Element contents
Series: Elements in Pragmatics
Positive Social Acts
A Metapragmatic Exploration of the Brighter and Darker Sides of Sociability
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 December 2022
Summary
Sociability is friendly behavior that is performed by a variety of positive social acts that are aimed to establish, promote, or restore relationships. However, attempts to achieve these interactional goals can fail or backfire; moreover, interactants may abuse these strategies. A pragmatic focus on positive social acts illuminates the ways they succeed in promoting sociability and why they sometimes fail to enhance social relations. This Element analyzes positive social actions receiving positive and negative meta-pragmatic labels, such as firgun and flattery, in the Hebrew speaking community in Israel. Adopting a meta-pragmatic methodology enables a differentiation between positive communication and its evaluation as (in)appropriate in context. The conclusion discusses the fuzzy line between acceptable and unacceptable positive behavior and the benefits and perils of deploying positive social acts in interaction. It also suggests a conceptualization of the darker and brighter sides of sociability as intrinsically connected, rather than polar ends.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in PragmaticsOnline ISBN: 9781009184410Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 05 January 2023
References
Abadi, A. (1991). Speech acts of public apologies. In Goshen, M., Morag, S., & Kogot, S., eds., Shai Le-Chaim Rabin. Jerusalem: Academon [in Hebrew], pp. 257–72.Google Scholar
Arundale, R. B. (2006). Face as relational and interactional: A communication framework for research on face, facework, and politeness. Journal of Politeness Research, 2(2), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2006.011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arundale, R. B. (2013). Face as a research focus in interpersonal pragmatics: Relational and emic perspectives. Journal of Pragmatics, 58, 108–120.Google Scholar
Barnlund, D. C. & Araki, S. (1985). Intercultural encounters: The management of compliments by Japanese and Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16(1), 9–26.Google Scholar
Beale, W. H. (1978). Rhetorical performative discourse: A new theory of epideictic. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 11(4): 221–46. www.jstor.org/stable/40237084.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, S. (1990). You don’t touch lettuce with your fingers: Parental politeness in family discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 259–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90083-P.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, S. ([1992] 2005). The meta-pragmatics of politeness in Israeli society. In Watts, R., Ide, S., & Ehlich, K., eds., Politeness in Language. 2nd ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 255–80. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110886542.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Advances in Discourse Processes, Vol. 31. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, S. & Katriel, T. (1991). Nicknaming practices in families: A cross-cultural perspective. In Ting-Toomey, S. & Korzenny, F., eds., Cross-Cultural Interpersonal Communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 58–78.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, S. & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/5.3.196.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, S. & Weizman, E. (2003). Misunderstandings in political interviews. In House, J., Kasper, G., & Rosse, S., eds., Misunderstanding in Social Life: Discourse Approaches to Problematic Talk. New York: Routledge, pp. 104–25.Google Scholar
Brooks, D. J. & Geer, J. G. (2007). Beyond negativity: The effects of incivility on the electorate. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caffi, C. (1998). Metapragmatics. In Mey, J., ed., The Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 581–86.Google Scholar
Cameron, D. (2004). Out of the bottle: The social life of metalanguage. In Jaworski, A., Coupland, N., & Galasinski, D., eds., Metalanguage: Social and Ideological Perspectives. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 311–21. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110907377.Google Scholar
Chang, W. & Fukushima, S. (2017). “Your care and concern are my burden”: Accounting for the emic concepts of “attentiveness” and “empathy” in interpersonal relationships among Taiwanese females. East Asian Pragmatics, 2(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.33081.Google Scholar
Chudi, D. & Kampf, Z. (2022). It’s the messenger: Identity-based evaluation of amicable messages during conflict. The Journal of Public Opinion Research, 34(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edac008.Google Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2008). Reflections on impoliteness, relational work and power. In Bousfield, D. & Locher, M. A., eds., Impoliteness in Language: Studies on Its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Language, Power and Social Processes, Vol. 21. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 17–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics, Vol. 28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Culpeper, J., O’Driscoll, J., & Hardaker, C. (2019). Notions of politeness in Britain and North America. In Ogiermann, E. & Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., eds., From Speech Acts to Lay Understandings of Politeness: Multilingual and Multicultural Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 176–200.Google Scholar
