Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-20T18:41:59.484Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Leadership

Questioning Leadership

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 June 2024

Michael Harvey
Michael Harvey
Affiliation:
Washington College

Summary

This Element posits that questions are the heart of leadership. Leaders ask hard questions that spark creative solutions and new understandings. Asking by itself isn't enough - leaders must also help find answers and turn them into effective action. But the leader's work begins with questions. This Element surveys the main traditions of leadership thought; considers the nature of the group and its questions; explores how culture and bureaucracy serve to provide stable answers to the group's questions; and explores how leaders offers disruptive answers, especially in times of change and crisis. It uses the lens of questions to consider two parallel American lives, President Abraham Lincoln and General Robert E. Lee.
Get access

Keywords

questionscuriositycritical thinkingphronesismeaning-making
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Leadership
Online ISBN: 9781009484299
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 20 June 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Chinua., Achebe 1974 [1964]. Arrow of God. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Chinua., Achebe 1989 [1966]. A Man of the People. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Chinua., Achebe 1994 [1958]. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Edward., Achorn 2023. The Lincoln Miracle: Inside the Republican Convention That Changed History. New York: Grove Atlantic.Google Scholar
Alicke, Mark D. Alicke and Govorun, Olesya. 2005. “The Better-Than-Average Effect.” In Alicke, Mark D., Dunning, David A., and Krueger, Joachim I., eds., The Self in Social Judgment. New York: Psychology Press, pp. 85–106.Google Scholar
Amman, Wolfgang and Goh, Jenson, eds. 2017. Phronesis in Business Schools: Reflections on Teaching and Learning. Charlotte, NC: Information Age.Google Scholar
Andrabi, Jalees. 2023. “Gandhi’s Killer a Hero to India’s Diehard Hindu Nationalists.” New Straits Times (January 27). www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2023/01/874036/gandhis-killer-hero-indias-diehard-hindu-nationalists.Google Scholar
Argyris, Chris. 1999. On Organizational Learning, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 2002. Nicomachean Ethics, trans. Sachs, Joe. Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing.Google Scholar
Aristotle 2011. Nicomachean Ethics, trans. Bartlett, Robert C. and Collins, Susan D.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., Sunell, Scott, Nigra, Benjamin T. et al. 2016. “Entrenched Disbelief: Complex Hunter-Gatherers and the Case for Inclusive Cultural Evolutionary Thinking.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 23 (June), pp. 448–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ascough, Richard S. 2009. Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.Google Scholar
Ashford, Susan and Detert, James R.. 2015. “Get the Boss to Buy In: Learn to Sell Your Ideas Up the Chain of Command.” Harvard Business Review 93:1–2 (January-February), pp. 72–79.Google Scholar
Atalay, Enghin. 2022. A Twenty-First Century of Solitude? Time Alone and Together in the United States. WP 22–11. Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank.Google Scholar
Augustine. 1986. Concerning the City of God Against the Pagans, trans. Henry Bettenson. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Austin, Robert D. and Pisano, Gary P.. 2017. “Neurodiversity as a Competitive Advantage.” Harvard Business Review 95:3 (May–June), pp. 96–103.Google Scholar
Avolio, Bruce J. and Gardner, William L.. 2005. “Authentic Leadership Development: Getting to the Root of Positive Forms of Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 16:3 (June), pp. 315–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badger, Jonathan N. 2013. Sophocles and the Politics of Tragedy: Cities and Transcendence. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, George A. and Lee, Meihua. 2002. “Issues in Intercultural Communication Research.” In Gudykunst, W. B. and Mody, B., eds., Handbook of International and Intercultural Communication, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.Google Scholar
Bell, Madison Smartt. 2007. Toussaint Louverture: A Biography. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Bennis, Warren G. 1959. “Leadership Theory and Administrative Behavior: The Problem of Authority.” Administrative Science Quarterly 4:3 (December), pp. 259–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Warren. 2014. A More Beautiful Question: The Power of Inquiry to Spark Breakthrough Ideas. New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Berkes, Fikret, Colding, Johan, and Folke, Carl. 2000. “Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Adaptive Management.” Ecological Applications 10:5, pp. 1251–1262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besmond de Senneville, Loup. 2022. “Pope Francis Appoints Vatican’s First-ever HR Director.” La Croix International (September 6). https://international.la-croix.com/news/religion/pope-francis-appoints-vaticans-first-ever-hr-director/16552.Google Scholar
