Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T06:37:26.594Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Global Climate Governance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2020

David Coen
Affiliation:
University College London
Julia Kreienkamp
Affiliation:
University College London
Tom Pegram
Affiliation:
University College London

Summary

Climate change is one of the most daunting global policy challenges facing the international community in the 21st century. This Element takes stock of the current state of the global climate change regime, illuminating scope for policymaking and mobilizing collective action through networked governance at all scales, from the sub-national to the highest global level of political assembly. It provides an unusually comprehensive snapshot of policymaking within the regime created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), bolstered by the 2015 Paris Agreement, as well as novel insight into how other formal and informal intergovernmental organizations relate to this regime, including a sophisticated EU policymaking and delivery apparatus, already dedicated to tackling climate change at the regional level. It further locates a highly diverse and numerous non-state actor constituency, from market actors to NGOs to city governors, all of whom have a crucial role to play.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108973250
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 17 December 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Abbott, K. W. (2012). The transnational regime complex for climate change. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30(4),571–90.Google Scholar
Acuto, M. (2013). Global Cities, Governance and Diplomacy. The Urban Link. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Acuto, M., and Rayner, S. (2016). City networks: breaking gridlocks or forging (new) lock-ins? International Affairs, 92(5),1147–66.Google Scholar
Adaptation Fund (n.d.). Website of the Adaptation Fund [online]. www.adaptation-fund.org/.Google Scholar
Aengenheyster, M., Feng, Q. Y., van der Ploeg, F., and Dijkstra, H. A. (2018). The point of no return for climate action: effects of climate uncertainty and risk tolerance. Earth System Dynamics, 9, 1085–95.Google Scholar
Agrawala, S. (1998). Structural and process history of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climatic Change, 39(4),621–42.Google Scholar
Aklin, M., and Mildenberger, M. (2018). ‘Prisoners of the wrong dilemma: why distributive conflict, not collective action, characterizes the politics of climate change.’ SSRN Working Paper [online]. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3281045.Google Scholar
Allan, J., et al. (2020). A net-zero emissions economic recovery from COVID-19. SSEE Working Paper, No. 20–01. Oxford Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment [online]. 4 May 2020. www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/publications/wpapers/workingpaper20-01.pdf.Google Scholar
Alter, K. J, . and Raustiala, K. (2018). The rise of international regime complexity. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 14, 329–49.Google Scholar
Andonova, L. B. (2017). Governance Entrepreneurs: International Organizations and the Rise of Global Public-Private Partnerships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Andonova, L. B., and Levy, M. A. (2003). Franchising global governance: Making sense of the Johannesburg type II partnerships. In Stokke, O. S. and Thommessen, O., eds., Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development 2003/2004. London: Earthscan, 1931.Google Scholar
Antonich, B. (2019). Number of climate adaptation projects increases, so must their quality. SDG Knowledge Hub [online]. 21 March 2019. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). https://sdg.iisd.org/news/adaptation-finance-update-number-of-climate-adaptation-projects-increases-so-must-their-quality/.Google Scholar
Appleby, K. (2019). What the 1.5°C-degree report means for city climate action. CDP Blog [online]. 18 September 2019. www.cdp.net/en/articles/cities/what-the-15 c-degree-report-means-for-city-climate-action.Google Scholar
Arroyo, V. (2018). The global climate action summit: increasing ambition during turbulent times. Climate Policy, 18(9),1087–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averchenkova, A. (2019). Legislating for a low carbon and climate resilient transition: learning from international experiences. Elcano Policy Paper [online]. January 2019. Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano. www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/130a3d55-dd9f-4ce1-ac04-a3caf5910edf/Policy-Paper-2019-Legislating-low-carbon-climate-resilient-transition.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=130a3d55-dd9 f-4ce1-ac04-a3caf5910edf.Google Scholar
Averchenkova, A., Fankhauser, S., and Finnegan, J. (2018). The role of independent bodies in climate governance: the UK’s Committee on Climate Change [online]. October 2018. London: The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science. www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-role-of-independent-bodies-in-climate-governance-the-UKs-Committee-on-Climate-Change_Averchenkova-et-al.pdf.Google Scholar
Ayers, J. (2011). Resolving the adaptation paradox: exploring the potential for deliberative adaptation policy-making in Bangladesh. Global Environmental Politics, 11(1),6288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäckstrand, K. (2008). Accountability of networked climate governance: the rise of transnational climate partnerships. Global Environmental Politics, 8(3),74102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäckstrand, K., and Elgström, O. (2013). The EU’s role in climate change negotiations: from leader to ‘leadiator’. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(10),1369–86.Google Scholar
Bäckstrand, K., and Kuyper, J. W. (2017). The democratic legitimacy of orchestration: the UNFCCC, non-state actors, and transnational climate governance. Environmental Politics, 26(4),764–88.Google Scholar
Bäckstrand, K., Kuyper, J. W., Linnér, B. O., and Lövbrand, E. (2017). Non-state actors in global climate governance: from Copenhagen to Paris and beyond. Environmental Politics, 26(4),561–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäckstrand, K., and Lövbrand, E. (2016). The road to Paris: contending climate governance discourses in the post-Copenhagen era. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 18, 119.Google Scholar
Barnard, A. (2019). A ‘Climate Emergency’ was declared in New York City. Will that change anything? The New York Times [online]. 5 July 2019. www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/nyregion/climate-emergency-nyc.html.Google Scholar
Barrett, S. (2007). Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Basu, J. (2019). Climate Emergency CoP 25: loss and damage ‘fighting out’ in Madrid. DownToEarth [online]. 13 December 2019. www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-emergency-cop-25-loss-and-damage-fighting-out-in-madrid-68416.Google Scholar
Baur, D., and Schmitz, H. P. (2012). Corporations and NGOs: when accountability leads to co-optation. Journal of Business Ethics, 106(1),921.Google Scholar
Beck, S. (2012). Between tribalism and trust: the IPCC under the ‘public microscope’. Nature and Culture, 7(2),151–73.Google Scholar
Beck, S., and Mahony, M. (2018). The IPCC and the new map of science and politics. WIREs Climate Change, 9(6),e547, 116.Google Scholar
Benvenisti, E., and Downs, G.W. (2007). The empire’s new clothes: political economy and the fragmentation of international law. Stanford Law Review, 60(2),595631.Google Scholar
Benson, D., and Lorenzoni, I. (2014). Examining the scope for national lesson‐drawing on climate governance. Political Quarterly, 85(2),202–11.Google Scholar
Benzie, M., et al. (2018). Meeting the global challenge of adaptation by addressing transboundary climate risk. Discussion Brief. Stockholm Environment Institute [online]. www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/meetingtheglobalchallengeofadaptation.pdf.Google Scholar
Berg, M., and Lidskog, R. (2018). Pathways to deliberative capacity: the role of the IPCC. Climatic Change, 148(1–2), 1124.Google Scholar
Berglund, N. (2018). Solheim resigns as UN climate chief. News in English Norway [online]. 20 November 2018. www.newsinenglish.no/2018/11/20/solheim-resigns-as-un-climate-chief/.Google Scholar
Berliner, D., and Prakash, A. (2015). ‘Bluewashing’ the firm? voluntary regulations, program design, and member compliance with the United Nations Global Compact. Policy Studies Journal, 43(1),115–38.Google Scholar