Culpeper, J. & Tantucci, V. (2021). The principle of (im)politeness reciprocity. Journal of Pragmatics, 175, 146–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.01.008.Google Scholar
Danziger, R. (2018). Compliments and compliment responses in Israeli Hebrew: Hebrew university in Jerusalem students in interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 124, 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.12.004.Google Scholar
Danziger, R. (2020). The pragmatics of flattery: The strategic use of solidarity-oriented actions. Journal of Pragmatics, 170, 413–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2020.09.027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danziger, R. (2021). The democratic king: Ritualized flattery in political discourse. Discourse & Society. 32(6), 645–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265211023224.Google Scholar
Danziger, R. & Kampf, Z. (2021). Interpretive constructs in contrast: The case of flattery in Hebrew and in Palestinian Arabic. Contrastive Pragmatics, 2(2), 137–67. https://doi.org/10.1163/26660393-BJA10020.Google Scholar
Deppermann, A. & Haugh, M. (eds.). (2022). Action Ascription in Interaction. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics, Vol. 35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dori-Hacohen, G. (2016). Tokbek [Talk-back], Israeli speech economy, and other non-deliberative terms for political talk. In Carbaugh, D., ed., The Handbook of Communication in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York and London: Routledge, pp. 299–311.Google Scholar
Du, P. (2022). Shared laughter as relational strategy at intercultural conflictual workplace interactions. Journal of Pragmatics, 188, 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.11.016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du Bois, J. W. (2007). The stance triangle. In Englebretson, R., ed., Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 139–82.Google Scholar
Dumitrescu, D. (2006). Noroc!; Merci;! que lindo!; sorry: Some polite speech acts across cultures. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 25(2), 1–38.Google Scholar
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2011). “Please answer me as soon as possible”: Pragmatic failure in non-native speakers’ e-mail requests to faculty. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(13), 3193–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.06.006.Google Scholar
Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, M. & Bodman, J. (1993). Expressing gratitude in American English. In Kasper, G. & Blum-Kulka, S., eds., Interlanguage Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 64–81.Google Scholar
Faulkner, P. (2018). Giving the benefit of the doubt. International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 26(2), 139–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672559.2018.1440952.Google Scholar
Fehr, E. & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Social norms and human cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 185–90.Google Scholar
First, A. & Avraham, E. (2009). America in Jerusalem: Globalization, National Identity, and Israeli Advertising. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. ([1983] 2019). Discourse and Truth and Parresia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2009). Evaluation of politeness: Do the Japanese evaluate attentiveness more positively than the British? Pragmatics, 19(4), 501–18.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2019). A metapragmatic aspect of politeness: With a special emphasis on attentiveness in Japanese. In Ogiermann, E. & Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., eds., From Speech Acts to Lay Understandings of Politeness: Multilingual and Multicultural Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 226–47.Google Scholar
Galasinski, D. (2000). The Language of Deception: A Discourse Analytical Study. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Gavriely-Nuri, D. (2010). If both opponents “extend hands in peace” – why don’t they meet?: Mythic metaphors and cultural codes in the Israeli peace discourse. Journal of Language and Politics, 9(3), 449–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goddard, S. E. (2015). The rhetoric of appeasement: Hitler’s legitimation and British foreign policy, 1938–39. Security Studies, 24(1), 95–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2015.1001216.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Interaction. 1st ed. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Goodwin, C. (1994). Professional vision. American Anthropologist, 96(3), 606–33. www.jstor.org/stable/682303.Google Scholar
