actually took place? Advances in Life Course Research, 9, 2753. doi:10.1016/S1040-2608(04)09002-1.Google Scholar
Bryson, D. 1998. Lawrence Frank, knowledge and the production of the social. Poetics Today, 19, 3, 401–21.Google Scholar
Busch, L. 2011. Standards: Recipes for Reality. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Butler, R. N. 1963 a. The life review: an interpretation of reminiscence in the age. Psychiatry, 26, 1, 6576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, R. N. 1963 b. The facade of chronological age: an interpretative summary. American Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 8, 721–28.Google Scholar
Butler, R. N 1969. Age-ism: another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 9, 4, 243–6.Google Scholar
Butler, R. N. 1982 a. Preface. In Reff, M. E. and Schneider, E. L. (eds), Biological Markers of Aging: Proceedings of Conference on Nonlethal Biological Markers of Physiological Aging on June 19 and 20, 1981. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, viix.Google Scholar
Butler, R. N. 1982 b. The triumph of age: science, gerontology, and ageism. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 58, 4, 347361.Google Scholar
Butler, R. N., Miller, R. A., Perry, D., Carnes, B. A., Williams, F., Cassel, C., Brody, J., Bernard, M. A., Partridge, L., Kirkwood, T., Martin, G. M., and Olshansky, S. J. 2008. New model of health promotion and disease prevention for the 21st century. British Medical Journal, 337, 7662, 149.Google Scholar
Butler, R. N., Sprott, R., Warner, H., Bland, J., Feuers, R., Forster, M., Fillit, H., Harman, S. M., Hewitt, M., Hyman, M., Johnson, K., Kligman, E., McClearn, G., Nelson, J., Richardson, A., Sonntag, W., Weindruch, R. and Wolf, N. 2004. Aging: the reality biomarkers of aging: from primitive organisms to humans. Journals of Gerontology: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59A, 6, B560–7.Google Scholar
Bytheway, B. 2011. Unmasking Age: The Significance of Age for Social Research. The Policy Press, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Callon, M. 1991. Techno-economic networks and irreversibility. In Law, J. (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power Technology and Domination. Routledge, London, 132–61.Google Scholar
Callon, M. and Latour, B. 1981. Unscrewing the big Leviathan: how actors macro-structure reality and how sociologists help them to do so. In Cetina, K. and Cicourel, A. (eds), Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro and Macro-sociologies. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 277303.Google Scholar
Cambrosio, A., Keating, P., Schlich, T. and Weisz, G. 2006. Regulatory objectivity and the generation and management of evidence in medicine. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 1, 189–99.Google Scholar
Carrel, A. 1912. On the permanent life of tissues outside of the organism. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 15, 5, 516–28.Google Scholar
Chudacoff, H. P. 1989. How Old Are You?: Age Consciousness in American Culture. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Comfort, A. 1956. The Biology of Senescence. Rheinhart, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comfort, A. 1964. Ageing, the Biology of Senescence. Routledge Kegan Paul, London.Google Scholar
Comfort, A. 1972. Measuring the human ageing rate. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 1, 101–10.Google Scholar
Comfort, A. 1977. A Good Age. Crown Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Costa, P. and McCrae, R. 1980. Functional age: a conceptual and empirical critique. Epidemiology of Aging, 80, 969–96.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T. Jr and McCrae, R. R. 1988. Measures and markers of biological aging: ‘a great clamoring… of fleeting significance’: an answer to W. Dean and RF Morgan, this volume, pp. 191210. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 7, 3, 211–4.Google Scholar
Cowdry, E. 1939. Problems of Ageing: Biological and Medical Aspects. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland.Google Scholar
Cummings, E. and Henry, W. E. 1961. Growing Old. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
Daniels, N. 2009. Just health: replies and further thoughts. Journal of Medical Ethics, 35, 1, 3641.Google Scholar
Desrosières, A. 1991. How to make things which hold together: social science, statistics and the state. In Wagner, P., Wittrock, B. and Whitley, R. (eds), Discourses on Society. Springer Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 195218.Google Scholar