Blake, John. 2010. “Malcolm and Martin, Closer Than We Ever Thought.” CNN (May 19). www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/05/19/Malcolmx.king/index.html.Google Scholar
Boesche, Roger. 2003. “Kautilya’s Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India.” The Journal of Military History 67:1 (January), pp. 9–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boroujerdi, Mehrzad, ed. 2013. Mirror for the Muslim Prince: Islam and the Theory of Statecraft. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen and Powell, Russell. 2015. “The Limits of Evolutionary Explanations of Morality and Their Implications for Moral Progress.” Ethics 126:1 (October), pp. 37–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, Gwendolyn. 1973. Introduction to The Poetry of Black America: Anthology of the 20th Century, ed. Arnold, Adoff. New York: HarperCollins, pp. xxix–xxxi.Google Scholar
Burlingame, Michael. 2008. Abraham Lincoln: A Life. 2 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, James MacGregor. 1978. Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Burns, James MacGregor 2003. Transforming Leadership: A New Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Cain, Susan. 2012. Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Carlyle, Thomas. 2013. On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History. Eds. Sorensen, David R. and Kinser, Brent E.. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, Maurice. 1985. “Cuomo, at Yale, Urges Democrats to Remain with Tested Principles.” New York Times (February 16), pp. 1, 26.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., ed. 1964. Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World.Google Scholar
Ciulla, Joanne B., ed. 2014. Ethics, the Heart of Leadership, 3rd ed. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2014.Google Scholar
Colaiaco, James A. 2006. Frederick Douglass and the Fourth of July. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.Google Scholar
Collins, James C. and Porras, Jerry I.. 1994. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Conger, Jay A., Kanungo, Rabindra N., and Menon, Sanjay T.. 2000. “Charismatic Leadership and Follower Effects.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 21:7 (November), pp. 747–767.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosans, Christopher E. and Reina, Christopher S.. 2018. “The Leadership Ethics of Machiavelli’s Prince.” Business Ethics Quarterly 28:3 (July), pp. 275–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, James L. 1992. “Book of Job.” In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. Noel, Freedman. 3 vols. New York: Doubleday, pp. 858–868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, Dennis. 2012. Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
David, Richard H. 2015. The Bhagavad Gita: A Biography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Angelis, De, , Luigi, Baglivo, Francesco, Arzilli, Guglielmo et al. 2023. “ChatGPT and the Rise of Large Language Models: The New AI-driven Infodemic Threat in Public Health.” Front Public Health 11 (April). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dekmejian, R. Hrair and Fathy Thabit, Adel. 2000. “Machiavelli’s Arab Precursor: Ibn Ẓafar al-Ṣiqillī.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 27:2 (November), pp. 125–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, Deming. W.. 2000 [1982]. Out of the Crisis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dess, Gregory, McNamara, Gerry, Eisner, Alan, and Sauerwald, Steve. 2024. Strategic Management: Text and Cases, 11th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Dikötter, Frank. 2019. How to Be a Dictator: The Cult of Personality in the Twentieth Century. New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Douglas, Will. 2023. “The Inside Story of How ChatGPT Was Built from the People who Made It.” MIT Technology Review (March 3). www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/.Google Scholar
Douglass, Frederick. 1996. The Oxford Frederick Douglass Reader, ed. Andrews, William L.. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Drucker, Peter F. 2003. A Functioning Society: Selections from Sixty-five Years of Writing on Community, Society, and Polity. New York: Transaction Press.Google Scholar
Drucker, Peter F. 2004. “‘What Needs to Be Done,’ Peter Drucker on Leadership.” Interview with Rich Karlgaard. Forbes (November 19). https://www.forbes.com/2004/11/19/cz_rk_1119drucker.html?sh=7e9755126f48.Google Scholar