Grainger, K., Kerkam, Z., Mansor, F., & Mills, S. (2015). Offering and hospitality in Arabic and English. Journal of Politeness Research, 11(1), 41–70. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2015-0003.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2008a). Intention and diverging interpretings of implicature in the “uncovered meat” sermon. Intercultural Pragmatics, 5(2), 201–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/IP.2008.011.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2008b). Intention in pragmatics. Intercultural Pragmatics, 5(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/IP.2008.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugh, M. (2010). Jocular mockery, (dis)affiliation, and face. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(8), 2106–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.018.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2013). Im/politeness, social practice and the participation order. Journal of Pragmatics, 58, 52–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.003.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2016). The role of English as a scientific metalanguage for research in pragmatics: Reflections on the metapragmatics of “politeness” in Japanese. East Asian Pragmatics, 1(1), 41–73. https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.v1i1.27610.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2019). The metapragmatics of consideration in (Australian and New Zealand) English. In Ogiermann, E. & Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., eds., From Speech Acts to Lay Understandings of Politeness: Multilingual and Multicultural Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 201–25.Google Scholar
Hauser, G. A. (1999). Aristotle on epideictic: The formation of public morality. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 29(1), 5–23.Google Scholar
Hay, J. (2001). The pragmatics of humor support. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(1), 55–82. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.14.1.55.Google Scholar
Holmes, J. (1986). Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics, 28(4), 485–508.Google Scholar
Holmes, J. & Marra, M. (2004). Relational practice in the workplace: Women’s talk or gendered discourse? Language in Society, 33(3), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404504043039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ide, S., Hill, B., Carnes, Y., Ogino, T., & Kawasaki, A. (1992). The concept of politeness: An empirical study of American English and Japanese. In Watts, R., Ide, S., & Ehlich, K., eds., Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. (pp. 281–297). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Isosävi, J. (2020). Cultural outsiders’ reported adherence to Finnish and French politeness norms. Journal of Pragmatics, 155, 177–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.10.015.Google Scholar
Izadi, A. (2016). Over-politeness in Persian professional interactions. Journal of Pragmatics, 102, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.06.004.Google Scholar
Jamieson, K. H., Volinsky, A., Weitz, I., & Kenski, K. (2017). The political uses and abuses of civility and incivility. In Kenski, K. & Jamieson, K., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 205–18.Google Scholar
Jaworski, A. (1994). Pragmatic failure in a second language: Greeting responses in English by Polish students. IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 32(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1994.32.1.41.Google Scholar
Jaworski, A. (1995). “This is not an empty compliment!”: Polish compliments and the expression of solidarity. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 63–94.Google Scholar
Jones, E. E. (1964). Ingratiation: A Social Psychological Analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Jucker, A. H. & Taavitsainen, I. (2014). Complimenting in the history of American English: A metacommunicative expression analysis. In Taavitsainen, I., Jucker, A. H., & Tuominen, J., eds., Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics. Pragmatics and Beyond New Series 243. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 257–76.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. & Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kampf, Z. (2008). The pragmatics of forgiveness: Judgments of apologies in the Israeli political arena. Discourse & Society, 19(5), 577–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508092244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kampf, Z. (2009). Public (non-) apologies: The discourse of minimizing responsibility. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(11), 2257–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.11.007.Google Scholar
Kampf, Z. (2013). Mediated performatives. In Verschueren, J. & Östman, J., eds., Handbook of Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar
Kampf, Z. (2016). All the best! Performing solidarity in political discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 93, 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.12.006.Google Scholar
Kampf, Z., Aldar, L., Danziger, R., & Schreiber, M. (2019). The pragmatics of amicable interstate communication. Intercultural Pragmatics, 16(2), 123–51. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2019-0007.Google Scholar
Kampf, Z., Chudy, D., Danziger, R., & Schreiber, M. (2021). “Wait with falling in love”: Discursive evaluation of amicable messages conveyed by opponents. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 40(2), 188–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X20944977.Google Scholar