Bernstein, S., and Hoffman, M. (2018). The politics of decarbonization and the catalytic impact of subnational climate experiments. Policy Science, 51, 189211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, S., and Hoffmann, M. (2019). Climate politics, metaphors and the fractal carbon trap. Nature Climate Change, 9, 919–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berny, N., and Rootes, C. (2018). Environmental NGOs at a crossroads? Environmental Politics, 27(6), 947–72.Google Scholar
Berwyn, B. (2020). Coronavirus already hindering climate science, but the worst disruptions are likely yet to come. Inside Climate News [online]. 27 March 2020. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26032020/coronavirus-climate-science-research-impact.Google Scholar
Betsill, M. M. (2007). Regional governance of global climate change: the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation. Global Environmental Politics, 7(2),1127.Google Scholar
Betsill, M. M., and Bulkeley, H. (2006). Cities and the multilevel governance of global climate change. Global Governance, 12(2),141–59.Google Scholar
Bexell, M., and Mörth, U. (2010). Introduction: Partnerships, democracy and governance. In Bexell, M. and Mörth, U., eds., Democracy and Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance. Baskingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biermann, F. and Boas, I. (2010). Global adaptation governance: setting the stage. In Biermann, F., Pattberg, P. and Zelli, F., eds., Global Climate Governance beyond 2012: Architecture, Agency and Adaptation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 223–34.Google Scholar
Biermann, F., Pattberg, P., van Asselt, H., and Zelli, F. (2009). The fragmentation of global governance architectures: a framework for analysis. Global Environmental Politics, 9(4),1440.Google Scholar
Blackstock, J. J., et al. (2009). Climate Engineering Responses to Climate Emergencies. Santa Barbara, CA: Novim [online]. 29 July 2009. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0907/0907.5140.pdf.Google Scholar
Bodansky, D. (2016). The Paris Agreement: a new hope? The American Journal of International Law, 110(2),288319.Google Scholar
Bodansky, D., Brunnée, J., and Rajamani, L. (2017). International Climate Change Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bodansky, D. (2015). Reflections on the Paris conference. Opinio Juris [online]. 15 December 2015. http://opiniojuris.org/2015/12/15/reflections-on-the-paris-conference/.Google Scholar
Bocse, A.-M. (2019). The UK’s decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) and its impact on the EU as a climate change actor. Climate Policy, 111.Google Scholar
Borger, J. (2020). Caught in a superpower struggle: the inside story of the WHO’s response to coronavirus. The Guardian [online]. 18 April 2020. www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/18/caught-in-a-superpower-struggle-the-inside-story-of-the-whos-response-to-coronavirus.Google Scholar
Bouteligier, S. (2012). Inequality in new global governance arrangements: the North–South divide in transnational municipal networks. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 26(3),251–67.Google Scholar
Broberg, M. (2020). Interpreting the UNFCCC’s provisions on ‘mitigation’ and ‘adaptation’ in light of the Paris Agreement’s provision on ‘loss and damage’. Climate Policy, 20(5),527–33.Google Scholar
Brown, L. D., Ebrahim, A., and Batliwala, S. (2012). Governing international advocacy NGOs. World Development, 40(6),1098–108.Google Scholar
Brown, K., Adger, W. N., and Cinner, J. E. (2019). Moving climate change beyond the tragedy of the commons. Global Environmental Change, 54, 61–3.Google Scholar
Brunnée, J., Doelle, M., and Rajamani, L. (2011). Promoting Compliance in an Evolving Climate Regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bulkeley, H., et al. (2014). Transnational Climate Change Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busby, J., and Hadden, J. (2014), Nonstate actors in the climate arena [online]. 19 November 2014. Sponsored by The Stanley Foundation, National Defense University, and World Future Society. www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/working_papers/StanleyNonState_BusbyHadden.pdf.Google Scholar
Busch, P.-O. (2009). The Climate Secretariat: making a living in a straitjacket. In Biermann, F. and Siebenhüner, B., eds., Managers of Global Change: The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 245–64.Google Scholar
Calliari, E., Surminski, S. and Mysiak, J. (2019). The politics of (and behind) the UNFCCC’s Loss and Damage Mechanism. In Mechler, R. et al., eds., Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options. Cham: Springer, 155–78.Google Scholar
Carbon Brief (2018). COP-24: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Katowice [online]. 16 December 2018. www.carbonbrief.org/COP-24-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-katowice.Google Scholar
Carrington, D. (2011). Q&A: ‘Climategate’. The Guardian [online]. 22 November 2011. www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/07/climate-emails-question-answer.Google Scholar
Cashore, B., and Bernstein, S. (2020). Bringing the environment back in: overcoming the tragedy of the diffusion of the commons metaphor. Substantially revised version of papers presented to the Ostrom Workshop at Indiana University, 23 April 23 2018, Bloomington, Indiana and the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 3–7 April 2018.Google Scholar
CCAC (n.d.). Terms of membership. Irish Climate Change Advisory Council (CCAC) [online]. www.climatecouncil.ie/aboutus/councilmembers/termsofcouncilmembership/.Google Scholar
CCC (2019). Summary Report. 2019 Progress Report to Parliament [online]. July 2019. UK Committee on Climate Change. www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2019-Progress-Report-Summary.pdf.Google Scholar
CDP (n.d.) CDP website [online]. www.cdp.net/en.Google Scholar
CEO (2019). Big Oil and Gas spent over 250 million euros lobbying the EU. Brussels: Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) [online]. 23 October 2019. https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/10/big-oil-and-gas-spent-over-250-million-euros-lobbying-eu.Google Scholar
Challies, E. and Newig, J. (2019). What is ‘environmental governance’? A working definition. Sustainability Governance [online]. https://sustainability-governance.net/2019/06/14/what-is-environmental-governance-a-working-definition/.Google Scholar
Chan, S., and Amling, W. (2019). Does orchestration in the Global Climate Action Agenda effectively prioritize and mobilize transnational climate adaptation action? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 19(4–5), 429–46.Google Scholar
Chan, S., et al. (2015). Reinvigorating international climate policy: a comprehensive framework for effective nonstate action. Global Policy, 6(4),466–73.Google Scholar
Chan, S., et al. (2018). Cooperative Climate Action: Global Performance & Delivery in the Global South. Research report published by the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), the Blavatnik School of Government and Global Economic Governance Programme at the University of Oxford, the German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) and TERI University [online]. www.geg.ox.ac.uk/sites/geg.bsg.ox.ac.uk/files/2018–11/ClimateSouth%20-%20GCAS%20Brief.pdf.Google Scholar
Chan, S., Brandi, C., and Bauer, S. (2016). Aligning transnational climate action with international climate governance: the road from Paris. RECIEL, 25(2),238–47.Google Scholar
Christoff, P. (2016). The promissory note: COP 21 and the Paris Climate Agreement. Environmental Politics, 25(5),765–87.Google Scholar
CIEL (2019). It’s a crisis; act like it: COP-25 outcome inconsistent with urgency and ambition demanded to confront the climate crisis. Center for International Environmental Law [online]. www.ciel.org/news/its-a-crisis-act-like-it-COP-25-outcome-inconsistent-with-urgency-and-ambition-demanded-to-confront-the-climate-crisis/.Google Scholar
Ciplet, D., Roberts, J. T., and Khan, M. (2013). The politics of international climate adaptation funding: justice and divisions in the greenhouse. Global Environmental Politics, 13(1),4968.Google Scholar
Climate Action Tracker (2019). Warming projections. Global Update [online]. September 2019. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/644/CAT_2019–09-19_BriefingUNSG_WarmingProjectionsGlobalUpdate_Sept2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Climate Action Tracker (n.d.). EU Profile [online]. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu/.Google Scholar
Coen, D., and Pegram, T. (2018). Towards a third generation of global governance scholarship. Global Policy, 9(1),107–13.Google Scholar
Cogswell, N., and Dagnet, Y. (2019). Why does the Paris Climate Agreement need a rulebook? 7 questions and answers. World Resources Institute (WRI) [online]. www.wri.org/blog/2019/06/why-does-paris-climate-agreement-need-rulebook-7-questions-and-answers.Google Scholar
