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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2023

James Gallen
James Gallen
Affiliation:
Dublin City University

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Type
Chapter
Information
Transitional Justice and the Historical Abuses of Church and State , pp. 365 - 384
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Index

Abolitionism, 31–32
Accatoli, Luigi, 242
Accountability, reconciliation distinguished, 249
Adoption. See Forced child removal and adoption
Affect, emotions compared, 107–108
Agamben, Giorgio, 126–127
Agency, 84–86
apologies and, 224
authority and, 85
economic resources and, 86
emotions and, 111–114
apologies and, 114
as cause of historical abuses, 111
generally, 110
inquiries and, 113
law and, 113
reconciliation and, 114
reparations and, 113–114
transitional justice and, 112–113
victim-survivors and, 111–112
generally, 19, 82–83
inquiries and, 137
litigation and, 166–168
aggressive defence against, 167–168
fair trial concerns, 166
unincorporated associations, difficulty in suing, 166–167
reconciliation and, 249–250
reparations and, 204–208
restitution and, 197
settler colonialism and, 84–85
shame and, 123–124
violence and, 84–85
Ahern, Bertie, 240
Ahmed, Sara, 126, 129, 229–230, 237–238
Alexander, Jeffrey, 89
Alexander, Michelle, 31–33, 63
Alfred, Taiaike, 130–131, 254–255
Allen, Amy, 287
Altman, Jon, 178
Anderson, Ben, 111
Anghie, Anthony, 166
Ani, Marimba, 29
Apologies. See also specific country
agency and, 224
Catholic Church and, 242, 244–246
churches and religious orders and
generally, 226, 228, 242–246
in Australia, 243
in Canada, 242–243
in Ireland, 242, 244–245
in Northern Ireland, 242
in Scotland, 242
in UK, 245–246
in US, 243
elements of, 224
emotions and, 114, 118–119, 229–230
epistemic injustice and, 226–227
generally, 21, 223, 277
limitations of, 247, 278–279
list of, 309
moral recognition and, 227
national and religious myth and, 227–228
ontological power and, 227–229
“re-covenanting,” 227
re-traumatisation, risk of, 280
settler colonialism and, 228
shame and, 229–230, 237–238
structure and, 225–226
victim-survivor participation in, 277
Arnstein, Sherry R., 101
Arthur, Paige, 11
Ashforth, Adam, 139
Australia
Aboriginal People
disproportionate level of harm among, 66–67
education and, 265
forced child removal and adoption and, 43, 52, 179–180
Indigenous Advisory Council, 142–143
reconciliation and, 258–266
reparations and, 216
shame and, 127–128
sovereignty versus nation-building, 264–265
theft of land and, 49–50, 177–178
violence against, 42–43
Aborigines Protection Act 1909, 52
Aborigines Protection Board, 179
apologies in, 234–238
Bringing Them Home Inquiry, 235
child sexual abuse and, 237
churches and religious orders, 243
forced child removal and adoption and, 237
Forgotten Australians Inquiry, 236
generally, 247
list of, 309
shame and, 237–238
Stolen Generations and, 235–236
Bringing Them Home Inquiry, 43, 141–144, 146–147, 153–154, 162, 179, 235, 243, 263, 280
child sexual abuse in, 46, 176–177, 201, 237
colonialism in, 28
Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, 262–263
Empire Settlement Act 1922, 52
Find and Connect Support Services, 208
Forced Adoption Report, 157
forced child removal and adoption in, 43, 52, 179–180, 237
Forde Inquiry, 150
Forgotten Australians Inquiry, 146–147, 159–160, 208, 236, 247, 280
genocide in, 42–43, 178–179
inquiries in
commissioners, 142–143
findings, 153–154, 157
generally, 136
list of, 309
public hearings, 150
recommendations, 159–160
statement taking, 146–147
voice and advocacy, 141
litigation in, 176–180
Catholic Church, against, 167
child sexual abuse, 176–177
forced child removal and adoption, 179–180
genocide, 178–179
human rights law and, 180
limitation of actions, 168
theft of land, 177–178
Lost Innocents Inquiry, 146–147, 157, 159–160, 280
Mabo decision, 177–178, 263, 278
Magdalene Laundries in, 38
maternity homes in, 40–41, 122
‘mateship’ myth, 99
national and religious myth in, 98–99, 127–128, 157, 217
National Redress Scheme, 160, 201, 205, 209–210, 217
National Sorry Day, 263
Native Title Act 1993, 178, 263
Native Title Amendment Act 1998, 178
Native Title Tribunal, 178
present-day consequences of historical structural injustice in, 69
reconciliation in, 258–266
Aboriginal People and, 258–266
generally, 21
‘practical reconciliation’ 263–264
sovereignty versus nation-building, 264–265
reparations in
agency and, 205, 207–208
generally, 201
list of, 306–308
national and religious myth and, 217
ontological power and, 216
structure and, 209–211
residential schools in, 36
restorative justice in, 271
Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 157, 160, 262