Drucker, Peter F. Jim Collins, Philip Kotler et al. 2008. The Five Most Important Questions You Will Ever Ask About Your Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
DuBois, W. E. B. 2007. The Souls of Black Folk, ed. Edwards, Brent Hayes. Oxford World’s Classics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Edmondson, Amy C. 2012. Teaming: How Organizations Learn, Innovate, and Compete in the Knowledge Economy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Edmondson, Amy C. 2018. The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ellison, Ralph. 1952. Invisible Man. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Etieyibo, Edwin and Ikuenobe, Polycarp, eds. 2020. Menkiti on Community and Becoming a Person. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Farber, David. 2002. Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fayol, Henri. 1987 [1916]. General and Industrial Management, revised by Irwin Gray. New York: Pittman.Google Scholar
Fellows, Richard G. and Stewart, Alistair C.. 2018. “Euodia, Syntyche and the Role of Syzygos: Phil 4:2–3.” Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 109:2, pp. 222–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferry, David, trans. 1992. Gilgamesh: A New Rendering in English Verse. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1992.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, Terrance W. and Callan, Victor J.. 2020. “The Diversity Gap in Leadership: What Are We Missing in Current Theorizing?” The Leadership Quarterly 31:4 (August), pp. 103–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Tom. 2016. “Ethics Corner: Wells Fargo: The Lessons of an Ethics Failure.” National Defense 101:757 (November–December), p. 10.Google Scholar
Gélineau, François, François, J. Daniel Montalvo and Schweizer-Robinson, Valerie, eds., 2021. Political Culture of Democracy in Haiti and in the Americas 2021: Taking the Pulse of Democracy. Nashville: LAPOP.Google Scholar
Frank, Andrew. N.d. “Creek Indian Leaders.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities and Athens: University of Georgia Press. www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/creek-indian-leaders/.Google Scholar
Fry, Louis W. 2003. “Toward a Theory of Spiritual Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 14:6 (December), 693–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuentes, Agustín. 2017. The Creative Spark: How Imagination Made Humans Exceptional. New York: Dutton.Google Scholar
Gabel, John B. and Wheeler, Charles B.. 1990. The Bible as Literature: An Introduction, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Galbraith, John Kenneth. 1977. The Age of Uncertainty. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Mohandas. 2018. An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition, trans. Desai, Mahadev. New Haven: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
Gardner, John W. 1990. On Leadership. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Garfield, Zachary H. ; von Rueden, Christopher ; and Hagen, Edward H.. 2019. “The Evolutionary Anthropology of Political Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 30:1 (February), pp. 59–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelles, David. 2022. The Man Who Broke Capitalism: How Jack Welch Gutted the Heartland and Crushed the Soul of Corporate America – and How to Undo His Legacy. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
George, Bill. 2003. Authentic Leadership: Rediscovering the Secrets to Creating Lasting Value. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Gettleman, Jeffrey. 2011. “Wangari Maathai, Peace Prize Laureate, Dies at 71.” New York Times (September 27), p. A25.Google Scholar
Goethals, George R. and Hoyt, Crystal L., eds. 2017. Women and Leadership: History, Theories, and Case Studies. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1961. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Garden City: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Goleman, Daniel, Boyatzis, Richard, and McKee, Annie. 2004. Primal Leadership: Unleashing the Power of Emotional Intelligence. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Gosling, Jonathan. 2013. “Things Fall Apart: Chinua Achebe.” In Gosling, Jonathan and Villiers, Peter, eds, Fictional Leaders: Heroes, Villains, and Absent Friends. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 99–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Government Accounting Office. 2021. Operation Warp Speed: Accelerated COVID-19 Vaccine Development Status and Efforts to Address Manufacturing Challenges. GAO-21–319. Washington, DC: Government Accounting Office (February 11). www.gao.gov/products/gao-21–319.Google Scholar
