Adas, Michael. 1980. “‘Moral Economy’ or ‘Contest State’? Elite Demands and the Origins of Peasant Protest in Southeast Asia.” Journal of Social History 13: 521–46.
Adas, Michael. 1986. “From Footdragging to Flight: The Evasive History of Peasant Avoidance Protest in South and South-east Asia.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 13: 64–85.
Ako Tomoko. 2003. “Cong ‘shangfang’ de ‘aimeixing’ kan Zhongguo nongcun shehui de quanli, liyi he zhixu: Yi Nei Menggu Chishi Cun ‘shangfang’ yanjiu wei li” (Rights, interests, and order of China’s rural society seen from “ambiguity” of “petitioning”: A case study of a “petitioning” in Chishi Village in Inner Mongolia), translated by Cheng Yaqin. In Xu Yong (ed.), Zhongguo Nongcun Yanjiu 2002 Juan (Chinese Rural Studies 2002). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Aldrich, John. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Alpermann, Bjorn. 2001. “The Post-Election Administration of Chinese Villages.” The China Journal 46: 45–67.
Alpermann, Bjorn. 2009. “Institutionalizing Village Governance in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 18: 397–409.
Ames, Barry. 1987. Political Survival: Politicians and Public Policy in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Arendt, Hannah. [1948] 1973. The Origins of Totalitarianism. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace & Company.
Aubert, Claude, and Xiande Li. 2002. “‘Peasant Burden’: Taxes and Levies Imposed on Chinese Farmers.” Manuscript. INRA, France.
Bachman, David M. 1991. Bureaucracy, Economy, and Leadership in China: The Institutional Origins of the Great Leap Forward. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bai Gang. 1998. “Zhongguo cunmin zizhi fazhi jianshe pingyi” (Review of the construction of villagers’ self-governance and the rule of law in China). Zhongguo Shehui Kexue (Chinese Social Science) 3: 88–107.
Barber, Benjamin R. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bates, Robert H. 1989. Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bates, Robert H. 2001. Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Bates, Robert H., Avner Greif, Margaret Levi, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, and Barry R. Weingast. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bates, Robert H., and Anne O. Krueger (eds.). 1993. Political and Economic Interactions in Economic Policy Reform: Evidence from Eight Countries. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Baum, Richard. 1975. Prelude to Revolution: Mao, the Party, and the Peasant Question, 1962–66. New York: Columbia University Press.
Baum, Richard. 1994. Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Baum, Richard. 1996. “China after Deng: Ten Scenarios in Search of Reality.” The China Quarterly 145: 153–75.
Baum, Richard, and Alexei Shevchenko. 1999. “The ‘State of the State.’” In Merle Goldman and Roderick MacFarquhar (eds.), The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bawn, Kathleen. 1997. “Choosing Strategies to Control the Bureaucracy: Statutory Constraints, Oversight, and the Committee System.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 13: 101–26.
Becker, Gary S. 1968. “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 76: 169–217.
Beik, William. 1985. Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bernstein, Thomas P. 1999. “Farmer Discontent and Regime Responses.” In Merle Goldman and Roderick MacFarquhar (eds.), The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bernstein, Thomas P.. 2006. “Mao Zedong and the Famine of 1959–1960: A Study in Wilfulness.” The China Quarterly 186: 421–45.
Bernstein, Thomas P., and Xiaobo Lü. 2000. “Taxation without Representation: Peasants, the Central and the Local States in Reform China.” The China Quarterly 163: 742–63.
Bernstein, Thomas P. 2003. Taxation without Representation in Contemporary Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bianco, Lucien. 1971. Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949, translated by Muriel Bell. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Blaydes, Lisa. 2010. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bobbio, Norberto. 1987. The Future of Democracy: A Defense of the Rule of the Games, translated by Roger Griffin. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Brewer, John. 1989. The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783. New York: Knopf.
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, and Alastair Smith. 2011. The Dictator’s Handbook: Why Bad Behavior Is Almost Always Good Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Silverson, and James D. Morrow. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cai, Yongshun. 2006. State and Laid-Off Workers in Reform China: The Silence and Collective Action of the Retrenched. New York: Routledge.
Cai, Yongshun. 2008. “Local Governments and the Suppression of Popular Resistance in China.” The China Quarterly 193: 24–42.
Cai, Yongshun. 2010. Collective Resistance in China: Why Popular Protests Succeed or Fail. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Cain, Bruce, John Ferejohn, and Morris Fiorina. 1987. The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Caizhengbu (Ministry of Finance). 1993–2008. Zhongguo Caizheng Nianjian 1992–2007 (China Fiscal Yearbook). Beijing: Zhongguo Caizheng Zazhishe.
Caizhengbu (Ministry of Finance). 1994. Zhongguo Nongmin Fudan Shi (History of the Peasant Burden in China), Vol. 2. Beijing: Zhongguo Caizheng Jingji Chubanshe.
Cao Jinqing. 2000. Huanghebian de Zhongguo: Yi ge Xuezhe dui Xiangcun Shehui de Guancha yu Sikao (China along the Yellow River: A Scholarly Observation and Reflection on Rural Societies). Shanghai: Shanghai Wenyi Chubanshe.
Carey, John M., and Matthew Soberg Shugart. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14: 417–39.
Chan, Anita, Richard Madsen, and Jonathan Unger. 1992. Chen Village under Mao and Deng, second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chan, Sylvia. 1998. “Research Notes on Villagers’ Committee Election: Chinese Style Democracy.” Journal of Contemporary China 7: 507–21.
Chang, Jun, and Jon Halliday. 2005. Mao: The Unknown Story. New York: Knopf.
Charles, Joseph. 1956. The Origins of the American Party System. Williamsburg, VA: Institute of Early American History and Culture.
Chen, An. 2007. “The Failure of Organizational Control: Changing Party Power in the Chinese Countryside.” Politics and Society 35: 145–79.
Chen, An. 2008. “The 1994 Tax Reform and Its Impact on China’s Rural Fiscal Structure.” Modern China 34: 303–43.
Chen Guidi and Wu Chuntao. 2004. Zhongguo Nongmin Diaocha (An Investigation of Chinese Farmers). Beijing: Renmin Wenxue Chubanshe.
Chen, Jie. 2005a. “Popular Support for Village Self-Government in China: Intensity and Sources.” Asian Survey 45: 865–85.
Chen, Jie. 2005b. “Sociopolitical Attitudes of the Masses and Leaders in the Chinese Village: Attitude Congruence and Constraint.” Journal of Contemporary China 14: 445–64.
Chen, Jie, and Bruce J. Dickson. 2010. Allies of the State: China’s Private Entrepreneurs and Democratic Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
ChenJun. 2003. “Nongcun shuifei zhidu: Lixing fansi yu gaige chonggou” (Rural taxation: Rational reflections and reform restructuring). Jianghai Xuekan (Jianghai Academic Journal) 3: 74–79.