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (RCIRCSA), 136, 141–144, 146–147, 150, 157, 160, 162, 168, 176–177, 201, 205, 237, 280
selection for study, 19–20
settler colonialism and, 16, 28
shame in, 122, 127–128
Sorry Book Campaign, 263
sovereignty versus nation-building in, 264–265
Stolen Generations, 52, 177, 179, 201, 209, 235–236, 243, 263
terra nullius myth, 98–99, 177
theft of land in, 49–50, 177–178
transitional justice generally, 11
truth and reconciliation commissions generally, 136
unpaid labour in, 50
Victoria Child Abuse Inquiry, 144
Bachrach, Peter, 86
Bakiner, Onur, 139
Balboni, Jennifer, 207
Balint, Jennifer, 12, 69, 74, 76, 88, 104, 139, 186, 279, 285–286
Bandes, Susan, 109
Baratz, Morton S., 86
Barnes, Jane, 34–35
Barthes, Roland, 95
Bavales, Janet, 242–243
Beaulac, Stephane, 26
Beausoleil, Emily, 64, 78
Behrendt, Larissa, 43, 264
Bell, Macalester, 112
Benedict XVI (Pope), 242
Benjamin, Walter, 88–89
Benvenuto, Jeff, 154
Berenstain, Nora, 91
Berg, Manfred, 189
Bishop, Donna, 207
Blackhawk, Maggie, 191–193
Blair, Tony, 238
Blatz, Craig W., 224
Bloomfield, David, 250, 253
Borrows, John, 182–183, 278
Bouchard, Gérard, 95, 97, 116
Brady, Seán, 244
Brennan, Carol, 148
Brock, Rita Nakashima, 27
Brophy, Alfred, 200–215
Brown, Gordon, 239
Buckley, Sarah-Anne, 36
Buti, Antonio, 179, 257–258
Byrnes, Timothy A., 171
Cafardi, Nicholas, 171
Calhoun, Cheshire, 125
Canada
apologies in, 232–234
churches and religious orders, 242–243
First Nations and, 232–234
generally, 247
list of, 309
not deemed acceptance of liability, 225
residential schools and, 232–234
TRC and, 233
‘benevolent peacemaker’ myth, 98
Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB), 46, 181
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, 183
child sexual abuse in, 45–46, 180–181
colonialism in, 28
Committee for Responsible Ministry and the Protection of Minors and Vulnerable Adults, 181
Common Expense Payment (CEP), 204–212
Constitution, 181–183
Constitution Act 1867, 49
Constitution Act 1982, 184
Doctrine of Discovery and, 260
First Nations
apologies and, 232–234
disproportionate level of harm among, 66–67
maternity homes, 39–40
national and religious myth and, 98
Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework, 260–262
reconciliation and, 257–262
residential schools, 36–37, 43, 45–46, 180–181
‘Sixties Scoop’, 40, 180–181, 202
theft of land and, 49, 181–183
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, 259
violence against, 43
forced child removal and adoption in, 52–53
genocide in, 43
Independent Assessment Process, 212
Indian Act 1876, 49, 183
Indian Act 1894, 37
Indian Residential Schools Settlement (IRSSA), 160, 180, 200, 202, 204–205, 209–211, 220
inquiries in
commissioners, 143
findings, 154–157
generally, 136
list of, 309
public hearings, 150
recommendations, 160–161
role of alleged perpetrators, 151
specific forms of abuse, 145
statement taking, 147–148
TRC and, 162
voice and advocacy, 141
litigation in, 180–184
Catholic Church, against, 167
child sexual abuse, 181
human rights law, 183–184
limitation of actions, 168
residential schools, 180–181
Magdalene Laundries in, 38
maternity homes in, 39–40
Métis National Council, 233
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) Inquiry, 141, 143–145, 150, 154–155, 161–162, 280
national and religious myth in, 98, 156–157, 217
National Indigenous People’s Day, 183
present-day consequences of historical-structural injustice in, 69
Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework, 260–262
reconciliation in, 257–262
First Nations and, 257–262
generally, 21
Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework, 260–262
TRC and, 258–260
reparations in
agency and, 204–205
epistemic injustice and, 212
generally, 202
list of, 306–308
national and religious myth and, 217
ontological power and, 214
structure and, 209–211
residential schools in, 36–37, 43, 45–46, 50, 141, 160, 180–181, 232–234
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), 157, 160
Royal Proclamation of 1763, 49, 181–182
selection for study, 19–20
settler colonialism and, 16, 28, 260
shame in, 128
Specific Claims Tribunal, 202
terra nullius myth, 156–157, 260
theft of land in, 49, 181–183
transitional justice generally, 11
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)
apologies and, 233
child sexual abuse and, 45–46, 180
on colonialism, 29–30
commissioners, 143
criticism of, 260
findings, 154, 156–157
First Nations and, 74
generally, 280
inquiries and, 162
potential of, 136
public hearings, 150
recommendations, 160–161
reconciliation and, 258–260
residential schools and, 49
role of alleged perpetrators, 151
specific forms of abuse, 145
statement taking, 147–148