Graeber, David and Wengrow, David. 2021. The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Green Belt Movement. N.d. “The Nobel Peace Prize.” www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai/the-nobel-peace-prize.Google Scholar
Guha, Ramachandra. 2014. Gandhi Before India. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Guha, Ramachandra 2018. Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914–1948. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Guha, Ramachandra 2019. India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy, rev. ed. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Martin. 2023. The Unseen Leader: How History Can Help Us Rethink Leadership. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haidt, Jonathan. 2024. The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood Caused an Epidemic of Mental Illness. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Hamel, Gary. 2014. “Bureaucracy Must Die.” Harvard Business Review (November 4). https://hbr.org/2014/11/bureaucracy-must-die/.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alexander, James, Madison, and John, Jay. 1961. The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton, Rossiter. New York: New American Library.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, Brian and Woods, Vanessa. 2020. “Survival of the Friendliest.” Scientific American 323:2 (August), pp. 58–63. www.scientificamerican.com/article/humans-evolved-to-be-friendly/.Google Scholar
Hari, Johann. 2009. “The Savior of Africa – and the Environment? An Interview with Nobel Prize-winner Wangari Maathai.” Huffington Post (September 27). www.huffpost.com/entry/the-saviour-of-africa-a_b_301353.Google Scholar
Harjo, Joy. 2000. A Map to the Next World: Poetry and Tales. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Hartmann, Hauke and Thiery, Peter. 2022. Global Findings BTI 2022. Gütersloh, Germany: Bertelsmann Stiftung.Google Scholar
Harvey, Michael. 2008. “Against the Heroic: Gilgamesh and His City.” In Leadership and the Humanities, volume 3 of Leadership at the Crossroads, general editor Ciulla, Joanne B.. Westport, CT: Praeger Press, pp. 51–65.Google Scholar
Harvey, Michael 2011. “Questioning Leadership: An Integrative Model.” In Leadership Studies: The Dialogue of Disciplines, eds. Harvey, Michael and Riggio, Ronald E.. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 199–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Michael 2020. The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing, 3rd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Harvey, Michael ed. 2022. Dead Precedents: Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Michael and Riggio, Ronald, eds. 2011. Leadership Studies: The Dialogue of Disciplines. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, S. Alexander, Stephen, D. Reicher, and Michael, J. Platow. 2020. The New Psychology of Leadership: Identity, Influence and Power, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Alex. 2022. “Inside Elon Musk’s First Meeting with Twitter Employees.” The Verge (Nov. 10). theverge.com/2022/11/10/23452196/elon-musk-twitter-employee-meeting-q-and-a.Google Scholar
Hebert, Keith. 2021. Cornerstone of the Confederacy: Alexander Stephens and the Speech that Defined the Lost Cause. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Hedley, Alison. 2020. “Florence Nightingale and Victorian Data Visualisation.” Significance 17:2 (April, Special issue: Florence Nightingale), pp. 26–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heifetz, Ronald A. 1994. Leadership without Easy Answers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heifetz, Ronald A. and Laurie, Donald L.. 1997. “The Work of Leadership.” Harvard Business Review 75:1 (January), pp. 124–134.Google ScholarPubMed
Herndon, William H. and Weik, Jessie W.. 1889. Herndon’s Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life. 3 vols. Chicago: Belford, Clarke.Google Scholar
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann ; Buck Luce, Carolyn, and West, Cornel. 2005. “Leadership in Your Midst: Tapping the Hidden Strengths of Minority Executives.” Harvard Business Review 83:(11) (November), pp. 74–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Hill, Linda A. 2023. Keynote address. AACSB International Conference and Annual Meeting (Chicago, April 24).Google Scholar
Hiltzik, Michael A. 1989. “Skyscraper Prompts an Environmental Uproar.” Los Angeles Times (December 17). www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-17-mn-1678-story.html.Google Scholar
Hinchliffe, Emma. 2023. “Women CEOs Run 10.4% of Fortune 500 Companies.” Fortune (June 5). https://fortune.com/2023/06/05/fortune-500-companies-2023-women-10-percent/.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1983. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hoehling, Adolph A. 1993. Thunder at Hampton Road. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.Google Scholar