ChenTao. 2001a. “Jingji nengren beijing xia de cunji zhili: Hubei Lishu Cun diaocha” (Rural governance under the economic elite: A study in Lishu Village in Hubei). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
ChenTao. 2001b. “Zongzu yu diyuan: Guowa Cun xuanju guancha” (Kinships and local networks: A study on the election in Guowa Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
ChenTao. 2002. “Shangfu Cun xuanju guancha baogao” (A study on the election in Shangfu Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Chen, Xi. 2008. “Collective Petitioning and Institutional Conversion.” In Kevin J. O’Brien (ed.), Popular Protest in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chen, Xi. 2009. “The Power of ‘Troublemaking’: Protest Tactics and Their Efficacy in China.” Comparative Politics 41: 451–71.
Chen, Xi. 2012. Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
ChenYongzheng and Chen Jiaze. 2004. “Lun Zhongguo xiangji caizheng” (Discussing China’s township finance). Zhongguo Nongcun Guancha (Survey on Rural China) 5: 60–68.
Cheng Jie. 2005. “Caichanquan, xiaoyong yu zhengdang chengxu: Tudi zhengshou zhengyong zhong de chengxu shifan yu chonggou” (Property rights, utilities, and legitimate procedures: Malfunctioning and restructuring of the procedures of land expropriation). Paper presented at Conference on “Rights Advocacy and Legal Reform in China,” UCLA Center for Chinese Studies.
Clark, William Roberts, Matt Golder, and Sona Golder. 2007. “The Balance of Power between Citizens and the State: Democratization and the Resource Curse.” Manuscript. University of Michigan and Florida State University.
Cox, Gary W. 1987. The Efficient Secret: The Cabinet and the Development of Political Parties in Victorian England. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cui Chuanyi. 2004. Zhongguo Nongmin Liudong Guancha (Survey on Migration of Chinese Farmers). Taiyuan: Shanxi Jingji Chubanshe.
Cunningham, Frank. 1987. Democratic Theory and Socialism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dai Lichao. 2001. “Gaoping Cun xuanju guancha” (A study on the election in Gaoping Village). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
de Soto, Hernando. 2000. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books.
Diamant, Neil J. 2000. “Conflict and Conflict Resolution in China: Beyond Mediation-Centered Approaches.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44: 523–46.
Dickson, Bruce J. 2003. Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dickson, Bruce J.. 2008. Wealth into Power: The Communist Party’s Embrace of China’s Private Sector. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dimitrov, Martin K. 2010. “Building Loyalty: Autocratic Resilience in Communist Europe and China.” Manuscript. Tulane University.
Dominguez, Jorge I., and Michael Shifter (eds.). 2003. Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, second edition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Duan, Haiyan, and Jing Vivian Zhan. 2009. “Fiscal Transfer and Local Public Expenditure in China: A Cross-County Study of Shanxi Province.” Manuscript. Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Duara, Prasenjit. 1987. “State Involution: A Study of Local Finances in North China, 1911–1935.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29: 132–61.
Duara, Prasenjit. 1988. Culture, Power, and the State: Rural North China, 1900–1942. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Easterly, William. 2001. The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Easterly, William, and Ross Levine. 1997. “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112: 1203–50.
Eastman, Lloyd E. 1984. Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937–1949. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Edin, Maria. 2000. “Market Forces and Communist Power: Local Political Institutions and Economic Development in China.” Ph.D. dissertation. Uppsala University.
Edin, Maria. 2003. “State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective.” The China Quarterly 173: 35–52.
Fan, C. Cindy. 1995. “Of Belts and Ladders: State Policy and Uneven Regional Development in Post-Mao China.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85: 421–49.
Fan, C. Cindy. 1997. “Uneven Development and Beyond: Regional Development Theory in Post-Mao China.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 21: 620–39.
Fang, Qiang. 2009. “Hot Potatoes: Chinese Complaint Systems from Early Times to the Late Qing (1898).” Journal of Asian Studies 68: 1105–35.
Fewsmith, Joseph. 1994. Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Frazier, Mark W. 2010. Socialist Insecurity: Pensions and Politics of Uneven Development in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Frieden, Jeffry A. 1991. Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1965–1985. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Friedman, Edward, Paul G. Pickowicz, and Mark Selden. 1991. Chinese Village, Socialist State. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Friedman, Edward, Paul G. Pickowicz, and Mark Selden. 2005. Revolution, Resistance, and Reform in Village China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Friedrich, Carl J., and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski. 1965. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gallagher, Mary Elizabeth. 2005. Contagious Capitalism: Globalization and Politics of Labor in China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Geddes, Barbara. 1994. Politician’s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Geddes, Barbara. 2006. “Why Parties and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes?” Manuscript. University of California at Los Angeles.
Gehlbach, Scott. 2005. “Why Don’t Predatory Rulers Commit to Non-Predatory Taxes?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
Gehlbach, Scott. 2006. “A Formal Model of Exit and Voice.” Rationality and Society 18: 395–418.
Gilley, Bruce. 2001. Model Rebels: The Rise and Fall of China’s Richest Village. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gilley, Bruce. 2004. China’s Democratic Future: How It Will Happen and Where It Will Lead. New York: Columbia University Press.
Gimpelson, Vladimir, and Daniel Treisman. 2002. “Fiscal Games and Public Employment: A Theory with Evidence from Russia.” World Politics 54: 145–83.
Gold, Thomas B. 1989. “Guerrilla Interviewing among the Getihu.” In Perry Link, Richard Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowitz (eds.), Unofficial China: Popular Culture and Thought in the People’s Republic. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Golden, Miriam A. 2003. “Electoral Connections: The Effects of the Personal Vote on Political Patronage, Bureaucracy and Legislation in Postwar Italy.” British Journal of Political Science 33: 189–212.
Golden, Miriam A., and Eric C. C. Chang. 2001. “Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy.” World Politics 53: 588–602.
Greif, Avner. 2006. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Groseclose, Tim. 2001. “A Model of Candidate Location When One Candidate Has a Valence Advantage.” American Journal of Political Science 45: 862–86.
Groseclose, Tim, and James M. Snyder, Jr. 1996. “Buying Supermajorities.” American Political Science Review 90: 303–15.
Guo, Gang. 2008. “Vertical Imbalance and Local Fiscal Discipline in China.” Journal of East Asian Studies 8: 61–88.
Guo, Gang. 2009. “China’s Local Political Budget Cycles.” American Journal of Political Science 53: 621–32.
Guo, Xiaolin. 2001. “Land Expropriation and Rural Conflicts in China.” The China Quarterly 166: 422–39.
Guo, Zhenglin, and Thomas P. Bernstein. 2004. “The Impact of Elections on the Village Structure of Power: The Relations between the Village Committees and the Party Branches.” Journal of Contemporary China 13: 257–75.
