^{page 413 note 1} Lowie, R. H., Primitive Society, London, 1921.Google Scholar

^{page 413 note 2} Rivers, W. H. R., Social Organisation, London, 1924.Google Scholar

^{page 413 note 3} Lowie, p. 33.

^{page 414 note 1} The natives always object to the terms ‘buy, sell, pay’ used in connexion with their marriage contracts, but it would be difficult to coin a word doing full justice to the nature of the transaction. It is quite true that they do not sell a woman in the same way as they would sell a slave, and that a husband does not become his wife's owner in the absolute sense of this word.

^{page 415 note 1} Compare Lowie, ch. ii, and Westermarck, E., The History of Human Marriage, London, 1903, ch. xviiGoogle Scholar.

^{page 415 note 2} Not only a man's father but also his uncles or some wealthy friend may lend him the necessary cattle. I have not attempted to deal with the host of obligations arising from this practice, for this would make the argument much more complicated without shedding any more light on the main principles involved.

^{page 416 note 1} I have been able to visit the Xosa, Venda, and several Basuto tribes myself to collect new and to verify old evidence in connexion with the prevalent modes of marriage. The field work was undertaken with the help of the Universities of Stellenbosch, Capetown, and the Witwatersrand respectively.

^{page 416 note 2} Cf. , Ellenberger, History of the Basuto, 1914Google Scholar ; Hoffmann, C., Zeitschrift fur Kolonialsprachen, Bd. Ill, Heft 2Google Scholar ; Brown, T., Among the Bantu Nomads, London, 1926Google Scholar ; Junod, H., The Life of a South African Tribe, London, 1927Google Scholar.

^{page 416 note 3} Malume or malome is the designation for this relative common to all the South African Bantu tribes.

^{page 416 note 4} Cf. Fourie, H., Amandebele, Zwolle, 1921.Google Scholar

^{page 417 note 1} Cf. Wessmann, R., ‘The Bawenda of the Spelonken’, The African World, 1908Google Scholar ; Junod, H., The Life of a South African TribeGoogle Scholar.

^{page 417 note 2} Cf. Fritsch, G., Die Eingeborenen Sud-Afrikas, Breslau, 1872Google Scholar ; Maclean, Col., A Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs, Capetown, 1866Google Scholar ; Kropf, A., Das Volk der Xosa-Kaffern, Berlin, 1899Google Scholar.

^{page 418 note 1} Junod, H., The Life of a South African Tribe, London, 1927.Google Scholar

^{page 419 note 1} The Bushmen and the Hottentots have been either exterminated or semicivilized. Thus when speaking of the tribes within the Union, I refer to the Bantu only.

^{page 421 note 1} Cf. Lowie, p. 31.

^{page 422 note 1} For another possible cause, cf. Lowie, p. 33.

^{page 422 note 2} Cf. , Hoffmann, Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen, Bd. III, Heft 2.Google Scholar

^{page 424 note 1} This relationship between the two modes has been asserted already by Mr. Glifford for Central California (according to Lowie, p. 29).

^{page 426 note 1} It would actually be an insult to the malume if his nephew declined to marry his cross-cousin. The nephew, on the other hand, is entitled to demand compensation if his potential mate is given to another.

^{page 426 note 1} In this connexion Rivers makes the rash statement that ‘in the cross-cousin marriage no property passes’, Rivers, p. 46. This is certainly not true for the Southern Bantu.

^{page 427 note 1} Anthropological and ethnological evidence combine to show that the Bantu owe their origin to the fusion of at least two racial elements, namely the Hamitic pastoral nomads and the hoe-culture negroes.

^{page 427 note 2} Cf. E. Westermarck, p. 321 ff.

^{page 427 note 3} Cf. R. Wessmann, for the Venda.