Cole, D. H. (2015). Shared irresponsibilities in international climate law. In Nollkaemper, A. and Jacobs, D., eds., Distribution of Responsibilities in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 290320.Google Scholar
Conca, K. (2018). Is there a role for the UN Security Council on Climate Change? Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 61(1),415.Google Scholar
Corbera, E., Calvet-Mir, L., Hughes, H., and Paterson, M. (2016). Patterns of authorship in the IPCC Working Group III report. Nature Climate Change, 6, 9499.Google Scholar
Council of the European Union (n.d.). Environment Council configuration (ENVI) [online]. www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/configurations/env/.Google Scholar
Curtis, S. (2014). The Power of Cities in International Relations. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Das, K., van Asselt, H., Droege, S., and Mehling, M. (2018). Making the international trade system work for climate change: assessing the options. Climate Strategies [online]. https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/CS-Report-_Trade-WP4.pdf.Google Scholar
Delbeke, J., and Vis, P. (2016). EU climate policy explained. European Union [online]. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/eu_climate_policy_explained_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Doelle, M. (2016). The Paris Agreement: historic breakthrough or high stakes experiment? Climate Law, 6(1–2),120.Google Scholar
Drexhage, J. (2008). Climate change and global governance: which way ahead? Global Environmental Governance (GEG) Briefing Paper, No. 2. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) [online]. April 2008. www.iisd.org/pdf/2008/geg_climate_gov.pdf.Google Scholar
Drezner, D. W. (2009). The power and peril of international regime complexity. Perspectives on Politics, 7(1),6570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duggan, J. (2019). The role of sub-state and non-state actors in international climate processes: subnational governments [online]. Background Paper, January 2019. London: Chatham House. www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/2019–01-23-Duggan.pdf.Google Scholar
Dunne, D. (2018). Explainer: Ssx ideas to limit global warming with solar geoengineering. CarbonBrief [online]. 9 May 2018. www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-six-ideas-to-limit-global-warming-with-solar-geoengineering.Google Scholar
Duwe, M. et al. (2017). ‘Paris compatible’ governance: long-term policy frameworks to drive transformational change. Ecologic Institute [online]. www.ecologic.eu/sites/files/publication/2018/2138-governance-to-fight-climate-change-112018_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Dyck, S. (2017). The Paris climate agreement and the protection of human rights in a changing climate. Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 26, 345.Google Scholar
E360 (2015). Five questions for Bill McKibben on the Paris Climate Agreement. Yale Environment 360 [online]. 16 December 2015. https://e360.yale.edu/digest/five_questions_for_bill_mckibben_on_the_paris_climate_agreement.Google Scholar
ETC Group (2009). The Emperor’s new climate: geoengineering as 21st century fairytale. ETC Group Special Report [online]. 28 August 2009. www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/publication/pdf_file/etcspecialreport_rsgeoeng28aug09.pdf.Google Scholar
Esty, D. C. (2009). Revitalizing global environmental governance for climate change. Global Governance, 15(4),427434.Google Scholar
European Commission (2018). EU-China leaders’ statement on climate change and clean energy [online]. Beijing, 16 July 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/news/20180713_statement_en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Commission (2019). Ready, Steady, Green! LIFE helps farming and forestry adapt to climate change [online]. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/8119493 f-db52-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-106529364.Google Scholar
European Commission (n.d.a). 2050 long-term strategy [online]. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en.Google Scholar
European Commission (n.d.c). Directorate-General for Climate Action (DG CLIMA) – What we do [online]. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/about-us/mission_en.Google Scholar
European Commission (n.d.e.). Emissions monitoring & reporting [online]. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/progress/monitoring_en.Google Scholar
European Environment Agency (2019). Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2017 and the inventory report 2019. Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. 27 May 2019. EEA/PUBL/2019/051.Google Scholar
Fahys, J. (2020). In the face of a pandemic, climate activists reevaluate their tactics. Inside Climate News [online]. 20 March 2020. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19032020/climate-change-activism-coronavirus.Google Scholar
Falkner, R. (2016a). The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics. International Affairs, 92(5),11071125.Google Scholar
Falkner, R. (2016b). A minilateral solution for global climate change? on bargaining efficiency, club benefits, and international legitimacy. Perspectives on Politics, 14(1),87101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falkner, R. (2010). Business and global climate governance: a neo-pluralist perspective. In Ougaard, M. and Leander, A., eds., Business and Global Governance. London: Routledge, 99117.Google Scholar
Falkner, R., Stephan, H. and Vogler, J. (2010). International climate policy after Copenhagen: towards a ‘building blocks’ approach. Global Policy, 1(3),252–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fankhauser, S., Averchenkova, A. and Finnegan, J. (2018). 10 years of the UK Climate Change Act. London: The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. London School of Economics and Political Science [online]. www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/10-Years-of-the-UK-Climate-Change-Act_Fankhauser-et-al.pdf.Google Scholar
Farand, C. (2019). The UN asked for climate plans. Major economies failed to answer. Climate Home News [online]. 24 September 2019. www.climatechangenews.com/2019/09/24/un-asked-climate-plans-major-economies-failed-answer/.Google Scholar
Farand, C. (2020). Guterres confronts China over coal boom, urging a green recovery. Climate Home News [online]. 23 July 2020. www.climatechangenews.com/2020/07/23/guterres-confronts-china-coal-boom-urging-green-recovery/.Google Scholar
Fehl, C., and Thimm, J. (2019). Dispensing with the indispensable nation? multilateralism minus one in the Trump era. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 25(1),2346.Google Scholar
Finck, M. (2014). Above and below the surface: the status of sub-national authorities in EU climate change regulation. Journal of Environmental Law, 26(3),443–72.Google Scholar
Forster, P. M., et al. (2020). Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19. Nature Climate Change, 1–15.Google Scholar
G7 Information Centre (n.d.). Declaration of the 1979 G7 Summit [online]. Tokyo, 29 June 1979. www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/1979tokyo/communique.html.Google Scholar
Garrelts, H., and Dietz, M. (2013). Introduction. In Dietz, M. and Garrelts, H., eds., Routledge Handbook of the Climate Change Movement. New York: Routledge, 115.Google Scholar
Gehring, T., and Faude, B. (2013). The dynamics of regime complexes: microfoundations and systemic effects. Global Governance, 19(1),119–30.Google Scholar
Gereke, M., and Brühl, T. (2019). Unpacking the unequal representation of Northern and Southern NGOs in international climate change politics. Third World Quarterly, 40(5),870–89.Google Scholar
GGI (2018). Towards a third generation of global governance scholarship. The Global Governance Institute [online]. 21 May 2018. London: University College London. www.ucl.ac.uk/global-governance/news/2018/may/towards-third-generation-global-governance-scholarship.Google Scholar
Gill, S. (2012). Organic crisis, global leadership and progressive alternatives. In Gill, S., ed., Global Crises and the Crisis of Global Leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 233–54.Google Scholar
Gollier, C., and Tirole, J. (2015). Negotiating effective institutions against climate change. Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy, 4(2),528.Google Scholar
Graham, E. R., and Thompson, A. (2015). Efficient orchestration? the global environment facility in the governance of climate adaptation. In Abott, K. W., Genschel, P., Snidal, D. and Zangl, B., eds., International Organizations as Orchestrators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 114–38.Google Scholar
Grasso, M., and Roberts, J. T. (2014). A compromise to break the climate impasse. Nature Climate Change, 4, 543–9.Google Scholar