Guthrie, Doug. 1999. Dragon in a Three-Piece Suit: The Emergence of Capitalism in China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hanham, H. J. 1968. The Reformed Electoral System in Great Britain, 1832–1914. London: Historical Association.
Hanham, H. J.. 1978. Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone, second edition. Hassocks: Harvester Press.
He, Baogang. 2007. Rural Democracy in China: The Role of Village Elections. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
HeQinglian. 1997. “Nongcun jiceng shehui difang e shili de xingqi: Yu Wang Xu shangque” (The rise of local bad power in rural grassroots societies: A debate with Wang Xu). Ershi-Yi Shiji (The Twenty-First Century) 41: 129–34.
HeXuefeng. 2001. “Paixing, xuanju yu minzhu guize de minjianhua: Hubei Wangyue Cun diaocha” (Factions, elections, and civilization of democratic rules: A study in Wangyue Village in Hubei). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
HeXuefeng and Shi Congmei. 2002. “Cunzhuang jingying yu shequ jiyi: Libei Cun xuanju guancha” (The village elite and the community’s memory: A study on the election in Libei Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
HeZoengke. 2001. “Cunmin Weiyuanhui xuanju he nongcun fazhan: Xiamen Shi Huli Qi Heshan Zhen Houbu Cun de gean yanjiu” (Village elections and rural development: A case study of Houbu Village, Heshan Town, Huli District, Xiamen City). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Held, David (ed.). 1993. Prospects for Democracy: North, South, East, West. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Herbst, Jeffrey. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hinton, William. 1966. Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ho, Peter. 2001. “Who Owns China’s Land? Policies, Property Rights and Deliberate Institutional Ambiguity.” The China Quarterly 166: 394–421.
Ho, Samuel P. S., and George C. S. Lin. 2004. “Converting Land to Nonagricultural Use in China’s Coastal Provinces: Evidence from Jiangsu.” Modern China 30: 81–112.
Hoffman, Philip T., and Kathryn Norberg. 1994a. “Conclusion.” In Philip T. Hoffman and Kathryn Norberg (eds.), Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450–1789. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hoffman, Philip T., and Kathryn Norberg(eds.). 1994b. Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450–1789. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hoffman, Philip T., and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. 1997. “The Political Economy of Warfare and Taxation in Early Modern Europe: Historical Lessons for Economic Development.” In John N. Drobak and John V. C. Nye (eds.), The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Howell, Jude. 1998. “Prospects for Village Self-Governance in China.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 25: 86–111.
Hsing, You-tien. 2006. “Brokering Power and Property in China’s Townships.” Pacific Review 19: 103–24.
Hsing, You-tien. 2010. The Great Urban Transformation: Politics of Land and Property in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hu Rong. 2001. Lixing Xuanze yu Zhidu Shishi: Zhongguo Nongcun Cunmin Weiyuanhui Xuanju de Gean Yanjiu (Rational Choice and Institutional Implementation: Case Studies of Chinese Village Elections). Shanghai: Shanghai Yuandong Chubanshe.
Hu Rong. 2007. “Nongmin shangfang yu zhengzhi xinren de liushi” (Peasants’ petitions and the loss of political trust). Shehuixue Yanjiu (Sociological Studies) 3: 39–55.
Hu Xingdou.
2004. “Xian xiang jigou gaige po zai meijie” (Administration reforms at the county and township levels as a matter of urgency). (
http://www.chinaelections.org, accessed November 4, 2004).
Huang, Philip C. C. 1990. The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350–1988. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Huang, Yasheng. 1996. Inflation and Investment Controls in China: The Political Economy of Central-Local Relations during the Reform Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Huang, Yasheng. 2002. “Managing Chinese Bureaucrats: An Institutional Economics Perspective.” Political Studies 50: 61–79.
Huang, Yasheng. 2008. Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hurst, William. 2009. The Chinese Worker after Socialism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jennings, M. Kent, and Kuang-Hui Chen. 2008. “Perceptions of Injustice in the Chinese Countryside.” Journal of Contemporary China 17: 319–37.
Jing Yuejin. 2004. Dangdai Zhongguo Nongcun “Liangwei Guanxi” de Weiguan Jiexi yu Hongguan Toushi (Micro Analyses and Macro Perspectives of the “Party-Administration” Relationship in Rural China). Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe.
Ju Lizhi. 2002. “Chengxu luoshi yu zongzu huodong de hudong: Hua Cun xuanju guancha” (Interactions between implementing procedures and kinship activities: A study on the election in Hua Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Kelliher, Daniel. 1992. Peasant Power in China: The Era of Rural Reform, 1979–1989. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Kelliher, Daniel. 1997. “The Chinese Debate over Village Self-Government.” China Journal 37: 63–86.
Kennedy, John James. 2002a. “Formal Introductions: Institutional Change and Village Elections in Rural China.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Davis.
Kennedy, John James. 2002b. “The Fate of ‘Grassroots Democracy’ in Rural China: Real versus Cosmetic Election.” Asian Survey 42: 456–82.
Kennedy, John James. 2006. “From the Tax-for-Fee Reform to the Abolition of Agricultural Taxes: The Impact on Township Governments in North-west China.” The China Quarterly 189: 43–59.
Kennedy, John James. 2007. “The Implementation of Village Elections and Tax-for-Fee Reform in Rural Northwest China.” In Elizabeth J. Perry and Merle Goldman (eds.), Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kennedy, John James. 2009. “Legitimacy with Chinese Characteristics: ‘Two Increases, One Reduction.’” Journal of Contemporary China 18: 391–95.
Kennedy, John James, Scott Rozelle, and Yaojiang Shi. 2004. “Elected Leaders and Collective Land: Farmers’ Evaluation of Village Leaders’ Performance in Rural China.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 9: 1–22.
Kousser, J. Morgan. 1974. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Krueger, Anne O. 1992. Economic Policy Reform in Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Krueger, Anne O.. 1993. Economic Policies at Cross-Purposes: The United States and Developing Countries. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Kydd, Andrew H. 2005. Trust and Mistrust in International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Landry, Pierre F. 2008. Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party’s Control of Local Elites in the Post-Mao Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lang Youxing. 2003. “Cong jingji jingying dao zhengzhi guanlizhe: Zhongguo cunmin xuanju yu cunji lingdao de jiti” (From economic elites to political administrators: Village elections in China and succession of the village leadership). In Xu Yong (ed.), Zhongguo Nongcun Yanjiu 2002 Juan (Chinese Rural Studies 2002). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Lardy, Nicholas R. 1983. Agriculture in China’s Modern Economic Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, Ching Kwan. 2007. Against the Law: Labor Protests in China’s Rustbelt and Sunbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Levine, Steven I. 1987. Anvil of Victory. New York: Columbia University Press.
Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2002. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 51–65.
Li Changping. 2002. Wo xiang Zongli Shuo Shihua (Telling the Premier the Truth). Beijing: Guangming Ribao Chubanshe.