Hoffer, Eric. 1951. The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet and Chiles, Tina. 2010. “‘Is That Right?’ Questions and Questioning as Control Devices in the Workplace.” Ch. 9 of Alice Freed and Susan Ehrlich, eds., Why Do You Ask? The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 187–210.Google Scholar
House, Robert J. 1977. “A 1976 Theory of Charismatic Leadership.” In Hunt, J. G. & Larson, L. L. (eds.), Leadership: The Cutting Edge. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 189–207.Google Scholar
Howell, William G. and Moe, Terry M.. 2020. Presidents, Populism, and the Crisis of Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zongxi, Huang. 1993. Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince, trans. and ed. Theodore de Bary, Wm. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ibarra, Herminia, Hildebrand, Claudius A., and Vinck, Sabine. 2023. “The Leadership Odyssey.” Harvard Business Review 101:3 (May-June), pp. 102–110.Google Scholar
Ignatius, Adi. 2011. “The HBR Interview: Technology, Tradition, and the Mouse.” Interview with Bob Iger. Harvard Business Review 89:7/8 (July–August), pp. 112–117.Google Scholar
Ignatius, Adi 2022. “HBS Professor Linda Hill Says Leaders Must Engage with Emotions as Never Before.” Interview with Linda Hill. Harvard Business Review (March 11). https://hbr.org/2022/03/hbs-professor-linda-hill-says-leaders-must-engage-with-emotions-as-never-before.Google Scholar
Ignatius of Loyola, Saint. 1991. The Spiritual Exercises and Selected Works, ed. Ganss, George E.. New York: Paulist Press.Google Scholar
Ihimaera, Witi. 1987. The Whale Rider. Auckland: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Jecker, Nancy S. 2021. “Nothing to Be Ashamed of: Sex Robots for Older Adults with Disabilities.” Journal of Medical Ethics 47:1 (January), pp. 26–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Mary. 2012. An Unquenchable Thirst: A Memoir. New York: Spiegel & Grau.Google Scholar
Jung, Carl G. 1963. Memories, Dreams, Reflections, ed. Jaffé, Aniela, trans. Richard and Clara Winston. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Kanogo, Tabitha. 2020. Wangari Maathai. Ohio Short Histories of Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1991. “Idea for a General History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose.” In Political Writings, trans. Nisbet, H. B., ed. Reiss, Hans, 2nd enlarged ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–53.Google Scholar
Kidder, Rushworth. 2005. Moral Courage. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Kimmerer, Robin Wall. 2002. “Weaving Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Biological Education: A Call to Action.” Bioscence 52:5 (May), pp. 432–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Martin Luther Jr. 1986. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James Melvin Washington. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Kirsch, Noah. 2023. “How Prince Harry’s $5 Billion Startup Went South.” Yahoo News (August 5). https://news.yahoo.com/prince-harry-5-billion-startup-044345869.html.Google Scholar
Koestler, Arthur. 2019 [1941]. Darkness at Noon. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Kott, Jan. 1966. “Hamlet of the Mid-Century.” In Shakespeare Our Contemporary, trans. Taborski, Boleslaw. Garden City: Doubleday, pp. 57–73.Google Scholar
Kotz, Nick. 2005. Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws That Changed America. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Kowitt, Beth and Leahey, Colleen. 2013. “Do you speak Lululemon?” CNN/Money (August 29). http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2013/08/29/lululemon-glossary/?iid=EL.Google Scholar
Kushner, Tony. 2012. Lincoln: The Screenplay. New York: Theatre Communications Group.Google Scholar
Ladkin, Donna. 2015. Mastering the Ethical Dimension of Organizations. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Laozi, . 2005. Daode Jing, trans. Tim Chilcott. https://dokumen.tips/documents/daode-jing-tao-te-ching-tim-chilcott-literary-tzu-tao-te-ching-introduction.html.Google Scholar
Lee, Robert E. Jr. 2019. Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee. New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1961 [1955]. Tristes Tropiques, trans. Russell, John. New York: Criterion Books.Google Scholar
Levi, Primo. 1996. Survival in Auschwitz. New York: Touchstone.Google Scholar
Liker, Jeffrey K. 2004. The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Abraham. 1953. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Basler, Roy P.. 9 vols. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Lindholm, Charles. 1990. Charisma. London: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lindholm, Charles 2021. “The Anthropology of Charisma.” Routledge International Handbook of Charisma. New York: Routledge, ed. Zúquete, José Pedro, pp. 39–50.Google Scholar