Grasso, M., and Vladimirova, K. (2020). A moral analysis of carbon majors’ role in climate change. Environmental Values, 29(2),175–95.Google Scholar
Gray, B., and Purdy, J. (2018). Collaborating for Our Future: Multistakeholder Partnerships for Solving Complex Problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Green Climate Fund (n.d.). Website of the Green Climate Fund [online]. www.greenclimate.fund/home.Google Scholar
Green, J. (2010). Private standards in the climate regime: the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Business and Politics, 12(3),137.Google Scholar
Green, J. (2014). Rethinking Private Authority: Agents and Entrepreneurs in Global Environmental Governance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Green, J. (2017). Don’t link carbon markets. Nature, 543, 484–6.Google Scholar
Green, J., Hale, T., and Colgan, J. D. (2019). The existential politics of climate change. Global Policy Blog [online]. 21 February 2019. www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/21/02/2019/existential-politics-climate-change.Google Scholar
Grubb, M. (2016). Why it’s wrong to label the Kyoto Protocol a disaster. Climate Home News [online]. 10 June 2016. www.climatechangenews.com/2016/06/10/why-its-wrong-to-label-the-kyoto-protocol-a-disaster/.Google Scholar
Gupta, A., and Mason, M. (2016). Disclosing or obscuring? the politics of transparency in climate governance. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 18, 8290.Google Scholar
Haas, P. M., and Stevens, C. (2011). Organized science, usable knowledge, and multilateral environmental governance. In Lidskog, R. and Sundqvist, G., eds., Governing the Air: The Dynamics of Science, Policy, and Citizen Interaction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 125–62.Google Scholar
Haass, R. (2020). The pandemic will accelerate history rather than reshape it. Foreign Affairs [online]. 7 April 2020. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020–04-07/pandemic-will-accelerate-history-rather-reshape-it.Google Scholar
Hale, T. (2016). ‘All hands on deck’: The Paris Agreement and nonstate climate action. Global Environmental Politics, 16(3),1222.Google Scholar
Hale, T. (2017). Climate change: from gridlock to catalyst. In Hale, T. and Held, D., eds., Beyond Gridlock. Cambridge: Polity Press, 184204.Google Scholar
Hale, T. (2019). UN climate talks must include cities, businesses or risk irrelevance. Climate Home News [online]. 9 October 2019. www.climatechangenews.com/2019/10/09/un-climate-talks-must-include-cities-businesses-risk-irrelevance/.Google Scholar
Hall, N., and Persson, Å. (2018). Global climate adaptation governance: why is it not legally binding? European Journal of International Relations, 24(3),540–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harari, Y. N. (2017). Nationalism vs. globalism: the new political divide. TED Dialogues [online video]. February 2017. www.ted.com/talks/yuval_noah_harari_nationalism_vs_globalism_the_new_political_divide.Google Scholar
Harrison, N. E., and Geyer, R. (2019). The complexity of the governance of climate change. In A. Orsini et al., Forum: Complex Systems and International Governance. International Studies Review, 0, 21–4.Google Scholar
Haufler, V. (2018). Producing global governance in the global factory: markets, politics, and regulation. Global Policy, 9(1),114–20.Google Scholar
Held, D., and Roger, C. (2018). Three models of global climate governance: From Kyoto to Paris and beyond. Global Policy, 9(4),527–37.Google Scholar
Helmore, E. (2019). Wall Street investment giants voting against key climate resolutions. The Guardian [online]. 17 September 2019. www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/17/wall-street-asset-management-climate-change-blackrock-vanguard.Google Scholar
Hermwille, L. (2018). Making initiatives resonate: how can non-state initiatives advance national contributions under the UNFCCC? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 18(3),447–66.Google Scholar
Hermwille, L., Obergassel, W., Ott, H. E., and Beuermann, C. (2017). UNFCCC before and after Paris: what’s necessary for an effective climate regime? Climate Policy, 17(2),150–70.Google Scholar
Hickmann, T. (2017). The reconfiguration of authority in global climate governance. International Studies Review, 19(3),430–51.Google Scholar
Hickmann, T., Widerberg, O., Lederer, M., and Pattberg, P. (2019). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat as an orchestrator in global climate policymaking. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 0(0),118.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, M. J. (2011). Climate Governance at the Crossroads: Experimenting with a Global Response After Kyoto. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Höhne, N. et al. (2017). The Paris Agreement: resolving the inconsistency between global goals and national contributions. Climate Policy, 17(1),1632.Google Scholar
Holden, E. (2019). Climate crisis will not be discussed at G7 next year, says Trump official. The Guardian [online]. 17 October 2019. www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/17/g7-summit-2020-trump-climate-crisis.Google Scholar
Ho-Lem, C., Zerriffi, H., and Kandlikar, M. (2011). Who participates in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and why: a quantitative assessment of the national representation of authors in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Global Environmental Change, 21(4),1308–17.Google Scholar
Homer-Dixon, T. (2007). The upside of down: catastrophe, creativity, and the renewal of civilization. Toronto: Vintage Canada.Google Scholar
Hoppe, R., Wesselink, A., and Cairns, R. (2013). Lost in the problem: the role of boundary organisations in the governance of climate change. WIREs Climate Change, 4(4),283300.Google Scholar
HSBC (2019). COP 25: Intransigence: renegotiating a ‘pre-nup’ after the wedding’. HSBC Global Research [online]. 16 December 2019. www.research.hsbc.com/C/1/1/339/S2Bzwn7.Google Scholar
Hsu, A., Moffat, A. S., Weinfurter, A. J., and Schwartz, J. D. (2015). Towards a new climate diplomacy. Nature Climate Change, 5, 501–3.Google Scholar
Hulme, M. (2009). Why We Disagree About Climate Change. Understanding Controversy, Inaction and Opportunity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, G. (Minister for the Environment) (2013). Streamlining government processes by dissolving the climate commission. Media release [online]. 19 September 2013. https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2F2736602%22;src1=sm1.Google Scholar
IEA (2020). World energy balances: overview. Paris: International Energy Agency. www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-balances-overview.Google Scholar
IPCC (1990). IPCC First Assessment Report. Policymaker Summary of Working Group I (Scientific Assessment of Climate Change) [online]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/ipcc_90_92_assessments_far_wg_I_spm.pdf.Google Scholar
IPCC (2018a). Summary for policymakers. In Masson-Delmotte, V. et al., eds., Global warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Google Scholar
IPCC (2018b). Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C approved by governments [online]. 8 October 2018. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/2018/10/08/summary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5 c-approved-by-governments/.Google Scholar
IPCC (n.d.). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Homepage [online]. www.ipcc.ch/.Google Scholar
IPCC-TFI (n.d.). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories [online]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI). www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.Google Scholar
Isailovic, M., Widerberg, O., and Pattberg, P. (2013). Fragmentation of global environmental governance architectures: a literature review. IVM Institute for Environmental Studies, Report W-13/09 [online]. 1 July 2013. https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/804246/R13-09.pdf.Google Scholar
Ivanova, M. (2005). Can the anchor hold? Rethinking the United Nations Environment Programme for the 21st Century. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Publication Series, Report No. 7 [online]. September 2005. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/fes-pubs/27/.Google Scholar
Ivanova, M. (2008). UNEP as anchor organization for the global environment. In Biermann, F., Siebenhüner, B. and Schreyögg, A. (eds.), International Organizations in Global Environmental Governance. Abington: Routledge, 151–73.Google Scholar
IVM (2015). Non-state actors in a Paris Agreement: are cities and companies bridging the ambition gap? [online]. Policy Brief. Amsterdam: Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) and FORES. https://fores.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/NSA_Policy_brief_Bonn2.pdf.Google Scholar