Li Changping.
2006. “Quxiao nongye shui jiang yinfa yi xilie shenke biange” (Abolition of the agricultural tax has just triggered a series of essential changes). (
http://www.usc.cuhk.edu.he/wkgb.asp, accessed January 13, 2006).
Li Changping and Dong Leiming (eds.). 2004. Shuifei Gaige Beijing xia de Xiangzhen Tizhi Yanjiu (Studies on the Township Regime under the Influence of the Tax-for-Fee Reform). Wuhan: Hubei Renmin Chubanshe.
Li Deqiang and
Lei Xiaojun.
2005. “Nongye shui quxiao hou nongcun xin wenti de duice sikao” (A reflection on measures of the new issues arising after the abolition of the agricultural tax). (
http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=40505, accessed September 20,
2009).
Li, Hongbin, and Scott Rozelle. 2003. “Privatizing Rural China: Insider Privatization, Innovative Contracts and the Performance of Township Enterprises.” The China Quarterly 176: 981–1005.
Li Jiange and Han Jun. 2004. “Jiejue wo guo xin jieduan ‘sannong’ wenti de silu” (A framework to solve Chinese “agriculture, countryside, and farmers” in the new stage). Neibu Canyue (Inside Reference) 695: 2–16.
Li, Lianjiang. 1999. “The Two-Ballot System in Shanxi Province: Subjecting Village Party Secretaries to a Popular Vote.” The China Journal 42: 103–18.
Li, Lianjiang. 2001. “Elections and Popular Resistance in Rural China.” China Information 15(2): 1–19.
Li, Lianjiang. 2002. “The Politics of Introducing Direct Township Elections in China.” The China Quarterly 171: 704–23.
Li, Lianjiang. 2003. “The Empowering Effect of Village Elections in China.” Asian Survey 43: 648–62.
Li, Lianjiang. 2004. “Political Trust in Rural China.” Modern China 30: 228–58.
Li, Lianjiang. 2008. “Political Trust and Petitioning in the Chinese Countryside.” Comparative Politics 40: 209–26.
Li, Lianjiang. 2010. “Rights Consciousness and Rules Consciousness in Contemporary China.” The China Journal 64: 47–68.
Li, Lianjiang. 2011. “Distrust in Government Leaders, Demand for Leadership Change, and Preference for Popular Elections in Rural China.” Political Behavior 33: 291–311.
Li, Lianjiang. 2013. “The Magnitude and Resilience of Trust in the Center: Evidence from Interviews with Petitioners in Beijing and a Local Survey in Rural China.” Modern China 39: 3–36.
Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.). 2001. Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Li, Lianjiang, Minxing Liu, and Kevin J. O’Brien. 2012. “Petitioning Beijing: The High Tide of 2003–2006.” The China Quarterly 210: 313–34.
Li, Lianjiang, and Kevin J. O’Brien. 1996. “Villagers and Popular Resistance in Contemporary China.” Modern China 22: 28–61.
Li, Lianjiang, and Kevin J. O’Brien. 1999. “The Struggle over Village Elections.” In Merle Goldman and Roderick MacFarquhar (eds.), The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Li Lina. 2001. “Shandong mou cun cunji zuzhi jianshe zhuangkuang” (An observation on the construction of a village organization in a certain village in Shandong). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Li, Linda Chelan. 2006. “Differentiated Actors: Central-Local Politics in China’s Rural Tax Reforms.” Modern Asian Studies 40: 151–74.
Li, Linda Chelan. 2007. “Working for the Peasants? Strategic Interactions and Unintended Consequences in Chinese Rural Tax Reform.” The China Journal 57: 89–106.
Li Linda Chelan and Wu Licai. 2005. “‘Dao bi’ haishi ‘fan dao bi’: Nongcun shuifei gaige qianhou zhongyang yu difang zhi jian de hudong” (Pressure for changes: Central-local interactions in the rural tax-for-fee reform). Shehuixue Yanjiu (Sociological Studies) 20: 44–63.
Li Rui. 2009. Shidi Nongmin Quanyi Baozhang (How to Secure Rights and Interests When Farmers Lose Land). Beijing: Zhishi Chanquan Chubanshe.
Li, Xiande. 2003. “Rethinking the Peasant Burden: Evidence from a Chinese Village.” Journal of Peasant Studies 30: 45–74.
Lieberthal, Kenneth. 1997. “The Great Leap Forward and the Split in the Yan’an Leadership, 1958–65.” In Roderick MacFarquhar (ed.), The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng, second edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Liebman, Benjamin. 1998. “Class Action Litigation in China.” Harvard Law Review 111: 1523–41.
Lin, Justin Yifu, Ran Tao, and Mingxing Liu. 2007. “Rural Taxation and Local Governance Reform in China’s Economic Transition: Origins, Policy Responses and Remaining Challenges.” Stanford Center for International Development, Working Paper No. 317.
Lin, Justin Yifu, Ran Tao, Mingxing Liu, and Qi Zheng. 2002a. “The Problem of Taxing Peasants in China.” Manuscript. Peking University.
Lin, Justin Yifu, Ran Tao, Mingxing Liu, and Qi Zheng. 2002b. “Urban and Rural Household Taxation in China: Measurement and Stylized Facts.” Manuscript. Peking University.
Lin Yifu. 1992. Zhidu, Jishu yu Zhongguo Nongye Fazhan (Institutions, Technology, and Agricultural Development in China). Shanghai: Shanghai Sanlian Shudian.
Lin, Yi-min. 2001. Between Politics and Markets: Firms, Competition, and Institutional Change in Post-Mao China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Linz, Juan J. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Liu, Mingxing, Juan Wang, Ran Tao, and Rachel Murphy. 2009. “The Political Economy of Earmarked Transfers in a State-Designated Poor County in Western China: Central Policies and Local Responses.” The China Quarterly 200: 973–94.
Liu Ya. 2004. Jieti yu Chonggou: Xiandaihua Jinchengzhong de “Guojia–Xiangcun Shehui” (Dismantlement and Restructuring: “State–Rural Society” Relations during Modernization). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Liu, Yawei. 2000. “Consequences of Villager Committee Elections in China: Better Local Governance or More Consolidation of State Power?” China Perspectives 31: 19–35.
Lü, Xiaobo. 1997. “The Politics of Peasant Burden in Reform China.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 24: 113–38.
Lü, Xiaobo. 2000a. “Booty Socialism, Bureau-preneurs, and the State in Transition: Organizational Corruption in China.” Comparative Politics 32: 273–94.
Lü, Xiaobo. 2000b. Cadres and Corruption: The Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Lubman, Stanley B. 1999. Birds in a Cage: Legal Reform in China after Mao. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Luehrmann, Laura M. 2000. “Officials Face the Masses: Citizen Contacting in Modern China.” Ph.D. dissertation. The Ohio State University.