Kampf, Z. & Danziger, R. (2019). “You dribble faster than Messi and jump higher than Jordan”: The art of complimenting and praising in political discourse. Journal of Politeness Research, 15(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2016-0044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kampf, Z. & David, Y. (2019). Too good to be true: The effect of conciliatory message design on compromising attitudes in intractable conflicts. Discourse & Society, 30(3), 264–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926519828030.Google Scholar
Kampf, Z., Heimann, G., & Aldar, L. (2022). “These are not just slogans”: Assertions of friendship between states. Journal of Language and Politics, 21(5), 653–674. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.20079.ald.Google Scholar
Katriel, T. (1986). Talking Straight: Dugri Speech in Israeli Sabra Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Katriel, T. (1991). Communal Webs: Communication and Culture in Contemporary Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Katriel, T. (1993). Lefargen: A study in Israeli semantics of social relations. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 26(1), 31–53.Google Scholar
Katz, E. & Haas, H. (2001). Twenty years of television in Israel: Are there long-run effects on values and cultural practices? In Herzog, H. & Ben-Rafael, E., eds., Language and Communication in Israel. Studies of Israeli Society, Vol. 9. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 313–30.Google Scholar
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C. (1997). A multilevel approach in the study of talk-in-interaction. Pragmatics, 7(1), 1–20.Google Scholar
Kienpointner, M. (1997). Varieties of rudeness: Types and functions of impolite utterances. Functions of Language, 4(2), 251–87. https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.4.2.05kie.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurzon, D. (1998). The speech act status of incitement: Perlocutionary acts revisited. Journal of Pragmatics, 29(5), 571–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(97)00083-0.Google Scholar
Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B. (1989). Praising and Complimenting. In Oleksy, W., ed., Contrastic Pragmatics. Pragmatics and Beyond New Series, Vol. 3. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 73–100.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. (2004). Power and Politeness in Action: Disagreements in Oral Communication. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. & Graham, S. L. (2010). Introduction to interpersonal pragmatics. In Locher, M. A. & Graham, S. L., eds., Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. & Watts, R. J. (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research, 1(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. & Watts, R. J. (2008). Relational work and impoliteness: Negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour. In Bousfield, D. & Locher, M. A., eds., Impoliteness in Language: Studies on Its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice, Vol. 21. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 77–99.Google Scholar
Manes, J. (1983). Compliments: A mirror of culture values. In Wolfson, E. & Judd, E., eds., Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, Rowley, MA: Newbury House, pp. 96–102.Google Scholar
Manes, J. & Wolfson, N. (1981). The compliment formula. In Coulmas, F., ed., Conversational Routine, Vol. 2. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 115–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110809145.115.Google Scholar
Maschler, Y. (2001). Veke’ilu haragláyim sh’xa nitka’ot bifním kaze (and like your feet get stuck inside like’): Hebrew kaze (like’), ke’ilu (like’), and the decline of Israeli dugri (direct) speech. Discourse Studies, 3(3), 295–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445601003003003.Google Scholar
McKinnon, C. (1991). Hypocrisy, with a note on integrity. American Philosophical Quarterly, 28(4), 321–30.Google Scholar
Menon, T., Sheldon, O. J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2014). Barriers to transforming hostile relations: Why friendly gestures can backfire. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 7(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12023.Google Scholar
Mitchell, C. (2000). Gestures of Conciliation: Factors Contributing to Successful Olive-Branches. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Mutz, D. C. & Reeves, B. (2005). The new videomalaise: Effects of televised incivility on political trust. American Political Science Review, 99(1), 1–15.Google Scholar
Nelson, G. L., El Bakary, W., & Al Batal, M. (1993). Egyptian and American compliments: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of intercultural relations, 17(3), 293–313.Google Scholar
Ninomiya, H. (2001). Sociability in History In Smelser, N. J., & Baltes, P. B., eds., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 11. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 14208–14212.Google Scholar
Ogiermann, E. (2015). Direct off-record requests? “Hinting” in family interactions. Journal of Pragmatics, 86, 31–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.006.Google Scholar
Ohashi, J. (2008). Linguistic rituals for thanking in Japanese: Balancing obligations. Journal of Pragmatics, 40(12), 2150–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.04.001.Google Scholar
Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society, 6(2), 259–83.Google Scholar