Jaeger, C. C., and Jaeger, J. (2011). Three views on two degrees. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1),1526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jagers, S. C, . and Stripple, J. (2003). Climate governance beyond the state. Global Governance, 9(3),385–99.Google Scholar
James, R., Jones, R, . and Boyd, E. (2017). What is loss and damage from climate change? First academic study reveals different perspectives, challenging questions. New Security Beat [online]. 25 September 2017. www.newsecuritybeat.org/2017/09/loss-damage-climate-change-academic-study-reveals-perspectives-challenging-questions/.Google Scholar
Jamieson, D. (2014). Reason in a Dark Time: Why the Struggle Against Climate Change Failed – and What It means for Our Future. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, D., and Levin, S. (2009). The tragedy of cognition: psychological biases and environmental inaction. Current Science, 97(11),1593–603.Google Scholar
Johnson, L., and Rampini, C. (2017). Are climate models global public goods? In Tyfield, D., Lave, R., Randalls, S. and Thorpe, C., eds., The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science. London: Routledge, 263–74.Google Scholar
Johnson, P. M. (2001). Creating sustainable global governance. In Kirton, J. J., Daniels, J. P. and Freytag, A., eds., Guiding Global Order: G8 Governance in the Twenty-First Century. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 245–82.Google Scholar
Jordan, A. J., et al. (2015). Emergence of polycentric climate governance and its future prospects. Nature Climate Change, 5, 977–82.Google Scholar
Kapstein, E. B. (1999). Distributive justice as an international public good. a historical perspective. In Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. and Stern, M., eds., Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 88115.Google Scholar
Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S., et al. (2017). Entry into force and then? The Paris agreement and state accountability. Climate Policy, 18(5),593599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaul, I. (2008). Providing (contested) global public goods. In Rittberger, V., Nettesheim, M. and Huckel, C., eds., Authority in the Global Political Economy. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 89115.Google Scholar
Kaul, I., and Blondin, D. (2016). Global oublic goods and the United Nations. In Ocampo, J. A., ed., Global Governance and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3265.Google Scholar
Kaul, I., Conceição, P., Le Goulven, K., and Mendoza, R. U. (2003). Why do global public goods matter today? In Kaul, I., ed., Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 220.Google Scholar
Keck, M. E., and Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. O., and Victor, D. G. (2011). The regime complex for climate change. Perspectives on Politics, 9(1),723.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. O., and Victor, D. G. (2016). Cooperation and discord in global climate policy. Nature Climate Change, 6, 570–5.Google Scholar
Kirton, J. J., and Guebert, J. (2009). Climate change accountability: the G8’s compliance record from 1975 to 2009. G8 Research Group [online]. 28 November 2009. www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton-guebert-climate-091128.pdf.Google Scholar
Kirton, J. J., and Kikotsis, E. (2015). The Global Governance of Climate Change: G7, G20, and UN Leadership. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Kokotsis, E. (2017). The Gx contribution to global climate governance. StudiaDiplomatica, 68(3),7996.Google Scholar
Krasner, S. D. (1982). Structural causes and regime consequences: regimes as intervening variables. International Organization, 36(2),185205Google Scholar
Kuo, L. (2020). China withheld data on coronavirus from WHO, recordings reveal. The Guardian [online]. 2 June 2020. www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/02/china-withheld-data-coronavirus-world-health-organization-recordings-reveal.Google Scholar
Kuramochi, T. et al. (2019). Global climate action from cities, regions and businesses: Impact of individual actors and cooperative initiatives on global and national emissions [online]. Second edition. NewClimate Institute, Data-Driven Lab, PBL, German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) and Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Report-Global-Climate-Action-from-Cities-Regions-and-Businesses_2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Kuyper, J. W., Linnér, B.-O., and Schroeder, H. (2018). Non‐state actors in hybrid global climate governance: justice, legitimacy, and effectiveness in a post‐Paris era. WIREs Climate Change, 9(e497), 118.Google Scholar
Labatt, S., and White, R. R. (2007). Carbon Finance: The Financial Implications of Climate Change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Larionova, M., and Kirton, J. J. (2015). The G8-G20 relationship in global governance. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Lebada, A. M. (2019). UN Secretary-General presents 2020 Programme Budget, Reform Updates. SDG Knowledge Hub [online]. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). 10 October 2019. https://sdg.iisd.org/news/un-secretary-general-presents-2020-programme-budget-reform-updates/.Google Scholar
Lebaron, G., and Lister, J. (2015). Benchmarking global supply chains: the power of the ‘ethical audit’ regime. Review of International Studies, 41(5),905–24.Google Scholar
Lefeber, R., and Oberthür, S. (2012). Key features of the Kyoto Protocol’s compliance system. In Brunnée, J., Doelle, M. and Rajamani, L., eds., Promoting Compliance in an Evolving Climate Regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 77101.Google Scholar
Lenton, T. M., et al. (2008). Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system. PNAS, 105(6),1786–93.Google Scholar
Lesnikowski, A., et al. (2017). What does the Paris Agreement mean for adaptation? Climate Policy, 17(7),825–31.Google Scholar
Levin, K., Cashore, B., Bernstein, S., and Auld, G. (2012). Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems. Policy Sciences, 45(2),123–52.Google Scholar
Lin, J. (2018). Governing Climate Change: Global Cities and Transnational Lawmaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Livingstone, D. (2016). The G7 climate mandate and tragedy of horizons. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [online]. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CP_263_Livingston_G7_Final.pdf/.Google Scholar
Magnan, A. K., and Ribera, T. (2016). Global adaptation after Paris. Science, 352(6291),1280–2.Google Scholar
Manguiat, M. S., and Raine, A. (2018). Strengthening national legal frameworks to implement the Paris Agreement. Carbon & Climate Law Review, 12(1),1522.Google Scholar
Marx, A., and Wouters, J. (2015). Competition and cooperation in the market of voluntary sustainability standards. In Delimatsis, P., ed., The Law, Economics and Politics of International Standardisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 215–41.Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, J. P., and Gupta, J. (2016). The science and politics of co-benefits in climate policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 57, 2230.Google Scholar
McLeod, M. (2010). Private governance and climate change: institutional investors and emerging investor-driven governance mechanisms. St Antony’s International Review, 5(2),4665.Google Scholar
Mechler, R., et al. (2019). Science for loss and damage: findings and propositions. In Mechler, R. et al., eds., Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options. Cham: Springer, 337.Google Scholar
Merrill, L., and Funke, F. (2019). All change and no change: G20 commitment on fossil fuel subsidy reform, ten years on. SDG Knowledge Hub [online]. 3 October 2019. https://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/guest-articles/all-change-and-no-change-g20-commitment-on-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-ten-years-on/.Google Scholar
Mert, A. (2015). Public–private partnerships. In Pattberg, P. H. and Zelli, F., eds., Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Governance and Politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 289294.Google Scholar
Michaelowa, K., and Michaelowa, A. (2017). Transnational climate governance initiatives: designed for effective climate change mitigation? International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 43(1),129–55.Google Scholar
Minx, J. C., et al. (2017). Learning about climate change solutions in the IPCC and beyond. Environmental Science & Policy, 77, 252–9.Google Scholar
Najam, A., Papa, M., and Taiyab, N. (2006). Global Environmental Governance: A Reform Agenda. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development [online]. www.iisd.org/pdf/2006/geg.pdf.Google Scholar