Luehrmann, Laura M.. 2003. “Facing Citizen Complaints in China, 1951–1996.” Asian Survey 43: 845–66.
Luo Xingzuo. 2001. “Haixuan ji qi xiangguan wenti de shizheng fenxi: Qudou Cun zhixuan guancha” (An empirical analysis of direct elections and their relevant issues: A study on the direct election in Qudou Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Luo Xingzuo. 2002. “Zongzu geju yu xiangcun xuanju: Hangbu Cun xuanju guancha yu sikao” (Kinship groups and village elections: A study on the election in Hangbu Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Luo Xingzuo and Xiao Tangbiao. 2001. “Xuanju zhong de jingji yu zongzu yinsu fenxi: Shiqiao Cun di si jie cunwei huanjie xuanju de guancha yu sikao” (An analysis of economic and kinship factors in elections: A study on the fourth village election in Shiqiao Village). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2005. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
MacFarquhar, Roderick. 1983. The Origins of the Cultural Revolution 2: The Great Leap Forward 1958–1960. New York: Columbia University Press.
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mallee, Hein. 1988. “Rural-Urban Migration Control in People’s Republic of China: Effects of the Recent Reform.” China Information 11(4): 12–22.
Mallee, Hein. 1995. “China’s Household Registration System under Reform.” Development and Change 26: 1–29.
Manion, Melanie. 1996. “The Electoral Connection in the Chinese Countryside.” American Political Science Review 90: 736–48.
Manion, Melanie. 2000. “Chinese Democratization in Perspective: Electorates and Selectorates at the Township Level.” The China Quarterly 163: 764–82.
Manion, Melanie. 2004. Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Manion, Melanie. 2006. “Democracy, Community, Trust: The Impact of Elections in Rural China.” Comparative Political Studies 39: 301–24.
Manion, Melanie. 2008. “When Communist Party Candidates Can Lose, Who Wins? Assessing the Role of Local People’s Congresses in the Selection of Leaders in China.” The China Quarterly 195: 607–30.
Manion, Melanie. 2009. “How to Assess Village Elections in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 18: 379–83.
Mathias, Peter, and Patrick O’Brien. 1976. “Taxation in Britain and France, 1715–1810: A Comparison of the Social and Economic Incidence of Taxes Collected for the Central Government.” Journal of European Economic History 5: 601–50.
Mayhew, David. 1975. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
McCubbins, Mathew D., and Thomas Schwartz. 1984. “Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms.” American Journal of Political Science 28: 165–79.
McKenzie, Robert Trelford. 1963. British Political Parties: The Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties, second edition. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Migdal, Joel S. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capacities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Montinola, Gabriella, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast. 1995. “Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China.” World Politics 48: 50–81.
Mozaffar, Shaheen. 2002. “Patterns of Electoral Governance in Africa’s Emerging Democracies.” International Political Science Review 23: 85–101.
Naughton, Barry. 2007. The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Norberg, Kathryn. 1994. “The French Fiscal Crisis of 1788 and the Financial Origins of the Revolution of 1789.” In Philip T. Hoffman and Kathryn Norberg (eds.), Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450–1789. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Norris, Pippa. 2002. “Campaign Communications.” In Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G. Niemi, and Pippa Norris (eds.), Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
North, Douglass C. 1981. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
North, Douglass C.. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
North, Douglass C., and Robert P. Thomas. 1973. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. New York: Cambridge University Press.
North, Douglass C., and Barry R. Weingast. 1989. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” Journal of Economic History 49: 803–32.
O’Brien, Kevin J. 1994a. “Agents and Remonstrators: Role Accumulation by Chinese People’s Congress Deputies.” The China Quarterly 138: 359–80.
O’Brien, Kevin J.. 1994b. “Implementing Political Reform in China’s Villages.” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 32: 33–60.
O’Brien, Kevin J.. 1996. “Rightful Resistance.” World Politics 49: 31–55.
O’Brien, Kevin J.. 2002. “Collective Action in the Chinese Countryside.” China Journal 48: 139–154.
O’Brien, Kevin J.. 2010. “How Authoritarian Rule Works.” Modern China 36: 79–86.
O’Brien, Kevin J., and Rongbin Han. 2009. “Path to Democracy? Assessing Village Elections in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 18: 359–78.
O’Brien, Kevin J., and Lianjiang Li. 1995. “The Politics of Lodging Complaints in Rural China.” The China Quarterly 143: 756–83.
O’Brien, Kevin J., and Lianjiang Li. 1999. “Selective Policy Implementation in Rural China.” Comparative Politics 31: 167–86.
O’Brien, Kevin J., and Lianjiang Li. 2001. “Accommodating ‘Democracy’ in a One-Party State: Introducing Village Elections in China.” In Larry Diamond and Ramon H. Myers (eds.), Elections and Democracy in Greater China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O’Brien, Kevin J., and Lianjiang Li. 2005. “Suing the Local State: Administrative Litigation in Rural China.” In Neil J. Diamant, Stanley B. Lubman, and Kevin J. O’Brien (eds.), Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
O’Brien, Kevin J., and Lianjiang Li. 2006. Rightful Resistance in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ocko, Jonathan. 1988. “I’ll Take It All the Way to Beijing: Capital Appeals in the Qing.” Journal of Asian Studies 47: 291–315.
Odgaard, Ole. 1992. Private Enterprises in Rural China: Impact on Agricultural and Social Stratification. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.
Oi, Jean C. 1989. State and Peasant in Contemporary China: The Political Economy of Village Government. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Oi, Jean C. 1990. “The Fate of the Collective after the Commune.” In Deborah Davis and Ezra Vogel (eds.), Chinese Society on the Eve of Tiananmen: The Impact of Reform. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University.
Oi, Jean C. 1992. “Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China.” World Politics 45: 99–126.
Oi, Jean C. 1995. “The Role of the Local State in China’s Transitional Economy.” The China Quarterly 144: 1132–49.
Oi, Jean C. 1996. “Economic Development, Stability and Democratic Village Self-Governance.” In Maurice Brosseau, Suzanne Pepper, and Shu-ki Tsang (eds.), China Review 1996. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
Oi, Jean C. 1999. Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Oi, Jean C. 2004. “Old Problems for New Leaders: Institutional Disjunctions in Rural China.” In Yun-han Chu, Chih-cheng Lo, and Ramon H. Myers (eds.), The New Chinese Leadership: Challenges and Opportunities after the 16th Party Congress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oi, Jean C., and Scott Rozelle. 2001. “Elections and Power: The Locus of Decision-Making in Chinese Villages.” In Larry Diamond and Ramon H. Myers (eds.), Elections and Democracy in Greater China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oi, Jean C., and Andrew G. Walder (eds.). 1999. Property Rights and Economic Reform in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Oi, Jean C., and Shukai Zhao. 2007. “Fiscal Crisis in China’s Townships: Causes and Consequences.” In Elizabeth J. Perry and Merle Goldman (eds.), Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Oksenberg, Michel, and James Tong. 1991. “The Evolution of Central-Provincial Fiscal Relations in China, 1971–1984: The Formal System.” The China Quarterly 125: 1–32.
Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review 87: 567–76.
Ong, Lynette. 2006. “The Political Economy of Township Government Debt, Township Enterprises and Rural Financial Institutions in China.” The China Quarterly 186: 377–400.
Ong, Lynette. 2012. Prosper or Perish: The Political Economy of Credit and Fiscal Systems in Rural China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ostrom, Elinor. 2005. Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Paik, Woo Yeal. 2009. “Political Participation, Clientelism, and State-Society Relations in Contemporary China.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of California at Los Angeles.
Paik, Wooyeal, and Kihyun Lee. 2012. “I Want to Be Exploited!: The Politics of Xiaochanquanfang Land Development in Suburban China.” Journal of Contemporary China 21: 261–79.
Pan Wei. 2003. Nongmin yu Shichang: Zhongguo Jiceng Zhengquan yu Xiangzhen Qiye (Farmers and the Market: Grassroots Authorities and Township-and-Village Enterprises in China). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
Pastor, Robert A., and Qingshan Tan. 2001. “The Meaning of China’s Village Elections.” In Larry Diamond and Ramon H. Myers (eds.), Elections and Democracy in Greater China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peerenboom, Randall P. 2002. China’s Long March toward Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pei, Minxin. 1995. “Creeping Democratization in China.” Journal of Democracy 6: 65–79.
Pei, Minxin. 1997. “Citizens v. Mandarins: Administrative Litigation in China.” The China Quarterly 152: 832–62.
Pei, Minxin. 2006. China’s Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Peng, Yali. 1996. “The Politics of Tobacco: Relations between Farmers and Local Governments in China’s Southwest.” The China Journal 36: 67–82.
Perry, Elizabeth J. 1980. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845–1945. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Perry, Elizabeth J.. 1985. “Rural Violence in Socialist China.” The China Quarterly 103: 414–40.
Perry, Elizabeth J.. 1994. “Trends in the Study of Chinese Politics: State-Society Relations.” The China Quarterly 139: 704–13.
Perry, Elizabeth J.. 2002. Challenging the Mandate of Heaven: Social Protest and State Power in China. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. 1982. Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pye, Lucian W. 1986. “Reassessing the Cultural Revolution.” The China Quarterly 108: 597–612.
Qian Zhenming. 2001. “Cunweihui de minzhu xuanju ji qi dui cunmin de yingxiang: Suzhou Xiawei Cun de diaocha yu sikao” (Village elections and their effect on villagers: A study in Xiawei Village in Suzhou). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Qiu Xinyou. 2001. “Zhengfu zhudao yu liyi qudong: Tie Cun xuanju guancha” (Government’s initiative and interest drive: A study on the election in Tie Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Qiu Xinyou, He Xuefeng, Song Zhiyong, and Yi Hui. 2001. “Cunzhuang quanli fenpei geju xia de cunmin xuanju: Guan Cun xuanju guancha” (A village election under the distribution of power in the village: A study on the election in Guan Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Qiu Xinyou, Qiu Guoliang, and Xiao Tangbiao. 2002. “Xuanju zhong de zongzu yinsu: Zhong Cun xuanju guancha” (The kinship factor in elections: A study on the village election in Zhong Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Qiu Xinyou and Xiao Tangbiao. 2001. “Minzhu xuanju zhong de qiangren, xiangcun ganbu yu guojia: Zhou Cun xuanju de guancha yu sikao” (Strong people, rural cadres, and the state in democratic elections: A study on the election in Zhou Village). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Raymond, Chad, Mark Selden, and Kate Zhou. 2000. “The Power of the Strong? Rural Resistance and Reform in China and Vietnam.” China Information 14(2): 1–30.
Remick, Elizabeth J. 2002. “The Significance of Variation in Local States: The Case of Local States in Twentieth Century China.” Comparative Politics 34: 399–418.
Rozelle, Scott. 1991. “The Economic Behavior of Village Leaders in China’s Reform Economy.” Ph.D. dissertation. Cornell University.
Rozelle, Scott. 1994. “Decision-Making in China’s Rural Economy: The Linkages between Village Leaders and Farm Households.” The China Quarterly 137: 99–125.
Sacks, David Harris. 1994. “The Paradox of Taxation: Fiscal Crises, Parliament, and Liberty in England, 1450–1640.” In Philip T. Hoffman and Kathryn Norberg (eds.), Fiscal Crisis, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450–1789. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Sartori, Giovanni. 1987. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
Schatz, Edward. 2006. “Access by Accident: Legitimacy Claims and Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Central Asia.” International Political Science Review 27: 263–84.
Schedler, Andreas. 2002. “The Menu of Manipulation.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 36–50.
Schubert, Gunter. 2002. “Village Elections in the PRC: A Trojan Horse of Democracy?” Manuscript. Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg.
Schubert, Gunter. 2008. “One-Party Rule and the Question of Legitimacy in Contemporary China: Preliminary Thoughts on Setting Up a New Research Agenda.” Journal of Contemporary China 17: 191–204.
Schubert, Gunter. 2009. “Studying ‘Democratic’ Governance in Contemporary China: Looking at the Village Is Not Enough.” Journal of Contemporary China 18: 385–90.
Schubert, Gunter, and Xuelian Chen. 2007. “Village Elections in Contemporary China: New Spaces for Generating Regime Legitimacy? Experiences from Lishu County.” China Perspectives 3: 12–25.
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Shapiro, Ian. 1996. Democracy’s Place. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Shen Yansheng and Zhang Shouli. 2003. “Zizhi yihuo xingzheng: Zhongguo xiangzhi de huigu yu zhanwang” (Self-governance or administration: Retrospection and foresight of rural governance in China). In Xu Yong (ed.), Zhongguo Nongcun Yanjiu 2002 Juan (Chinese Rural Studies 2002). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Shevchenko, Alexei V. 2002. “Party of Entrepreneurs: The Chinese Communist Party’s Survival and Adaptation in the Age of Reform.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles.
Shi Congmei. 2002. “Qiangshi zongzu beijing xia de guize youxi: Cao Cun xuanju guancha yu sikao” (Playing with rules backed by a strong kinship group: A study on the election in Cao Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Shi, Tianjian. 1999. “Village Committee Elections in China: Institutional Tactics for Democracy.” World Politics 51: 385–412.
Shih, Victor, and Qi Zhang. 2007. “Who Receives Subsidies? A Look at the County Level in Two Time Periods.” In Vivienne Shue and Christine P. W. Wong (eds.), Paying for Progress in China: Public Finance, Human Welfare and Changing Patterns of Inequality. New York: Routledge.