temporal scope of, 143–144
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, 259
unpaid labour in, 50
Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 219–220
CARICOM Reparations Commission (CRC), 219–220
Carlson, Kirsten Matoy, 191
Carothers, Thomas, 10
Catholic Church
apologies and, 242, 244–246
canon law, 165, 171, 175–177, 181, 194
child sexual abuse and
in Australia, 201
in Canada, 45–46
canon law and, 175–177, 181
generally, 4
transitional justice and, 17
in UK, 185–186, 202
in US, 44, 141, 188
colonialism and, 28
Doctrine of Discovery and, 242
Ireland and, 99–100, 117, 122–123, 244–245
litigation against, 167
Memory and Reconciliation: The Church and the Faults of the Past, 270–272
reconciliation and, 270–272
reparations and, 201–202
residential schools and, 35–36
restorative justice and, 8, 271
selection for study, 19–20
shame and, 122–123, 128
slavery and, 30
UN and, 4
Celermajer, Danielle, 227, 236, 246, 270
Chakravarti, Sonali, 138–139, 158
Charlemagne, 25
Chartier, Clem, 233
Child sexual abuse
in Australia, 46, 176–177, 201, 237
in Canada, 45–46, 180–181
Catholic Church and (See Catholic Church)
Christianity, historical background of, 26
criminal litigation, 193
emotions and, 112
generally, 4
in Ireland, 16–17, 46, 144, 173–176
power, relation to, 84–85
psychological damage from, 56
shame and, 122
in UK, 46–47, 184–186, 202
UN and, 4
in US, 44, 141, 145, 188
victim-survivors, 56
Christianity. See also Churches and religious orders
abolitionism and, 31–32
apologies and, 242–246 (See also Apologies)
Catholic Church (See Catholic Church)
child sexual abuse and, 26
Christian nationalism, 22
colonialism and, 27–30 (See also Colonialism)
conversion and, 25
Crusades, 25–26
heresy and, 26
imperial nature of, 25
Inquisition, 26
national and religious myth, need for revision, 282–283
Protestant Reformation, 26–27
sexual violence and, 25
slavery and, 30–33 (See also Slavery)
transitional justice, applicability of, 17
unjust world and, 290
violence and, 24–27
witchcraft and, 26
women, violence against, 26
Churches and religious orders. See also Catholic Church; Christianity
apologies and, 242–246 (See also Apologies)
reconciliation and, 255, 267, 273
religion as cause of historical abuses, 155–156
shame, religious nature of, 123
spiritual abuse, 57
transitional justice and
applicability of, 15–17
resistance to, 277–278
Clark, Janine Natalya, 121
Clarke, Kamari Maxine, 117–118
Class actions, 168–169
Clegg, Stewart, 87
Clinton, Bill, 266–267
Coexistence, reconciliation distinguished, 249
Collaboration, 101–102
Collins, Patricia Hill, 44–45, 83
Colonialism, 27–30
in Australia, 28
in Canada, 28
Catholic Church and, 28
Christianity and, 27–30
institutionalisation compared, 34
justifications for, 18, 27–30
Kenya, litigation in UK regarding, 186–187
Malaysia, litigation in UK regarding, 187
national and religious myth and, 96–97
‘others’, Indigenous peoples as, 27–28
reconciliation and, 273
restorative justice and, 14–15
‘second wave’ of, 29
settler colonialism, 28–30 (See also Settler colonialism)
slavery compared, 30
Spanish colonialism compared, 28
in US, 28
Colton, Matthew, 149
Columbus, Christopher, 27
Committee on the Rights of the Child, 194
Cone, James, 45
Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, 22, 222
Connell, Desmond, 244
Constantine, 25
Conyers, John, 218–219
Corby, Brian, 35, 145, 149, 159
Corntassel, Jeff, 254–255
Coulthard, Glen, 258
Council of Elvira, 25
Cowen, Brian, 240
Craemer, Thomas, 219
Crean, Anne Marie, 206–207, 213
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 83, 172
Cristiani, Riccardo, 115
Critical legal studies (CLS), 172
Crocker, David, 249
Crowley, Una, 93
Crusades, 25–26
Cuneen, Christopher, 14–15
Curthoys, Ann, 177, 179
Cuthbert, Denise, 228, 236–237
Daly, Kathleen, 15, 201, 204, 208, 212, 214–215
Damages, 165
Danforth, Sandra, 219
D’Aoust, Anne-Marie, 107–108, 110
Davis, Angelique, 231
Davis, Juliet, 201
Decolonisation, 289
De Greiff, Pablo, 10, 66, 194, 228, 251–253, 279–280
De Groot, Joanna, 34
Deigh, John, 126
Derrida, Jacques, 228
Doctrine of Discovery, 27, 74, 156–157, 189, 242, 260
Dolezal, Luna, 109, 122, 124–126, 130
Douzinas, Costas, 89
Doyle, Thomas P., 44
Ducey, Kimberley, 59–60
Duff, April, 174
Dwyer, Susan, 250
Edmonds, Penelope, 251–252, 272–273
Edwards, Frank, 67
Elias, Norbert, 92–93, 126
Elster, Jon, 115, 124
Emotions
affect compared, 107–108
agency and, 111–114 (See also Agency)
apologies and, 114, 118–119, 229–230
child sexual abuse and, 112
epistemic injustice and, 110–111, 119–120
gender and, 107
generally, 19, 106, 131–132, 276–277
groups, attribution to, 108
historical-structural injustice, relation to, 18, 75–76, 78–79
inquiries and, 113