NAZCA (n.d.). Global Climate Action portal [online]. https://climateaction.unfccc.int/.Google Scholar
Norton, A. (2020). Coronavirus and climate change are two crises that need humanity to unite. Climate Home News [online]. 12 March 2020. www.climatechangenews.com/2020/03/12/coronavirus-climate-change-two-crises-need-humanity-unite/.Google Scholar
Nyman, J., and Stainforth, T. (2018). Talanoa Dialogue: a new approach to global decision making or a rebranding of business as usual? [online]. Institute for European Environmental Policy. 4 July 2018. https://ieep.eu/news/talanoa-dialogue-a-new-approach-to-global-decision-making-or-a-rebranding-of-business-as-usual.Google Scholar
Obergassel, W. et al., (2019). Paris Agreement: Ship Moves out of the Drydock. An Assessment of COP-24 in Katowice. Wuppertal: Wuppertal Institute [online]. wupperinst.org/fa/redaktion/downloads/publications/COP-24-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Oberthür, S. (2011). The European Union’s performance in the international climate change regime. Journal of European Integration, 33(6),667–82.Google Scholar
Odionu, G. (2019). Striking the right balance: climate finance for developing countries. Oxford Business Law Blog [online]. Oxford: University of Oxford, Faculty of Law. 27 March 2019. www.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2019/03/striking-right-balance-climate-finance-developing-countries.Google Scholar
OECD (2019). Climate finance for developing countries reached USD 71 billion in 2017. 13 September 2019. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [online]. www.oecd.org/environment/climate-finance-for-developing-countries-reached-usd-71-billion-in-2017.htm.Google Scholar
Orr, S. K. (2016). Institutional control and climate change activism at COP 21 in Paris. Global Environmental Politics, 16(3),2330.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E., Burger, J., Field, C. B., Norgaard, R. B., and Policansky, D. (1999). Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science, 284 (5412), 278–82.Google Scholar
Paavola, J. (2012). Climate change: the ultimate tragedy of the Commons? In Cole, D. H. and Ostrom, E., eds., Property in Land and Other Resources. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 417–33.Google Scholar
Paavola, J. (2019). Climate as a commons. In Hudson, B., Rosenbloom, J. and Cole, D., eds., Routledge Handbook of the Study of the Commons. London: Routledge, 188–97.Google Scholar
Pattberg, P. (2010). Public–private partnerships in global climate governance. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(2),279–87.Google Scholar
Pattberg, P. (2017). The emergence of carbon disclosure: exploring the role of governance entrepreneurs. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 35(8),1437–55.Google Scholar
Pattberg, P., and Stripple, J. (2008). Beyond the public and private divide: remapping transnational climate governance in the 21st century. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 8(4),367–88.Google Scholar
Pattberg, P., and Widerberg, O. (2016). Transnational multistakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: Conditions for success. Ambio, 45(1),4251.Google Scholar
Pattberg, P., and Widerberg, O. (2017). The climate change regime. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia: Climate Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pegram, T. (2020). Coronavirus is a failure of global governance – now the world needs a radical transformation. The Conversation [online]. 5 May 2020. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-is-a-failure-of-global-governance-now-the-world-needs-a-radical-transformation-136535.Google Scholar
Persson, Å. (2019). Global adaptation governance: an emerging but contested domain. WIREs Climate Change, 10(4),118.Google Scholar
Persson, Å. , and Dzebo, A. (2019). Special issue: exploring global and transnational governance of climate change adaptation. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 19, 357–67.Google Scholar
Peters, G. B. (2005). The problem of policy problems. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 7(4),349–70.Google Scholar
Pickering, J., and Rübbelke, D. (2014). International cooperation on adaptation to climate change. In Markandya, A., Galarraga, I. and Sainz de Murieta, E., eds., Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Climate Change Adaptation. London: Routledge, 5675Google Scholar
Pielke, R. Jr., Prins, G., Rayner, S., and Sarewitz, D. (2007). Lifting the taboo on adaptation. Nature, 445, 597–98.Google Scholar
Rademaekers, K., et al. (2019). Study on Energy Prices, Costs and Subsidies and their Impact on Industry and Households. Trinomics/European Union.Google Scholar
Rajamani, L. (2016a). The 2015 Paris Agreement: interplay between hard, soft and non-obligations. Journal of Environmental Law, 28(2),337–58.Google Scholar
Rajamani, L. (2016b). Ambition and differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: interpretative possibilities and underlying politics. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 65(2),493514.Google Scholar
Rajamani, L., and Werksman, J. (2018). The legal character and operational relevance of the Paris Agreement’s temperature goal. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, A 376: 20160458.Google Scholar
Rajamani, L., and Brunnée, J. (2017). The legality of downgrading nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement: lessons from the US disengagement. Journal of Environmental Law, 29(3),537–51.Google Scholar
Raustiala, K., and Victor, D. G. (2004). The regime complex for plant genetic resources. International Organization, 58(2),277309.Google Scholar
Rayner, T., and Jordan, A. (2016). Climate change policy in the European Union. In Rayner, T. and Jordan, A. (eds.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 131.Google Scholar
Reynolds, J., and Wagner, G. (2018). Governance of highly decentralized nonstate actors: the case of solar geoengineering. Discussion Paper, Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center [online]. www.belfercenter.org/publication/governance-highly-decentralized-nonstate-actors-case-solar-geoengineering.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. T., Natson, S., Hoffmeister, V., et al. (2017). How will we pay for loss and damage? Ethics, Policy, and Environment, 20(2),208–26.Google Scholar
Roger, C. B. (2020). The Origins of Informality: Why the Legal Foundations of Global Governance are Shifting, and Why It Matters. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Savage, K., and Hope, M. (2019). Global climate coalition: documents show how a fossil fuel lobby group manipulated UN climate negotiations. Climate Liability News [online]. 25 April 2019. www.climateliabilitynews.org/2019/04/25/global-climate-coalition-gcc-un-climate-change-ipcc/.Google Scholar
Schinko, T., Mechler, R.ç and Hochrainer-Stigler, S. (2019). The risk and policy space for loss and damage: integrating notions of distributive and compensatory justice with comprehensive climate risk management. In Mechler, R. et al., eds., Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options. Cham: Springer, 83110.Google Scholar
Schipper, E. L. F. (2006). Conceptual history of adaptation in the UNFCCC process. RECIEL, 15(1),8292.Google Scholar
SDG Knowledge Platform (n.d.). Sustainable development Goal 17. Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) in the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) [online]. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg17.Google Scholar
Setzer, J.ç and Byrnes, R. (2019). Global trends in climate change litigation: 2019 snapshot. London: Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy [online]. July 2019. www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/GRI_Global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2019-snapshot-2.pdf.Google Scholar
Sharma, A. (2017). Precaution and post‐caution in the Paris Agreement: adaptation, loss and damage and finance. Climate Policy, 17(1),3347.Google Scholar
Shaw, C. (2017). The two degrees celsius limit. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate. Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Singh, N., Finnegan, J., and Levin, K. (2016). MRV 101: Understanding measurement, reporting, and verification of climate change mitigation. WRI Working Paper. Washington DC: World Resources Institute [online]. wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/MRV_101_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Skjærseth, J. B. (2017). The Commission’s shifting climate leadership: from emissions trading to energy union. In Wurzel, R. K. W., Connelly, J. and Liefferink, D., eds., The European Union in International Climate Politics: Still Taking a Lead? Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 3751.Google Scholar
Skovgaard, J. (2014). EU climate policy after the crisis. Environmental Politics, 23(1),117.Google Scholar