Shirk, Susan L. 2007. China: Fragile Superpower. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shue, Vivienne. 1980. Peasant China in Transition: The Dynamics of Development toward Socialism, 1949–1956. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Shue, Vivienne. 1984. “The Fate of the Communes.” Modern China 10: 259–83.
Shue, Vivienne. 1988. The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Siu, Helen F. 1989. Agents and Victims in South China: Accomplices in Rural Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Solinger, Dorothy J. 1999. Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Song Zhiyong. 2001. “Ren zhong er dao yuan: Hejiang Cun xuanju guancha” (A heavy task and a far distance: A study on the election in Hejiang Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Song Zhiyong. 2002. “Chuyu minzhu: Nanmen Cun xuanju guancha” (Democracy introduced: A study on the election in Nanmen Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Steinfeld, Edward S. 1998. Forging Reform in China: The Fate of State-Owned Industry. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stokes, Donald. 1992. “Valence Politics.” In Dennis Kavanagh (ed.), Electoral Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Su Ming. 2002. “Guanyu wo guo nongcun jichu jiaoyu caizheng zhichi de zhengce tansuo” (Search for policies concerning fiscal support for fundamental education in rural China). Neibu Canyue (Internal Reference) 616: 2–11.
Sun Liping. 2004. Zuanxing yu Duanlie: Gaige Yilai Zhongguo Shehui Jiegou de Bianqian (Transformation and Split: Transition of Social Structure in Reforms). Beijing: Qinghua Daxue Chubanshe.
Sun, Yan. 2004. Corruption and Market in Contemporary China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Tan, Qingshan. 2009. “Building Democratic Infrastructure: Village Electoral Institutions.” Journal of Contemporary China 18: 411–20.
Tang Xiaoteng. 2001a. “Xuanju, gongzheng yu mianzi: Shiqian Cunweihui huanjie xuanju de diaocha” (Elections, justice, and face: A study on the village election in Shiqian). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Tang Xiaoteng. 2001b. “Zhengfu de zuoyong ji qi buwanshanxing: Makou Cun diaocha” (Government’s functions and their incompleteness: A study in Makou Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Tang Xiaoteng, Yang Da, and Xiao Tangbiao. 2002. “Yingxiang minzhu xuanju de yinsu fenxi: Chengfang Cun xuanju diaocha” (An analysis on the factors influencing a democratic election: A study on the election in Chengfang Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Tang, Yuen Yuen. 2005. “When Peasants Sue En Masse: Large-Scale Collective ALL Suits in Rural China.” China: An International Journal 3: 24–49.
Tao, Ran, Mingxing Liu, Fubing Su, and Xi Lu. 2011. “Grain Procurement, Tax Instrument and Peasant Burdens during China’s Rural Transition.” Journal of Contemporary China 20: 659–77.
Teiwes, Frederick C. 1997. “The Establishment and Consolidation of the New Regime.” In Roderick MacFarquhar (ed.), The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng, second edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thaxton, Ralph A., Jr. 1997. Salt of the Earth: The Political Origins of Peasant Protest and Communist Revolution in China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Thaxton, Ralph A. 2008. Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China: Mao’s Great Leap Forward Famine and the Origins of Righteous Resistance in Da Fo Village. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tiebout, Charles M. 1956. “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures.” Journal of Political Economy 64: 416–24.
Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. [1835 & 1840] 2000. Democracy in America, edited and translated by Harvey Mansfield and Delba Winthrop. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Tong, James W. 2009. Revenge of the Forbidden City: The Suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999–2005. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tong Zhihui. 2001. “‘Cunzheng jingying junheng’ yu xiangcun minzhu de zhilihua: Ai Cun xuanju guancha” (The balance of village elites and governance of rural democracy: A study on the election in Ai Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Tong Zhihui. 2002. Xiangcun Guanxi Shiye zhong de Cunzhuang Xuanju: Yi Neimenggu Qiao Xiang Cunweihui Huanjie Xuanju wei Gean (Village Elections in the Perspective of Township-Village Relations: Case Studies from Village Elections in Xiang Township in Inner Mongolia). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Tong Zhihui. 2004. Xuanju Shijian yu Cunzhuang Zhengzhi: Cunzhuang Shehui Guanlian zhong de Cunmin Xuanju (Elections and Village Politics: Village Elections in Networks in Village Society). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Tong Zhihui and Yu Wenhua. 2001. “Xiangcun guanxi, cunzhuang quanli jiegou yu xuanju: You Cun cunweihui xuanju guancha” (Township-village relations, village power structure, and an election: A Study on the village election in You Village). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Treisman, Daniel. 1996. “The Politics of Intergovernmental Transfers in Post-Soviet Russia.” British Journal of Political Science 26: 299–335.
Treisman, Daniel. 1999a. After Deluge: Regional Crises and Political Consolidation in Russia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Treisman, Daniel. 1999b. “Political Decentralization and Economic Reform: A Game-Theoretic Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science 43: 488–517.
Tsai, Kellee S. 2002. Back-Alley Banking: Private Entrepreneurs in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
Tsai, Kellee S. 2007. Capitalism without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Tsai, Lily L. 2007a. Accountability without Democracy: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tsai, Lily L. 2007b. “Solidary Groups, Informal Accountability, and Local Public Goods Provision in Rural China.” American Political Science Review 101: 355–72.
Tsebelis, George. 1989. “The Abuse of Probability in Political Analysis: The Robinson Crusoe Fallacy.” American Political Science Review 83: 77–91.
Tsui, Kai-yuan, and Youqiang Wang. 2004. “Between Separate Stoves and a Single Menu: Fiscal Decentralization in China.” The China Quarterly 177: 71–90.
Unger, Jonathan. 1989. “State and Peasant in Post-Revolution China.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 17: 114–36.
Unger, Jonathan. 2002. The Transformation of Rural China. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Wald, Kenneth D. 1983. Crosses on the Ballot: Patterns of British Voter Alignment since 1885. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Walder, Andrew G. 1995. “Local Governments as Industrial Firms: An Organizational Analysis of China’s Transitional Economy.” American Journal of Sociology 101: 263–301.
Wang Bing. 2001. “Cunweihui zhixuan zhong xiangzheng yizhi de kuozhang: Quchi Cun xuanju guancha.” (The expansion of political consciousness during a village election: A study on the election in Quchi Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Wang Fei. 2001. “Yi ci jingzhengxing jiaoqiang de xuanju: Putian Cun xuanju jishi” (A relatively competitive election: An observation of the election in Putian Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Wang, Shaoguang. 1995. “The Rise of the Regions: Fiscal Reform and the Decline of Central State Capacity in China.” In Andrew G. Walder (ed.), The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wang, Shaoguang, and Angang Hu. 2001. The Chinese Economy in Crisis: State Capacity and Tax Reform. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Wang Xiaojun. 2001. “Gezhong liliang jiaozhu xia de minzhu xuanju: Zhong Cun xuanju guancha” (Democratic elections under rivalries of various powers: An observation of the election in Zhong Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shiwu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Wang Xu. 1997. “Xiangcun Zhongguo de jiceng minzhu: Guojia yu shehui de quanli huqiang” (Grassroots democracy in rural China: Mutual empowerment of the state and society). Ershi-Yi Shiji (The Twenty-First Century) 40: 147–58.