law, relation to, 108–109, 113
national and religious myth, relation to, 116–117
ontological power and, 111, 120–121
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and, 112, 114
power, relation to, 19, 109–111 (See also specific element of power)
rationality versus, 107
reconciliation and, 114, 118–119, 251–252
reparations and, 113–114
shame (See Shame)
structure and, 114–119 (See also Structure)
transitional justice, relation to, 78–79, 109
trauma and, 112, 114
universal versus socially constructed, 108
Enright, Máiréad, 69, 103, 125–127, 129–130, 148, 153, 207, 213
Epistemic injustice
apologies and, 226–227
emotions and, 110–111, 119–120
inquiries and, 138–139
law, relation to, 88–89
litigation and, 169–170
‘othering’ and, 89–90
reconciliation and, 250–252
reification and, 88–90
reparations and, 211–213
restitution and, 198
sacred versus profane, 89–90
settler colonialism and, 89
shame and, 125
testimonial injustice versus hermeneutical injustice, 90–91
Epistemic power, 19, 82–83, 85–91. See also Epistemic injustice
Eudaily, Seán, 172
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
Ireland and, 175, 280
UK and, 187
European Union, transitional justice and, 10
Evans, Matthew, 211
Existential reconciliation, 251–252
Extractive industries, 277
Faden, Ruth, 58–59, 63, 76–77, 89
Faulkner, Joanne, 98–99
Feagin, Joe, 59–60
Feldthusen, Bruce, 181
Ferguson, Harry, 37
Ferriter, Diarmuid, 93
Fischer, Clara, 127, 129
Fisher, Clara, 241
Flam, Helena, 115
Fontaine, Phil, 233
Forced child removal and adoption, 50–51
in Australia, 43, 52, 179–180, 237
in Canada, 52–53
in Ireland, 53
psychological damage from, 56–57
in UK, 50–51, 53, 239
in US, 51
victim-survivors, 56–57
Forgiveness, reconciliation distinguished, 249
Forman, James, 218
Formicola, Jo Renee, 167, 169, 188
Foster, Susan Leigh, 107
Foucault, Michel, 82–84, 87, 92–93, 109, 126
Fox, Fionna, 206–207, 213
Francis (Pope), 169, 194
Franklin, James, 38
Freud, Sigmund, 93
Fricker, Miranda, 90
Fundamental social change, 73–74
Funk-Unrau, Neil, 233
Gallay, Allan, 30–31
Galtung, Johan, 57–58
Garrett, Paul Michael, 156
Geisler, Charles, 48
Gellner, Ernest, 92
Gender. See also Women
emotions and, 107
historical-structural injustice and, 59–60
power, relation to, 93
reconciliation and, 255–256
Genocide, 41–43
in Australia, 42–43, 178–179
in Canada, 43
controversial application of term, 41–42
defined, 41
impact of, 56
resistance to accusations of, 43
settler colonialism and, 42
UN Convention on Genocide, 154–155, 178–179
in US, 42
Gibney, Mark, 247
Gildea, Robert, 96
Gillard, Julia, 237, 247
Gilligan, Carol, 281
Gilroy, Paul, 97
Gleeson, Kate, 136, 144, 147, 152–153, 256, 271
Glenn, Evelyn Nakano, 48
Gooder, Haydie, 235
Goodwin, Jeff, 108
Gould, Debbie, 115
Gover, Kevin, 230
Govier, Trudy, 229
Gready, Paul, 13, 102
Greer, Chris, 138
Gregory IX (Pope), 26
Guenther, Lisa, 126
Guilmette, Lauren, 110
Guilt, shame versus, 121, 130
Hamber, Brandon, 102, 108, 142, 149, 151, 221
Harper, Stephen, 232–234
Haugaard, Mark, 19, 81–84, 87, 93
Hayward, Clarissa, 86–87, 94
Head, Naomi, 116, 118–120
Heaney, Jonathan, 109–110, 115, 117
Henderson, Jennifer, 234, 257
Henry, Nicola, 264–265, 277–285
Historical abuses
consistent inter-generational pattern of violence, 5–6
defined, 3–4
distinctive response, necessity of, 4
inability to undo harms, 7
national and religious myth as cause of, 155
new justice paradigm, necessity of, 5, 21–22
race as cause of, 155
religion as cause of, 155–156
similarity of responses to, 4–5
transitional justice as necessary but inadequate, 6, 21–22
unrepentant justice and, 6
Historical-structural injustice
burden of, 70–71
defined, 57–58
denial of need to address, 76, 281
emotions, relation to, 18, 75–76, 78–79
environmental structures, 58
gender and, 59–60
generally, 18, 55, 79–80, 276
integrated approaches, 63–64
law, role of in addressing, 63–64, 288
long-term structures, 65–66
national and religious myth, need for revision to address, 281–283
paradigmatic structures, 59–60
power, relation to, 18, 75–77
present-day consequences of, addressing, 68–70
race and, 59–60
reification and, 76
responsibility for, 60–61, 63, 71–72
role of, 61–63
rule-based structures, 58–59
scepticism regarding, 64–65
settler colonialism and, 59
transitional justice and
assigning responsibility and, 71–72
as framework for addressing, 284
generally, 15–16
new national and religious identity and, 74
potential contribution of, 74
social change and, 73–74, 76
strengthening authority, danger of, 72–73
victim-survivor participation and, 74–75
typology of structures, 58–59
welfare and, 59
white supremacy and, 59
women and, 59
Hixson, Walter, 47, 95
Hoggett, Paul, 107, 118
Holder, Cindy, 227–228, 233–234