Slaughter, A.-M. (2015). The Paris Approach to global governance. Project Syndicate. [online]. 28 December 2015. www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/paris-agreement-model-for-global-governance-by-anne-marie-slaughter-2015–12.Google Scholar
Smeds, E., and Acuto, M. (2018). Networking cities after Paris: weighing the ambition of urban climate change experimentation. Global Policy, 9(4),549–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. J., and Tanveer, A. M. (2018). Globalization’s vehicle: the evolution and future of emission regulation in the ICAO and IMO in comparative assessment. Climate Law, 8(1–2),70103.Google Scholar
Snowden, D. J., and Boone, M. E. (2007). A leader’s framework for decision making. Harvard Business Review, 19.Google Scholar
Sørensen, E., and Torfing, J. (2009). Managing governance networks effective and democratic through metagovernance. Public Administration, 87(2),234–58.Google Scholar
SRU (n.d.). Mission. German Advisory Council on the Environment (SRU). Online: www.umweltrat.de/EN/council/council_node.html.Google Scholar
Stern, N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Streck, C., von Unger, M., and Krämer, N. (2019). From Paris to Katowice: COP-24 tackles the Paris Rulebook. Journal for European Environmental Planning Law, 16, 165190.Google Scholar
Tamma, P., Schaart, E., and Gurzu, A. (2019). Europe’s Green Deal plan unveiled. Politico [online]. 12 December 2019. www.politico.eu/article/the-commissions-green-deal-plan-unveiled/.Google Scholar
Taylor, M., and Watts, J. (2019). Revealed: the 20 firms behind a third of all carbon emissions. The Guardian [online]. 9 October 2019. www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/09/revealed-20-firms-third-carbon-emissions.Google Scholar
Terman, R., and Voeten, E. (2018). The relational politics of shame: evidence from the universal periodic review. Review of International Organizations, 13(1),123.Google Scholar
Thatcher, M., and Coen, D. (2008). Reshaping European regulatory space: an evolutionary analysis. West European Politics, 31(4),806–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Climate Group (2018). Leading states and regions decarbonizing at double the rate of G20 governments [online]. www.theclimategroup.org/news/leading-states-and-regions-decarbonizing-double-rate-g20-governments.Google Scholar
The Economist (2015). The Cost of Inaction: Recognising the Value at Risk from Climate Change. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit [online]. https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/sites/default/files/The%20cost%20of%20inaction_0.pdf.Google Scholar
The White House (2014). U.S.–China Joint Announcement on Climate Change [online]. 11 November 2014. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/11/us-china-joint-announcement-climate-change.Google Scholar
Thornton, T. F., and Comberti, C. (2017). Synergies and trade-offs between adaptation, mitigation and development. Climatic Change, 140(1),518.Google Scholar
Timmons, R. J. (2011). Multipolarity and the new world (dis)order: US hegemonic decline and the fragmentation of the global climate regime. Global Environmental Change, 21(3),776–84.Google Scholar
Timperley, J. (2019). COP-25: What was achieved and where to next? Climate Home News [online]. 16 December 2019. www.climatechangenews.com/2019/12/16/cop25-achieved-next/.Google Scholar
Torny, D. (2017). If at first you don’t succeed: the development of climate change legislation in Ireland. Irish Political Studies, 32(2),247–67.Google Scholar
UK Government (2008). Climate Change Act 2008 [online]. www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents.Google Scholar
Umbers, L. M., and Moss, J. (2019). The climate duties of sub-national political communities. Political Studies, 117.Google Scholar
United Nations (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. FCCC/INFORMAL/84 [online]. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations (2012). The future we want. Outcome document of the United Nations conference on sustainable development. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20–22 June 2012 [online]. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations (2015). COP21: UN chief hails new climate change agreement as ‘monumental triumph’. UN News [online]. 12 December 2015. https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/12/517982-cop21-un-chief-hails-new-climate-change-agreement-monumental-triumph.Google Scholar
United Nations (2020). UN tackles ‘infodemic’ of misinformation and cybercrime in COVID-19 crisis. United Nations Department of Global Communications [online]. 31 March 2020. www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/un-tackling-%E2%80%98infodemic%E2%80%99-misinformation-and-cybercrime-covid-19.Google Scholar
UN DESA (2019). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division [online]. https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
UN News (2014). Climate Summit: ‘All hands on deck’ declares Ban, calling for leadership, concrete action [online]. 23 September 2014. https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/09/478172-climate-summit-all-hands-deck-declares-ban-calling-leadership-concrete-action.Google Scholar
UNEP (2012). United Nations Environment Programme upgraded to universal membership following Rio+20 Summit. Press Release. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme [online]. 21 December 2012. www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/united-nations-environment-programme-upgraded-universal-membership.Google Scholar
UNEP (2018). Emissions Gap Report 2018. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme [online]. wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27114/AGR_2018.pdf/.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (1998). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/kpeng.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2008). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007. Addendum. FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2007/cop13/eng/06a01.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2015). The Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2016). Decision 1/CP.21. Adoption of the Paris Agreement. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add. 29 January 2016. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf#page=2.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2018). Talanoa Call for Action. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Talanoa%20Call%20for%20Action.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2019a). Statement by the UN Secretary-General António Guterres on the outcome of COP25 [online]. 15 December 2019. https://unfccc.int/news/statement-by-the-un-secretary-general-antonio-guterres-on-the-outcome-of-cop25.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2019b). Fact Sheet. The UNFCCC Programme Budget 2020–21. United Nations Climate Change Secretariat. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Budget-2020–2021-fact-sheet.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2019c). Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on the third part of its first session, held in Katowice from 2 to 15 December 2018. 19 March 2019. FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2018_3_add2_new_advance.pdf#page=18.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2020). Open Letter by the Executive Secretary on COVID-19. United Nations Climate Change [online]. 23 April 2020. https://unfccc.int/news/open-letter-by-the-executive-secretary-on-covid-19.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (n.d.a). Regional Centres and Networks. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/bodies/constituted-bodies/adaptation-committee-ac/areas-of-work/regional-centres-and-networks#eq-5.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (n.d.b).What is transparency and reporting? United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/the-big-picture/what-is-transparency-and-reporting.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (n.d.c). Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/climate-action/marrakech-partnership-for-global-climate-action.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (n.d.d). Marrakech Partnership at COP-23. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. https://unfccc.int/climate-action/marrakech-partnership/events/marrakech-partnership-at-cop23.Google Scholar
UNFCCC Clearinghouse (n.d.). Fiji Clearing House for Risk Transfer. Homepage. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [online]. http://unfccc-clearinghouse.org/.Google Scholar
UNGA (1988). Resolution 43/53: Protection of global climate for present and future generations of mankind. A/RES/43/53, 6 December 1988. United Nations General Assembly [online]. www.un.org/documents/ga/res/43/a43r053.htm.Google Scholar