Louv, Richard. 2008. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books.Google Scholar
Ma, Li and Tsui, Anne S.. 2015. “Traditional Chinese Philosophies and Contemporary Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 26(1) (February), pp. 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maathai, Wangari. 2004. Nobel Lecture. Oslo (November 10). www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/maathai/lecture/Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. 1985. The Prince, trans. and ed. Harvey, C. Mansfield, , Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Malcolm, X. 1965. Malcom X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, ed. Breitman, George. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.Google Scholar
Mandela, Nelson. 1995. Long Walk to Freedom. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Marean, Curtis W. 2015. “An Evolutionary Anthropological Perspective on Modern Human Origins.” Annual Review of Anthropology 44, pp. 533–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marlow, Louise, ed. 2023. Medieval Muslim Mirrors for Princes: An Anthology of Arabic, Persian and Turkish Political Advice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marquardt, Michael. 2005. Leading with Questions: How Leaders Find the Right Solutions by Knowing What to Ask. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Martin, James. 2000. In Good Company: The Fast Track from the Corporate World to Poverty, Chastity and Obedience. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Maybury-Lewis, David. 1992. Millennium: Tribal Wisdom and the Modern World. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Mayer, John D., Salovey, Peter, and Caruso, David R.. 2004. “Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications.” Psychological Inquiry 15:3, pp. 197–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McManus, Robert M. and Perruci, Gamaliel. 2020. Understanding Leadership: An Arts and Humanities Perspective, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Menkiti, Ifeanyi. 1984. “Person and Community in African Traditional Thought.” In Wright, Richard A., ed., African Philosophy: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, pp. 171–181.Google Scholar
Minsky, Laurence and Aaron, David. 2021. “Are You Doing the SWOT Analysis Backwards?” Harvard Business Review (February 23). Reprint H067M6. https://hbr.org/2021/02/are-you-doing-the-swot-analysis-backwards.Google Scholar
National Park Service. n.d. “ ‘If Virginia Stands by the Old Union’ – Robert E. Lee Resigns from the U.S. Army.” Web page. www.nps.gov/rich/learn/historyculture/-if-virginia-stands-by-the-old-union-robert-e-lee-resigns-from-the-u-s-army.htm.Google Scholar
Neely, Tucker. 2009. “A Catalyst for Change, by Way of Kenya: Wangari Maathai’s Vision for Africa Is ‘Taking Root.’ ” Washington Post (April 18), p. C3.Google Scholar
Nightingale, Florence. 2002–2014. The Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, ed. McDonald, Lynn, 16 vols. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.Google Scholar
Oates, Stephen B. Oates. 1977. With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Okolo, Mary Stella Chika. 2007. African Literature as Political Philosophy. Dakar, Senegal: Codesria Books and London: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orwell, George. 2021. 1984 and Animal Farm. London: Collins Classics.Google Scholar
Page, Larry. 2015. “G is for Google.” Letter to Google employees. August 10. https://blog.google/alphabet/google-alphabet/Google Scholar
Parker, Lee D. and Ritson, Philip A.. 2005. “Re-visiting Fayol: Anticipating Contemporary Management.” British Journal of Management 16:3 (September), pp. 175–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payments Journal. 2019. “How Many Bank Accounts Do Consumers Have?” (July 2). www.paymentsjournal.com/how-many-bank-accounts-do-consumers-have/Google Scholar
Pelling, Christopher. 2002. Plutarch and History: Eighteen Studies. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.Google Scholar
Perlez, Jane. 1989. “Plan for Sun-Hogging Tower Angers Kenyans.” New York Times (November 26). www.nytimes.com/1989/11/26/world/plan-for-sun-hogging-tower-angers-kenyans.html.Google Scholar
Peterson, Jillian and Densley, James. 2021. The Violence Project: How to Stop a Mass Shooting Epidemic. New York: Abrams Press.Google Scholar
Pieterse, Cosmo and Duerden, Dennis, eds. 1972. African Writers Talking: A Collection of Radio Interviews. New York: Africana.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1984. Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccolò Machiavelli. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Plato. 1991. The Republic, trans. and ed. Bloom, Allan, 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Plato 1995. Statesman, trans. Waterfield, Robin, eds. Annas, Julia and Waterfield, Robin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, Catherine, Méheut, Constant, Apuzzo, Matt, and Gebrekidan, Selam. 2022. “The Ransom: The Root of Haiti’s Misery: Reparations to Enslavers.” New York Times (May 20). www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html.Google Scholar