Holocaust, 22, 222
Honneth, Axel, 287
Howard, John, 235, 263–264
Howe, David, 159
Howe, Renate, 40–41, 122
Human rights law
in Australia, 180
in Canada, 183–184
in Ireland, 174–175
litigation and, 165–166, 194–195
Hume, David, 107
‘Ideal’ human, 5–6
Ifill, Sherrilyn, 45, 144, 267
Indigenous peoples. See also specific country
disproportionate level of harm among, 66–67
national and religious myth, need for revision, 282
as ‘others’, 27–28
reconciliation and, 253–255
reparations and, 215–216
restorative justice and, 8, 14–15
slavery and, 30–31
theft of land and, 47–50
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 183–184, 259
as victim-survivors, 56
Inglis, Tom, 117
Inquiries. See also specific country
defined, 135
emotions and, 113
generally, 20, 135–137, 161–163, 277
historical background, 135
informal or non-statutory inquiries, 136
input measures
abuses not investigated, 145
commissioners, 142–143
generally, 139–140
historical and contemporary abuses, 144
mandates, 143–145
powers, 145–146
specific forms of abuse, 144–145
sub-national level, 144
voice and advocacy, 140–142
limitations of, 278
list of, 291
national and religious myth and, 139
outcomes
causes of historical abuses, 155–156
findings, 151–158
generally, 139–140
national and religious myth, relation to historical abuses, 156–158
national and religious myth cause of historical abuses, 155
race as cause of historical abuses, 155
recommendations, 158–161
religion as cause of historical abuses, 155–156
processes
generally, 139–140
public hearings, 150
role of alleged perpetrators, 151
statement taking, 146–150
re-traumatisation, risk of, 280
victim-survivors and
participation by, 277
statement taking, 146–150
voice and advocacy, 140–142
Inquisition, 26
Institutionalisation
colonialism compared, 34
justifications for, 34
Magdalene Laundries, 37–38 (See also Magdalene Laundries)
maternity homes, 39–41 (See also Maternity homes)
poor houses, 33–34
psychological damage from, 57
residential schools, 34–37 (See also Residential schools)
victim-survivors, 57
of women, 34
workhouses, 33–34
Interactional reconciliation, 249–250
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 183
International Criminal Court (ICC), 188
Intersectionality, 83–84
Ireland
Adoption Act 1952, 53
apologies in, 240–241
churches and religious orders, 242, 244–245
generally, 247
list of, 309
Magdalene Laundries and, 240–241
maternity homes and, 241
residential schools and, 240
Catholic Church and, 99–100, 117, 122–123, 244–245
child sexual abuse in, 16–17, 46, 144, 173–176
Christian Brothers, 244
Clann Report, 140–141, 149
Cloyne Report, 176–188
Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes, 40, 64, 136, 138–158, 162
Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority (CICA), 142, 144–146, 152, 158, 162, 173, 200–201, 206
epistemic injustice in, 103
forced child removal and adoption in, 53
‘gag orders’ in, 269
Industrial Schools Act 1868, 35
inquiries in
commissioners, 142
findings, 152–153
generally, 136
list of, 291
public hearings, 150
recommendations, 138–158
specific forms of abuse, 144–145
statement taking, 148–149
sub-national level, 144
voice and advocacy, 140
Justice for Magdalenes, 140–141
litigation in, 173–176
Catholic Church, against, 167
child sexual abuse, 173–176
ECHR and, 175, 280
human rights law and, 174–175
limitation of actions, 168
UN Committee against Torture and, 174–175
victim-survivors, difficulties faced by, 174
Magdalene Laundries in, 38, 140–141, 144–145, 158, 162, 240–241, 244–245
Magdalene Restorative Justice Scheme, 201, 206, 208–210, 213–214
maternity homes in, 40, 64, 140–142, 149, 201, 241, 245
McAleese Inquiry, 144–145, 148, 158, 162, 201, 244–245
Murphy Report, 173, 175–176, 244
national and religious myth in, 99–100, 117, 216–217
Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838, 34
present-day consequences of historical-structural injustice in, 69
reconciliation in, 21, 268–269
“regime change” and, 16–17
reparations in
agency and, 206–207
epistemic injustice and, 212–213
generally, 200–201, 203, 208
list of, 306–308
maternity homes and, 201
national and religious myth and, 216–217
ontological power and, 214
scepticism regarding, 64
structure and, 209–211
Residential Institutions Redress Board (RIRB), 200–201, 203, 206–208, 211, 220
residential schools in, 35–36, 240
Ryan Commission, 150, 240, 244, 269
selection for study, 19–20
shame in, 122–123, 127
Sisters of Mercy, 244–245
state-building in, 127
transitional justice generally, 11, 16–17
truth and reconciliation commissions generally, 136
Jacobs, Jane, 235
Jaeggi, Rahel, 287
James, Matt, 146, 160–161, 232–233
John Paul II (Pope), 242
Johnson, Lyndon B., 161
Johnson, Miranda, 252