Pinto, D. (2011). Are Americans insincere? Interactional style and politeness in everyday America. Journal of Politeness Research, 7(2), 215–38. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2011.011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plutarch, . ([ca. ad 110–120] 1927). How to tell a flatterer from a friend. In Moralia, trans. Frank Cole Babbitt, Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 261−395.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, A. & Triger, Z. (2007). Without Words: The Israeli Culture through the Language Mirror. Or-Yehuda: Dvir [in Hebrew].Google Scholar
Rowbottom, J. (2013). To punish, inform, and criticize: The goals of naming and shaming. In Petley, J., ed., Media and Public Shaming: Drawing the Boundaries of Disclosure. London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Ruhi, Ş. & Işık-Güler, H. (2007). Conceptualizing face and relational work in (im)politeness: Revelations from politeness lexemes and idioms in Turkish. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(4), 681–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.013.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, D. (1984). Jewish argument as sociability. Language in Society, 13(3), 311–35.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1976). A classification of Illocutionary Acts. Language in Society, 5(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500006837.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. & Vanderveken, D. (1985). Foundations of Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1992). Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2019). Im/politeness and in/civility: A neglected relationship? Journal of Pragmatics, 147, 49–64.Google Scholar
Sorlin, S. (2017). The pragmatics of manipulation: Exploiting im/politeness theories. Journal of Pragmatics, 121, 132–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.10.002.Google Scholar
Sorlin, S. & Virtanen, T. (2021). Navigating verbal hypocrisy in face-to-face and mediated contexts: Towards a pragmatic model. Online presentation at the International Pragmatics Research Association Conference, Winterthur, Switzerland, June 27 to July 2.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2000). Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport through Talk Across Cultures. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Face, (im)politeness and rapport. In Spencer-Oatey, H., ed., Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory. London: Continuum, pp. 11–47.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, H. & Kádár, D. Z. (2021). Intercultural Politeness: Managing Relations across Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stapleton, K. (2020). Swearing and perceptions of the speaker: A discursive approach. Journal of Pragmatics, 170, 381–95.Google Scholar
Steensig, J. (2020). Conversation analysis and affiliation and alignment. In Chapelle, C., ed., The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, 1st ed. Wiley-Blackwell. https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/the-concise-encyclopedia/9781119147367/f03.xhtml#head-2-1.Google Scholar
Steuter, E. & Wills, D. (2010). “The vermin have struck again”: Dehumanizing the enemy in post 9/11 media representations. Media, War & Conflict, 3(2), 152–67.Google Scholar
Terkourafi, M. (2015). Conventionalization: A new agenda for im/politeness research. Journal of Pragmatics, 86, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.004.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 91–112.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1999). The human adaptation for culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28(1), 509–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderveken, D. (1990). Meaning and Speech Acts, Vol. 1: Principles of Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Verschueren, J. (2000). Notes on the role of metapragmatic awareness in language use. Pragmatics, 10(4), 439–56. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.10.4.02ver.Google Scholar
Vonk, R. (2002). Self-serving interpretations of flattery: Why ingratiation works. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(4), 515–526.Google Scholar
Weizman, E. & Blum-Kulka, S. (1992). Ordinary misunderstanding. In Stamenov, M., ed., Current Advances in Semantic Theory. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 417–33.Google Scholar
Weizman, E. & Dascal, M. (1991). On clues and cues: Strategies of text-understanding. Journal of Literary Semantics, 20(1), 18–30.Google Scholar
Wierzbicka, A. (1987). English Speech Act Verbs: A Semantic Dictionary. Sydney: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Willemsen, L. M., Neijens, P. C., Bronner, F. & de Ridder, J. A. (2011). “Highly Recommended!”: The content characteristics and perceived usefulness of online consumer reviews. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01551.x.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. (2002). Political discourse. In Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., & Hamilton, H., eds., Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 398–416.Google Scholar
Wodak, R. (2009). The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics As Usual. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Wolfson, N. (1984). Pretty is as pretty does: A speech act view of sex roles. Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 236–44.Google Scholar
- 10
- Cited by