Porter, Michael E. 1979. “How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy.” Harvard Business Review 57:2 (March-April), pp. 137–145.Google Scholar
Price, Terry L. 2008. Leadership Ethics: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Terry L. Protocol of the Wannsee Conference, January 20, 1942. 2020. Berlin: House of the Wannsee Conference. www.ghwk.de/en/conference/protocol-and-documents.Google Scholar
Pryor, Mildred Golden, Anderson, Donna, Toombs, Leslie A., and Humphreys, John H.. 2007. “Strategic Implementation as a Core Competency.” Journal of Management Research 7:1 (April), p. 3.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Ramaswamy, Tumkur N., ed. 2007. Essentials of Indian Statecraft: Kautilya’s Arthasastra for Contemporary Readers. New Delhi: South Asia Books.Google Scholar
Ramose, Mogobe B. 1999. African Philosophy through Ubuntu. Harare, Zimbabwe: Mond Books.Google Scholar
Reave, Laura. 2005. “Spiritual Values and Practices Related to Leadership Effectiveness.” Leadership Quarterly 16:5 (October), pp. 655–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reingold, Jennifer. 2014. “How to Fail in Business While Really, Really Trying,” Fortune (March 20).Google Scholar
Reese, George H., ed. 1965. Proceedings of the Virginia State Convention of 1861: February 13-May 1, 1861, 4 vols. Richmond: Virginia State Library. https://fortune.com/2014/03/20/how-to-fail-in-business-while-really-really-trying/.Google Scholar
Richter, Felix. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccines: From Zero to 11.2 Billion in a Year.” Statista (Dec. 17). www.statista.com/chart/26420/global-covid-19-vaccine-production/.Google Scholar
Riggio, Ronald. 2006. “Charisma.” Encyclopedia of Leadership. Eds. James MacGregor Burns, G. R. Goethals, and Sorenson, Georgia J.. Sage Reference, 2004.Google Scholar
Riggio, Ronald 2013. Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 6th ed. New York: Pearson.Google Scholar
Riggio, Ronald E. and Conger, Jay A.. 2008. The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Ross, Lee. 1977. “The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process.” In Berkowitz, Leonard, ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 10. New York: Academic Press, pp. 173–220.Google Scholar
Russell, Daniel C. 2014. “Phronesis and the Virtues (NE vi 12–13).” The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, ed. Ronald Polansky. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schein, Edgar. 2009. The Corporate Culture Survival Guide, rev. ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Schein, Edgar 2010. Organizational Culture and Leadership, 4th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 2017. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, Priscilla. 1991. “Wangari Maathai: ‘You Strike the Woman. …’ ” In Context, #28 (Spring), pp . 55–57. www.context.org/iclib/ic28/sears.Google Scholar
Seidman, Dov. 2007. How: Why How We Do Anything Means Everything, expanded ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. 1969. The Complete Works, gen. ed. Alfred Harbage. The Pelican Text revised. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Simpson, William Kelly, ed. 2003. The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sinek, Simon. 2009. Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action. New York: Portfolio.Google Scholar
Sissons, Jeffrey. 2005. First Peoples: Indigenous Cultures and Their Futures. London: Reaktion Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Skirbekk, Vegard. 2022. Decline and Prosper: Changing Global Birth Rates and the Advantages of Fewer Children. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloan, Alfred. 1990 [1963]. My Years at General Motors. Eds. McDonald, John and Stevens, Catharine. New York: Currency Doubleday.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. 1759. The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 2nd ed. London: A. Millar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Adam. 1776. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Ed. Bullock, C. J.. New York :P. F. Collier.Google Scholar
Spada, Giorgio and Galassi, Gaia. 2017. “Extent and Dynamic Evolution of the Lost Land Aquaterra since the Last Glacial Maximum.” Comptes Rendus Geoscience 349:4 (July–August), pp. 151–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, Alexander H. 2008. “Cornerstone Speech,” In The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Reader, ed. Stanley, Harrold. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 59–63.Google Scholar