Jordan, Emma Coleman, 190
Joshi, Yuvraj, 190
Jubilee, 290
Jugov, Tamara, 90–91
Jung, Courtney, 254, 261
Kapur, Ratna, 104
Katznelson, Ira, 32
Kaufman, Fred, 204
Kearney, Richard, 288–289
Keating, Paul, 263
Kenny, Edna, 176–188, 240–241
Kenya, litigation in UK regarding colonialism in, 186–187
Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffrey, 218
Keynes, Matilda, 262
Kitchin, Rob, 93
Kizuk, Sarah, 121, 128–129
Koggel, Christine M., 147, 161
Koselleck, Reinhart, 65
Koskenniemi, Martti, 28
Kumar, Krishan, 96
Kundera, Milan, 95
Kuokkanen, Rauna, 183
Kuris, Tuğçe, 231–232
Laffoy, Mary, 142
LaPlante, Lisa, 215
Law. See also Litigation
emotions, relation to, 108–109, 113
epistemic injustice, relation to, 88–89
historical-structural injustice, role in addressing, 63–64, 288
Lawrence, Bonita, 43
Lawrence, Stephen, 159
Lazare, Aaron, 224
Ledyaev, Valeri, 82
Lewinsky, Monica, 267
Lickel, Brian, 130
Lightfoot, Sheryl, 261–262
Limitation of actions, 168
Litigation. See also specific country
achievements of, 194
agency and, 166–168
aggressive defence against, 167–168
fair trial concerns, 166
unincorporated associations, difficulty in suing, 166–167
canon law and, 165, 171, 175–176
civil liability, 165
civil litigation, 193–194
class actions, 168–169
criminal litigation, 193
critical legal studies (CLS), 172
damages, 165
epistemic injustice and, 169–170
forms of, 164–165
generally, 20, 164, 172–173
human rights law and, 165–166, 194–195
limitation of actions, 168
limitations of, 278
negligence, 165, 171
ontological power and, 170–172
canon law, 171
critical legal studies (CLS) and, 172
negligence, 171
vicarious liability, 171–172
reparations and, 200
structure and, 168–169
class actions, 168–169
limitation of actions, 168
vicarious liability, 165, 171–172, 186
victim-survivors
difficulties faced by, 174, 185
participation by, 277
Lotem, Itay, 159, 245
Lovelace, Sandra, 183
Lu, Catherine, 58, 61, 75, 78, 210, 250, 256, 273, 281
Lukes, Steven, 86
Lundy, Patricia, 101–102, 142, 149, 151, 225
Luoma, Colin, 145, 154
Lynch, Gordon, 51–53, 239, 289
Lynching, 45
Lytton, Timothy, 170
MacDonald, David, 260
Mackey, Eva, 98
Macklin, Jennifer, 235
Macoun, Alissa, 282, 288
Maddison, Sarah, 60, 255, 263, 265
Magdalene Laundries, 37–38
in Australia, 38
in Canada, 38
in Ireland, 38, 140–141, 144–145, 158, 162, 240–241, 244–245
shame and, 123
in UK, 37–38, 50, 141–142
in US, 38
Mahood, Linda, 38
Malaysia, litigation in UK regarding colonialism in, 187
Malinen, Antti, 120–121
Mamdani, Mahmood, 171, 289
Mantouvalou, Virginia, 59
Maroney, Terry, 108–109
Marrus, Michael, 242
Martin, Diarmuid, 244
Martin, Michael, 241
Maternity homes, 39–41
in Australia, 40–41, 122
in Canada, 39–40
in Ireland, 40, 64, 140–142, 149, 201, 241, 245
in UK, 39
in US, 39
Matsunaga, Jennifer, 204–212
Mazumder, Bhashkar, 68
McAlinden, Anne-Marie, 16–17, 112, 122–124, 224, 226, 229, 240, 244–245
McAulliffe, Pádraig, 13, 17, 100–101, 278
McConnell, Mitch, 64
McGettrick, Claire, 209, 214
McGovern, Mark, 101
McGregor, Caroline, 36
McKeown, Maeve, 60
McLachlan, Alice, 226, 229
McLaughlin, Eugene, 138
McMillan, Mark, 262, 264
McWhorter, Ladelle, 93
Meister, Robert, 290
Mercer, John, 187
Mihai, Mihaela, 115–116, 121, 229, 238
Miller, Zinaida, 64–65, 69, 79
Milotte, Mike, 53
Mills, Charles, 91
Minow, Martha, 225–226
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, 83
Moon, Claire, 198
Moral progress, 287–288
Moreton-Robinson, Aileen, 216
Morgensen, Scott, 93
Morrison, Scott, 237, 243
Moses, A Dirk, 236
Mother and baby homes. See Maternity homes
Mouffe, Chantel, 256
Muldoon, Paul, 256
Mun, Cecelia, 125
Murdock, Esme, 16, 254–255
Murphy, Colleen, 15–16
Murray, Karen Bridget, 40
Myth. See National and religious myth
Nagy, Rosemary, 100, 184, 260–261
National and religious myth
apologies and, 227–228
in Australia, 98–99, 127–128, 157, 217
in Canada, 98, 156–157, 217
as cause of historical abuses, 155
colonialism and, 96–97
defined, 95
emotions, relation to, 116–117
epistemic injustice and, 95
generally, 19
inquiries and, 139
in Ireland, 99–100, 117, 216–217
need for revision
Christianity and, 282–283
historical-structural injustice, to address, 281–283
Indigenous peoples and, 282
Jubilee model, 290
negative aspects, incorporating, 289
unjust world, incorporating, 290
victim-survivors, incorporating, 289–290
ontological power and, 95
reification and, 95
reparations and, 216–220
settler colonialism and, 95–96
in UK, 96–97
in US, 97–98, 162, 192–193
violence, justifications for, 94–96, 100
Negligence, 165, 171
Nesiah, Vasuki, 77
Netherlands, restorative justice in, 271
Neuhäuser, Christian, 60–61, 63
New Zealand, restorative justice in, 271
Nicholas V (Pope), 30
Niezen, Ronald, 147, 151