Desrosières, A. 2008 a. Gouverner par les nombres. Presses de l’École des Mines, Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desrosières, A. 2008 b. L'argument statistique: pour une sociologie historique de la quantification. Presses de l'École des Mines, Paris.Google Scholar
Epstein, S. 2008. Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Frank, L. K. 1950. Introduction: the concept of maturity. Child Development, 21, 1, 21–4.Google Scholar
Fries, J. 1980. Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity. New England Journal of Medicine, 303, 3, 130135.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, H. [1967] 1984. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Second edition, Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gilleard, C. and Higgs, P. 2005. Contexts of Ageing: Class, Cohort and Community. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Givens, J. L., Frederick, M., Silverman, L., Anderson, S., Senville, J., Silver, M., Sebastiani, P., Terry, D. F., Costa, P. T. and Perls, T. T. 2009. Personality traits of centenarians’ offspring. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 57, 4, 683–5.Google Scholar
Harper, S. and Thane, P. 1989. The consolidation of ‘old age’ as a phase of life, 1945–1965. In Jefreys, M. (ed.), Growing Old in the Twentieth Century. Routledge, London, 4361.Google Scholar
Hendricks, J. 2010. Age, self, and identity in the global century. In Dannefer, D. and Philipson, C. (eds), The Sage Handbook of Social Gerontology. Sage, Los Angeles, 251–64.Google Scholar
Hughes, M. E. and Waite, L. J. 2007. The Aging of the Second Demographic Transition. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Katz, S. 1996. Disciplining Old Age: The Formation of Gerontological Knowledge. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, Virginia.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, T. 1998. Alex Comfort and the measure of aging. Experimental Gerontology, 33, 1/2, 135–40.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, T. 1999. Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kohli, M. 1986. The world we forgot: an historical review of the life course. In Marshall, V. (ed.), Later Life: The Social Psychology of Aging. Sage, Beverly Hills, California, 271303.Google Scholar
Kohli, M. 2007. The institutionalization of the life course: looking back to look ahead. Research in Human Development, 4, 3/4, 253–71.Google Scholar
Lampland, M. and Star, S. L. 2009. Standards and Their Stories: How Quantifying, Classifying, and Formalizing Practices Shape Everyday Life. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Landecker, H. 2007. Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Laslett, P. 1989. A Fresh Map of Life. Weidenfield and Nicholson, London.Google Scholar
Lassen, A. J. and Moreira, T. 2014. Unmaking old age: political and cognitive formats of active ageing. Journal of Aging Studies, 30, August, 3346.Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P. and Brody, E. M. 1969. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9, 3, 179–86.Google Scholar
Le Gros Clark, G. and Dunne, A. 1955. Ageing in Industry. The Nuffield Foundation, London.Google Scholar
Mayer, K. U. 2009. New directions in life course research. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 1, 413–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarland, R. A. 1943. The older worker in industry. Harvard Business Review, 21, 34–5.Google Scholar
McFarland, R. A. 1956. The psychological aspects of aging. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 32, 1, 1432.Google Scholar
McFarland, R. A. 1973. The need for functional age measurements in industrial gerontology. Industrial Gerontology, 19, Fall, 119.Google Scholar
Medawar, P. B. 1952. An Unsolved Problem of Biology. University College London, London.Google Scholar
Miller, R. A. 2001. Biomarkers of aging. Science of Aging Knowledge Environment, 2001, 1, pe2.Google Scholar
Moreira, T., May, C. and Bond, J. 2009. Regulatory objectivity in action: mild cognitive impairment and the collective production of uncertainty. Social Studies of Science, 39, 5, 665–90.Google Scholar
Moreira, T. and Palladino, P. 2008. Squaring the curve: the anatomo-politics of ageing, life and death. Body & Society, 14, 3, 2147.Google Scholar
Moreira, T. and Palladino, P. 2011. ‘Population laboratories’ or ‘laboratory populations’? Making sense of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 1965–1987. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42, 3, 317–27.Google Scholar
Neugarten, B. L. 1964. Personality in Middle and Late Life: Empirical Studies. Atherton, Oxford.Google Scholar