UN Secretary General (2020). Secretary-General’s Nelson Mandela lecture: ‘tackling the inequality pandemic: a new social contract for a new Era’ [as delivered]. 18 July 2020 [online]. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2020–07-18/secretary-generals-nelson-mandela-lecture-%E2%80%9Ctackling-the-inequality-pandemic-new-social-contract-for-new-era%E2%80%9D-delivered.Google Scholar
US Department of State (2019). On the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. Michael R. Pompeo, Secretary of State. 4 November 2019 [online]. www.state.gov/on-the-u-s-withdrawal-from-the-paris-agreement/.Google Scholar
Vabulas, F. (2019). The importance of informal intergovernmental organizations: a typology of transnational administration without independent secretariats. In Stone, D. and Moloney, K., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Global Policy and Transnational Administration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 401–18.Google Scholar
Vabulas, F., and Snidal, D. (2013). Organization without delegation: informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs) and the spectrum of intergovernmental arrangements. The Review of International Organizations, 8(2),193220.Google Scholar
Van Asselt, H. (2007). Dealing with the Fragmentation of Global Climate Governance. Legal and Political Approaches in Interplay Management Management. Global Governance Working Paper, No. 30, May 2007. The Global Governance Project [online]. www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/C08-0093-Asselt-Dealing.pdf.Google Scholar
Van Asselt, H. (2011). Legal and political approaches in interplay management: dealing with the fragmentation of global climate governance. In Oberthür, S. and Stokke, O. S., eds., Managing Institutional Complexity: Regime Interplay and Global Environmental Change. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 5986.Google Scholar
Van Asselt, H. (2014). Alongside the UNFCCC: Complementary Venues for Climate Action. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) [online]. www.c2es.org/site/assets/uploads/2014/05/alongside-unfccc-complementary-venues-climate-action.pdf.Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, J., Patterson, J., Juhola, S., and Wolfram, M. (2018). Special section: advancing the role of cities in climate governance – promise, limits, politics. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(3),365–73.Google Scholar
Van der Lugt, C., and Dingwerth, K. (2015). Governing where focality is low: UNEP and the Principles for Responsible Investment. In Abbott, K., Genschel, P., Snidal, D. and Zangl, B., eds., International Organizations as Orchestrators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 237–61.Google Scholar
Vandenbergh, M. P., and Gilligan, J. M. (2017). Beyond Politics: The Private Governance Response to Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vanhala, L., and Hestbaek, C. (2016). Framing climate change loss and damage in UNFCCC negotiations. Global Environmental Politics, 16(4),111–29.Google Scholar
Van Schaik, L., and Schunz, S. (2012). Explaining EU activism and impact in global climate politics: is the union a norm- or interest-driven actor? Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(1),169–86.Google Scholar
Verkuijl, C., and van Asselt, H. (2019). Paris rules? Environmental Policy and Law, 49(1),1119.Google Scholar
Victor, D. (2009). Plan B for Copenhagen. Nature, 461(7262),342–4.Google Scholar
Victor, D. G., Geels, F. W., and Sharpe, S. (2019). Accelerating the low carbon transition: The case for stronger, more targeted and coordinated international action. Brookings [online]. www.energy-transitions.org/sites/default/files/Accelerating-The-Transitions_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Vidal, J. (2010). Copenhagen climate failure blamed on ‘Danish text’. The Guardian [online]. 31 May 2010. www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/31/climate-change-copenhagen-danish-text.Google Scholar
Vogler, J. (2018). Energy, climate change, and global governance: the 2015 Paris Agreement in perspective. In Davidson, D. J. and Gross, M., eds., Oxford Handbook of Energy and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Voigt, C., and Ferreira, F. (2016). Differentiation in the Paris Agreement. Climate Law, 6(1–2),5874.Google Scholar
Von Bassewitz, N. (2013). International climate change policy: where do we Stand? In Ruppel, O. C., Roschmann, C. and Ruppel-Schlichting, K., eds., Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance: Volume II: Policy, Diplomacy and Governance in a Changing Environment. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 101–70.Google Scholar
Voosen, P. (2009). Creative accounting will help E.U. meet Kyoto targets. New York Times [online]. 13 November 2009. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/11/13/13greenwire-creative-accounting-will-help-eu-meet-kyoto-cl-27564.html?pagewanted=all.Google Scholar
Waldman, S. (2019). Climate preparation report released by panel previously disbanded by Trump. Climate Wire [online]. 4 April 2019. www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-preparation-report-released-by-panel-previously-disbanded-by-trump/.Google Scholar
Watts, J., and Doherty, B. (2018). US and Russia ally with Saudi Arabia to water down climate pledge. The Guardian [online]. 9 December 2018. www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/09/us-russia-ally-saudi-arabia-water-down-climate-pledges-un.Google Scholar
Watts, J. (2019). US and Saudi Arabia blocking regulation of geoengineering, sources say. The Guardian [online]. 18 March 2019. www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/18/us-and-saudi-arabia-blocking-regulation-of-geoengineering-sources-say.Google Scholar
Weart, S. R. (2008). The Discovery of Global Warming. Revised and Expanded Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Weaver, S., Lötjönen, S., and Ollikainen, M. (2019). Overview of National Climate Change Advisory Councils. The Finnish Climate Change Panel, Report 3/2019 [online]. www.ilmastopaneeli.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Overview-of-national-CCCs.pdf.Google Scholar
Wei, D. (2016). Linking non-state action with the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. Arlington, VA: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) [online]. www.c2es.org/site/assets/uploads/2016/10/linking-nonstate-action-unfccc.pdf.Google Scholar
Widerberg, O. (2016). Mapping institutional complexity in the Anthropocene: a network approach. In Pattberg, P. and Zelli, F., eds., Environmental Politics and Governance in the Anthropocene: Institutions and Legitimacy in a Complex World. London, UK: Routledge, 81102.Google Scholar
Widerberg, O. E., Pattberg, P. H., and Kristensen, K. E. G. (2016). Mapping the Institutional Architecture of Global Climate Change Governance V.2. Institute for Environmental Studies/IVM.Google Scholar
Willsher, K., Borger, J., and Holmes, O. (2020). US accused of ‘modern piracy’ after diversion of masks meant for Europe. The Guardian [online]. 4 April 2020. www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/mask-wars-coronavirus-outbidding-demand.Google Scholar
Wirth, D. A. (2015). The Eenvironment. In Cogan, J., Hurd, I. and Johnstone, I., eds., Oxford Handbook of International Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 425–46.Google Scholar
Wurzel, R. K. W., Liefferink, D., and Di Lullo, M. (2019). The European Council, the Council and the Member States: changing environmental leadership dynamics in the European Union. Environmental Politics, 28(2),248270.Google Scholar
Yamin, F., and Depledge, J. (2004). The International Climate Change Regime: A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yeo, S. (2013). Australia Climate Commission starts fightback against Abbott cuts. Climate Home News [online]. 24 September 2013. www.climatechangenews.com/2013/09/24/climate-commission-fights-back-as-abbotts-onslaught-gets-underway/.Google Scholar
Young, O. R. (2008). The architecture of global environmental governance: bringing science to bear on policy. Global Environmental Politics, 8(1),1432.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.-X., Chao, Q.-C., Zheng, Q.-H., and Huang, L. (2017). The withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement and its impact on global climate change governance. Advances in Climate Change Research, 8(4),213–19.Google Scholar
Zito, A. R., Burns, C., and Lenschow, A. (2019). Is the trajectory of European Union environmental policy less certain? Environmental Politics, 28(2),187207.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Global Climate Governance
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Global Climate Governance
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Global Climate Governance
Available formats
×