Noll, Mark, 31–32
Novak, David, 246
Nussbaum, Martha, 116–117, 121–122
Nuti, Alasia, 59, 62–63, 65–66, 71
Obama, Barack, 231
O’Connor, Pam, 194
O’Donnell, Guillermo, 9–10
Ogden, Steve, 85, 89
O’Keeffe, Louise, 175
Ontological power, 92–94
apologies and, 227–229
biopower and, 92
civilising process and, 92–93, 126
emotions and, 111, 120–121
gender and, 93
generally, 19, 82–84
inquiries and, 139
litigation and, 170–172
canon law, 171
critical legal studies (CLS) and, 172
negligence, 171
vicarious liability, 171–172
national and religious myth and, 95
nationalism and, 92
race and, 93
reconciliation and, 251–252
reparations and, 214–216
restitution and, 198–199
settler colonialism and, 93
sex and, 93
shame and, 126–128
in Australia, 127–128
in Canada, 128
Catholic Church and, 128
chronic body shame, 126
civilising process and, 126
in Ireland, 127
state-building and, 126–127
transitional justice and, 103–104
Onwauchi-Willig, Angela, 189
Ordinary social change, 73
O’Sullivan, John, 97
Özsu, Umut, 155
Palmer, Jane, 265–266
Park, Augustine, 16, 279
Parker, Rebecca Ann, 27
Peace of Westphalia (1648), 26–27
Pembroke, Sinead, 148, 206, 212–213
Pennebaker, James W., 118
Pew Research Center, 68
Philpott, Daniel, 253
Pine, Emilie, 240
Pocock, Celmara, 265–266
Posner, Eric A, 11
Post-authoritarian societies, transitional justice in, 9–11
Post-conflict societies, transitional justice in, 9–11
Posthumus, Daniel, 143
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 112, 114
Power
as agency, 84–86 (See also Agency)
domination versus emancipation, 83–84, 104
emotions, relation to, 19, 109–111 (See also specific element of power)
epistemic power, 19, 82–83, 85–91 (See also Epistemic injustice)
generally, 19, 81, 104–105, 276
historical-structural injustice, relation to, 18, 75–77
intersectionality and, 83–84
multi-dimensional conceptions of, 82, 93–94
national and religious myth and (See National and religious myth)
ontological power, 92–94 (See also Ontological power)
power ‘over’, 82
power ‘to’, 82
power ‘with’, 82
as structure, 86–88 (See also Structure)
transitional justice, relation to
domination versus emancipation, 104
epistemic injustice and, 103
generally, 76–77
linear conception of history and, 104
ontological power and, 103–104
strengthening authority, danger of, 102–103
victim-survivor participation and, 101–102
Powers, Madison, 58–59, 63, 76–77, 89
Prasser, Scott, 135
Pritchard, Sarah, 215
Protestant Reformation, 26–27
Protevi, John, 108
Puritans, 97
Quartly, Marian, 228, 236–237
Race
as cause of historical abuses, 155
historical-structural injustice and, 59–60
lynching, 45
power, relation to, 93
reconciliation and, 255
sexual violence and, 44–45
slavery and, 31
theft of land and, 48–49
Radzik, Linda, 130
Rationality, emotions versus, 107
Reading, Anna, 198
Reconciliation. See also specific country
accountability distinguished, 249
agency and, 249–250
agonistic relationships and, 256–257
Catholic Church and, 270–272
churches and religious orders and, 255, 267, 273
coexistence distinguished, 249
colonialism and, 273
defined, 248–249
elements of, 254
emotions and, 114, 118–119, 251–252
as epiphenomenal, 252–253
epistemic injustice and, 250–252
existential reconciliation, 251–252
forgiveness distinguished, 249
gender and, 255–256
generally, 21, 248
Indigenous peoples and, 253–255
interactional reconciliation, 249–250
limitations of, 272–274, 279
ontological power and, 251–252
political disagreement and, 253
race and, 255
re-traumatisation, risk of, 280
scepticism regarding, 272
settler colonialism and, 253–255
states and, 273
structural reconciliation, 250, 252
symbolism, need for, 272–273
victim-survivor participation in, 277
women and, 255–256
Reddy, William, 115, 120
Redress. See Reparations
Regan, Paulette, 98, 158, 261
Reification, 76, 88–90
Reimer, Gwen, 204–205, 212
Reparations. See also specific country
agency and, 204–208
anti-systemic reparations, 199, 210
Catholic Church and, 201–202
commemorative reparations, 199–200
comprehensiveness, lack of, 209–210
defined, 196
descendants, extension to, 210–211
diachronic theory of, 200–215
emotions and, 113–114
epistemic injustice and, 211–213
ex gratia reparations, 200
financial compensation, 207
generally, 21, 196, 220–221, 277
as ‘hush money’, 199
Indigenous peoples and, 215–216
individualised schemes, 210
limitations of, 199, 221, 278
list of, 306–308
litigation and, 200
memorialisation, lack of, 214
national and religious myth and, 216–220
non-financial measures, 207–208
ontological power and, 214–216
restitution as, 196–197
re-traumatisation, risk of, 280
scepticism regarding, 64–65
settler colonialism and, 215–216, 220
slavery and, 190, 220–221
as sole mechanism for addressing abuses, 214