Stewart-Williams, Steve. 2018. The Ape that Understood the Universe: How the Mind and Culture Evolve. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St. George, Zach. 2022. “Can Planting a Trillion New Trees Save the World?” New York Times Magazine (July 13). www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/magazine/planting-trees-climate-change.htmlGoogle Scholar
Stogdill, Ralph M. 1974. Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of the Literature. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Stone, Isidor F. 1988. The Trial of Socrates. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. 1873. Woman in Sacred History. New York: J. B. Ford.Google Scholar
Stumpf, John G. 2015. The Vision & Values of Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo.Google Scholar
Suleyman, Mustafa and Bhaskar, Michael. 2023. The Coming Wave: Technology, Power, and the Twenty-first Century’s Greatest Dilemma. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Vickie, ed. 2000. The Comedy and Tragedy of Machiavelli: Essays on the Literary Works. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Summitt, Pat and Jenkins, Sally. 1998a. Raise the Roof. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar
Summitt, Pat and Jenkins, Sally 1998b. Reach for the Summitt: The Definite Dozen System for Succeeding at Whatever You Do. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar
Summitt, Pat and Jenkins, Sally 2013. Sum It Up. New York: Three Rivers Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Christopher C. W. 1998. Socrates: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Frederick. 1998 [1911]. Principles of Scientific Management. Mineola: Dover.Google Scholar
Teresa, Mother. 2007. Come Be My Light: The Private Writings of the “Saint of Calcutta,” ed. Brian, Kolodiejchuk. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Terkel, Studs. 1974. Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do. New York: Ballantine.Google Scholar
Turkle, Sherry. 2012. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
van Vugt, Mark and Ronay, Richard. 2014. “The Evolutionary Psychology of Leadership: Theory, Review, and Roadmap.” Organizational Psychology Review 4:1 (January), pp. 74–95,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venkatesh, Sudhir. 2008. Gang Leader for a Day. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Vidal, John. 2011. “Wangari Maathai Obituary.” The Guardian (September 26). www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/26/wangari-maathai.Google Scholar
Vlastos, Gregor. 1991. Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wachtel, Eleanor. 1994. “Chinua Achebe on redefining Nigeria with his writing,” CBC radio interview. www.cbc.ca/radio/writersandcompany/chinua-achebe-on-redefining-nigeria-with-his-writing-1.3689009.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 2012. In God’s Shadow: Politics in the Hebrew Bible. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Weaver, David R. 1997. “Leadership, Locke, and the Federalist.” American Journal of Political Science 41:2 (April), pp. 420–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, eds. Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus. 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Welch, Jack and Byrne, John A.. 2001. Jack: Straight from the Gut. New York: Warner Books.Google Scholar
Whitman, Walt. 2001. Leaves of Grass: The “Death-Bed” Edition. New York: Modern Library.Google Scholar
Williams, Linda L. 1996. “Will to Power in Nietzsche’s Published Works and the Nachlass.” Journal of the History of Ideas 57:3 (July), pp. 447–463. www.jstor.org/stable/3653949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Woodrow. 1900. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics, 15th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Wollstonecraft, Mary. 1992. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, ed. Miriam, Brody. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Woodruff, Paul. 1998. “Socratic Education.” In Philosophers on Education: New Historical Perspectives, ed. Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg. New York: Routledge, pp. 13–29.Google Scholar
Wren, J. Thomas, ed. 1995. The Leader’s Companion: Insights on Leadership Through the Ages. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Yarber, Aara’L. 2023. “Humans Have Used Enough Groundwater to Shift Earth’s Tilt.” Washington Post (June 27). www.washingtonpost.com/science/2023/06/27/groundwater-use-planet-earth-tilt/.Google Scholar
Yasir, Sameer. 2020. “Gandhi’s Killer Evokes Admiration as Never Before.” New York Times (February 4). www.nytimes.com/2020/02/04/world/asia/india-gandhi-nathuram-godse.htmlGoogle Scholar
Yukl, Gary. 2010. Leadership in Organizations, 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Questioning Leadership
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Questioning Leadership
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Questioning Leadership
Available formats
×