Neugarten, B. L. 1968. Middle Age and Aging: A Reader in Social Psychology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Neugarten, B. L. 1974. Age groups in American society and the rise of the young-old. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 415, 1, 187–98.Google Scholar
Neugarten, B. L., Moore, J. W. and Lowe, J. C. 1965. Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization. American Journal of Sociology, 70, 6, 710–17.Google Scholar
Nikander, P. 2009. Doing change and continuity: age identity and the micro–macro divide. Ageing & Society, 29, 6, 863–81.Google Scholar
Park, H. W. 2008. Edmund Vincent Cowdry and the making of gerontology as a multidisciplinary scientific field in the United States. Journal of the History of Biology, 41, 3, 529–72.Google Scholar
Park, H. W. 2013. Senescence, growth, and gerontology in the United States. Journal of the History of Biology, 46, 4, 631–67.Google Scholar
Prescott, H. 2004. ‘I was a teenage dwarf’: the social construction of ‘normal’ adolescent growth and development in the United States. In Stern, A. M. and Markel, H. (eds), Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880–2000. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 153–84.Google Scholar
Quandt, A. S. 1973. The social production of census data: interviews from the 1971 Moroccan Census. PhD thesis, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Ragin, C. C. and Amoroso, L. M. 2010. Constructing Social Research: The Unity and Diversity of Method. Sage, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Reff, M. E. and Schneider, E. L. (eds) 1982. Biological Markers of Aging: Proceedings of Conference on Nonlethal Biological Markers of Physiological Aging on June 19 and 20, 1981. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Ruivo, B. 1994. ‘Phases’ or ‘paradigms’ of science policy? Science and Public Policy, 21, 3, 157–64.Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. 1986. Functional age. In Birren, J., Robinson, P. and Livingston, J. (eds), Age, Health, and Employment. Prentice Hall, New York, 7892.Google Scholar
Scheffler, R. W. 2011. The fate of a progressive science: the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, athletes, the science of work and the politics of reform. Endeavour, 35, 2, 4854.Google Scholar
Settersten, R. 2003. Age structuring and the rhythm of the life course. In Mortimer, J. and Shanahan, M. (eds), Handbook of the Life Course. Kluwer, New York, 81102.Google Scholar
Settersten, R. A. and Mayer, K. U. 1997. The measurement of age, age structuring, and the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 1, 233–61.Google Scholar
Shock, N. W. 1943. The effect of menarche on basal physiological functions in girls. American Journal of Physiology, 139, 2, 288–92.Google Scholar
Smuts, A. 2008. Science in the Service of Children, 1893–1935. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Star, S. L. and Griesemer, J. 1989. Institutional ecology, ‘translations’ and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology 1907–1939. Social Studies of Science, 19, 3, 387420.Google Scholar
Thane, P. 2000. Old Age in English History. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Thévenot, L. 1984. Rules and implements: investment in form. Social Science Information, 23, 1, 145.Google Scholar
Thévenot, L. 2006. Convention school. In Beckert, J. and Zafirovski, M. (eds), International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. Routledge, London, 111–5.Google Scholar
Thévenot, L. 2009. Postscript to the Special Issue: Governing life by standards: a view from engagements. Social Studies of Science, 39, 5, 793813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timmermans, S. and Epstein, S. 2010. A world of standards but not a standard world: toward a sociology of standards and standardization. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 6989.Google Scholar
Treas, J. 2009. Age in standards and standards for age: institutionalizing chronological age as biographical necessity. In Lampland, M. and Star, S. L. (eds), Standards and Their Stories: How Quantifying, Classifying, and Formalizing Practices Shape Everyday Life. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Tunbridge, R. 1955. Chairman's opening remarks. In Woltenholme, G. and Cameron, M. (eds), Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Ageing. General Aspects (I). Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 13.Google Scholar
Welford, A. T. 1958. Ageing and Human Skill. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Zerubavel, E. 1982. The standardization of time: a sociohistorical perspective. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 1, 123.Google Scholar