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Burial Sites, Informal Rights and Lost Kingdoms: Contesting Land Claims in Mpumalanga, South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Abstract

In the new South Africa, the promise of land restitution raised millennial-style expectations amongst dispossessed and dispersed former landholders. Partly prompted by emerging policy discourses, iconic tropes of localized cultural experience such as grave sites, initiation lodges and cattle byres acquired new significance. Because they proved what the Land Claims Commission calls ‘informal rights’ to land, they became verifiable evidence of effective possession, and thus grounds on which to claim the restoration of such land. The meaning of land, the nature of ownership and the legitimacy of its restoration were all matters contested between claimants, policy makers and human rights lawyers. They were also contested by those at different levels in the hierarchical social order of the new South Africa. Members of the African nationalist political elite, in dialogue with lawyers, cherished one set of understandings, while ordinary migrant/country-dwellers tended to hold to another. Both, however, were mediated through the new discourse on informal rights. It is neither purely through the activities of cosmopolitan elites with their ‘political demand for land’ nor through the unmediated localist experience of less sophisticated country-dwellers with more practical orientations that the significance of land becomes evident, but in the interaction between the two. Based on local understandings, transformed in the course of thirty years of ‘land back’ struggles, and finally negotiated over the course of the last ten years, a new diasporic consensus on what ‘the land’ signifies has been established.

Dans la nouvelle Afrique du Sud, la promesse d'une restitution des terres a suscité des attentes de style millénaire parmi les dépossédés et les anciens propriétaires terriens dispersés. Poussés en partie par des discours de politique émergents, des tropes iconiques d'expérience culturelle localisée comme les lieux d'inhumation, loges d'initiation et étables ont acquis une nouvelle signification. Parce qu'ils ont prouvé ce que la commission chargée d'examiner les demandes de restitution de terres appelle des «droits informels», ils sont devenus des éléments de preuve vérifiables de possession effective, et par conséquent des motifs de revendication de restitution de ces terres. Parmi les sujets de contestation soulevés par les demandeurs, décideurs et avocats spécialistes des droits de l'homme figuraient la signification de la terre, la nature de la propriété et la légitimité de sa restitution. Autant de sujets également contestés à différents niveaux de l'ordre social hiérarchique de la nouvelle Afrique du Sud. Les membres de l’élite politique nationaliste africaine, en dialogue avec des juristes, affectionnaient un corps d'interprétations, tandis que les migrants/ruraux ordinaires avaient tendance à se référer à un autre. Tous deux, cependant, passaient par le nouveau discours sur les droits informels. Ce n'est ni dans les activités des élites cosmopolitaines et leur «revendication foncière politique», ni dans l'expérience localiste sans médiation des ruraux moins sophistiqués et leurs orientations plus pratiques, que l'importance de la terre devient manifeste, mais dans l'interaction entre les deux. Fondé sur des interprétations locales qui se sont transformées au fil de trente années de luttes pour le «retour des terres», puis négocié au cours des dix dernières années, un nouveau consensus diasporique a été établi sur ce que signifie «la terre».

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2009

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