structure and, 208–211
symbolism, need for, 214–215
synchronic theory of, 199–200
transformative justice and, 221–222
victim-survivor participation in, 208–209, 221, 277
Repentance, shame versus, 130
Residential schools, 34–37
in Australia, 36
in Canada, 36–37, 43, 45–46, 50, 141, 160, 180–181, 232–234
Catholic Church and, 35–36
in Ireland, 35–36, 240
in UK, 34–35
in US, 37
Restitution
agency and, 197
epistemic injustice and, 198
ontological power and, 198–199
as reparations, 196–197
shame versus, 130–131
structure and, 197–198
Restorative justice
in Australia, 271
Catholic Church and, 8, 271
colonialism and, 14–15
defined, 7–8
inadequacy of, 8–9
Indigenous peoples and, 8, 14–15
sexual violence, inadequacy for, 8, 15
transformative justice compared, 14
transitional justice compared, 14
in US, 271
women, violence against, inadequacy for, 8
Re-traumatisation, 280
Retzinger, Suzanne, 124
Reynaud, Anne-Marie, 147–148
Rigney, Sophie, 262, 264
Rimé, Bernard, 114
Ring, Sinéad, 103, 125–127, 129–130, 136, 144, 147–148, 152–153, 173–174, 207, 213
Robins, Simon, 13, 102
Rolston, Bill, 139, 225
Rorty, Richard, 116
Rosenwein, Barbara, 115
Ross, Michael, 224
Rothstein, Richard, 49
Roxstrom, Eric, 247
Rudd, Kevin, 235–236
Ruether, Rosemary Radford, 95–96, 290
Ryan, Kevin, 34
Sandoval-Villalba, Clara, 73–74
Savile, Jimmy, 184–185
Scapegoating, 111, 278
Schaap, Andrew, 256
Scheer, Monique, 108
Scheff, Thomas, 124, 128
Schmitter, Phillipe, 9–10
Schumann, Karina, 224
Schwartz, Regina M, 89–90
Scraton, Phil, 139
Settler colonialism, 28–30
agency and, 84–85
apologies and, 228
Australia and, 16, 28
Canada and, 16, 28, 260
epistemic injustice and, 89
genocide and, 42
historical-structural injustice and, 59
national and religious myth and, 95–96
ontological power and, 93
reconciliation and, 253–255
reparations and, 215–216, 220
shame and, 128
slavery and, 30
theft of land and, 47
transitional justice and, 16
US and, 16, 28
Sexual violence
children (See Child sexual abuse)
Christianity, historical background of, 25
power, relation to, 84–85
race and, 44–45
restorative justice, inadequacy of, 8, 15
in US, 44–45
Shame
agency and, 123–124
apologies and, 229–230, 237–238
in Australia, 122, 127–128
in Canada, 128
Catholic Church and, 122–123, 128
child sexual abuse and, 122
danger of additional harm from use of, 128–130
defined, 121–122
epistemic injustice and, 125
generally, 18, 121–122, 131–132
guilt versus, 121, 130
in Ireland, 122–123, 127
Magdalene Laundries and, 123
ontological power and, 126–128 (See also Ontological power)
religious nature of, 123
repentance versus, 130
restitution versus, 130–131
settler colonialism and, 128
structure and, 124–125
Sharkey, Patrick, 68
Sharp, Dustin N, 72–73, 75
Shklar, Judith, 78, 120
Short, Damien, 236, 253–254, 263–265
Sinclair, Murray, 257
Sipe, AW Richard, 44, 85
Sköld, Johanna, 138, 151–152
Slavery, 30–33
abolitionism and, 31–32
Catholic Church and, 30
colonialism compared, 30
impact of, 56
Indigenous peoples and, 30–31
justifications for, 18, 30–33
as long-term structure, 65–66
power, relation to, 84–85
race and, 31
reparations and, 190, 220–221
settler colonialism and, 30
slave trade, 30
in UK, 238–239, 245, 247
in US (See United States)
white supremacy and, 31
Smart, Carol, 34
Smith, Adam, 107
Smith, Andrea, 44, 267–268
Smith, Colin, 174
Smith, James, 38
Smith, Renée, 267
Smyth, Nicholas, 78–79
Social change, 73–74, 76
Social ontology. See Ontological power
Solinger, Rickie, 39, 51
South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 113, 255
Spanish colonialism, 28
Spiritual abuse, 57
Spivak, Gayarti Chakrovarty, 90
Stannard, David, 42
Stanton, Kim, 136
Starblanket, Gina, 98
Starkey, Denise, 128
Strakosch, Elizabeth, 272
Stranger-Ross, Jordan, 232–233
Structural reconciliation, 250, 252
Structural social change, 73
Structure, 86–88
apologies and, 225–226
conflicts within structure versus conflicts about structure, 87
emotions and, 114–119
apologies and, 118–119
factors affecting, 117–118
generally, 110
national and religious myth and, 116–117
normative emotional culture and, 114–116
reconciliation and, 118–119
generally, 19, 82–83
inquiries and, 137–138
litigation and, 168–169
class actions, 168–169
limitation of actions, 168
reconciliation and, 250, 252
reparations and, 208–211
restitution and, 197–198
shame and, 124–125
structural conflict versus structural bias, 87
Stubbs, Julie, 8
Sunga, Seetal, 214–215
Swain, Shurlee, 33, 40–41, 52, 122, 138, 243
Symbolism
reconciliation, need for in, 272–273
reparations, need for in, 214–215
Tager, Midhael, 235
Tapsell, Kieran, 171
Tarusarira, Joram, 226
Tatz, Colin, 43
Taylor, David, 101–102
Teitel, Ruti, 15
Theft of land, 47–50
in Australia,