Wang, Yeh-chien. 1971. “The Fiscal Importance of the Land Tax during the Ch’ing Period.” Journal of Asian Studies 30: 829–42.
Wang, Zhenyao. 1998. “Village Committees: The Basis for China’s Democratization.” In Eduard B. Vermeer, Frank N. Pieke, and Woei Lien Chong (eds.), Cooperative and Collective in China’s Rural Development: Between State and Private Interests. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Wank, David L. 1999. Commodifying Communism: Business, Trust, and Politics in a Chinese City. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Weber, Max. [1919] 1946. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited and translated by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wedeman, Andrew. 1997. “Stealing from the Farmers: Institutional Corruption and the 1992 IOU Crisis.” The China Quarterly 152: 805–31.
Wedeman, Andrew. 2000. “Budget, Extra Budgets, and Small Treasuries: Illegal Monies and Local Autonomy in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 9: 489–512.
Wedeman, Andrew. 2001. “Incompetence, Noise and Fear in Central-Local Relations in China.” Studies in Comparative International Development 35: 59–83.
Wei Xinghe. 2001. “Cunmin zhixuan de daoru ji qi xiaoying: Taoyuan Cunweihui huanjie xuanju guancha” (The introduction of village elections and its effect: A study on the village election in Taoyuan). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Wei Xinghe. 2002. “Shequ quanwei lingdao xia de minzhu xuanju: Guping Cun xuanju guancha” (A democratic election under the initiative of community authority: A study on the election in Guping Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
White, Lynn T., III. 1998. Unstately Power, Volume I: Local Causes of China’s Economic Reforms. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Whiting, Susan H. 2001. Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Political Economy of Institutional Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Whiting, Susan H. 2004. “The Cadre Evaluation System at the Grassroots: The Paradox of Party Rule.” In Barry J. Naughton and Dali L. Yang (eds.), Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Whyte, Martin King. 2010. Myth of the Social Volcano: Perceptions of Inequality and Distributive Injustice in Contemporary China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Will, Pierre-Etienne. 1990. Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China, translated by Elborg Forster. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Wong, Christine. 1991. “Central-Local Relations in an Era of Fiscal Decline: The Paradox of Fiscal Decentralization in Post-Mao China.” The China Quarterly 128: 691–715.
Wong, Christine. 1992. “Fiscal Reform and Local Industrialization: The Problematic Sequencing of Reform in Post-Mao China.” Modern China 18: 197–227.
Wong, Christine. 2009. “Rebuilding Government for the 21st Century: Can China Incrementally Reform the Public Sector?” The China Quarterly 200: 929–52.
Wong, Christine P. W., and Richard M. Bird. 2008. “China’s Fiscal System: A Work in Progress.” In Loren Brandt and Thomas G. Rawski (eds.), China’s Great Economic Transformation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wong, R. Bin. 1997. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wright, Teresa. 2002. “The China Democracy Party and the Politics of Protest in the 1980s–1990s.” The China Quarterly 172: 906–26.
Wright, Teresa. 2008. “State-Society Relations in Reform-Era China: A Unique Case of Postsocialist State-Led Late Development?” Comparative Politics 40: 353–74.
Wright, Teresa. 2010. Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in China’s Reform Era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Xiang Jiquan (ed.). 2004. Zouchu “Huang Zongxi Dinglü” de Guaijuan: Zhongguo Nongcun Shuifei Gaige de Diaocha yu Yanjiu (Emerging from the Involution of “Huang Zongxi’s Law”: Investigation and Research on China’s Tax-for-Fee Reform). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Xiao Jin. 2004. “Cong zhenggui jiaoyu de kunjing zou xiang wek shequ jianshe fuwu de jiaoyu peixun” (Moving from the difficulty of formal education to educational training for community building). Paper presented at the Third Conference on Constructing Rural Grassroots Organizations, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Xiao Lihui. 2001. “Xinping Cun xuanju guancha” (A study on the election in Xinping Village). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Xiao Tangbiao (ed.). 2001. Cunzhi zhong de Zongzu: Dui Jiu ge Cun de Diaocha yu Yanjiu (Kinships in Village Governance: Studies in Nine Villages). Shanghai: Shanghai Shudian Chubanshe.
Xiao Tangbiao. 2002a. “Daolun” (Introduction). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Xiao Tangbiao(ed.). 2002b. Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.). 2001. Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Xiao Tangbiao, Shi Tianjian, Qiu Xinyou, and Yu Wenhua (eds.). 2002. Dangdai Zhongguo Nongcun Zongzu yu Xiangcun Zhili: Kua Xueke de Yanjiu yu Duihua (Kinships and Rural Governance in Contemporary China: Interdisciplinary Studies and Dialogues). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Xu Fuqun. 2004. “Liangwei maodun de chuli: Anzhao tongyi jiepai wudao” (How to solve the Party-administration conflict: Dancing with the same rhythm). Paper presented at the Third Conference on Constructing Rural Grassroots Organizations, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Xu, Jiang. 2004. “‘Rich Brothers’ and ‘Poor Cousins’: The Political Economy of Post-Reform Rural Disparity in a Chinese Township.” Journal of Contemporary China 13: 801–17.
Xu Yong. 2003. Xiangcun Zhili yu Zhongguo Zhengzhi (Rural Governance and Chinese Politics). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Yan Jing. 2001. “Zhidu yinru yu xueyuan gongtongti: Luojia Cun xuanju guancha” (Institutional incentives and a kindred community: A study on the election in Luojia Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Yan Jing and Xiao Tangbiao. 2002. “Jingying zhudao yu shequ minzhu: Yongchang Cun xuanju guancha” (The elite initiative and community democracy: A study on the election in Yongchang Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Yang Da. 2001a. “Xiaoshui di si jie Cunweihui huanjie xuanju guancha” (A study on the fourth village election in Xiaoshui). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Yang Da. 2001b. “Xuanju beihou de jingji yu shehui tizhi: Wufang Cun xunaju kaocha yu yanjiu” (Economic and social institutions behind elections: A study on the election in Wufang Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Yang, Dali L. 1996. Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change since the Great Leap Famine. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Yang, Dali L. 2004. Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Yep, Ray. 2004. “Can ‘Tax-for-Fee’ Reform Reduce Rural Tension in China? The Process, Progress and Limitations.” The China Quarterly 177: 42–70.
Yi Hui. 2002. “Liyi gongtongdi yu xuanju: Wangshatang Cun xuanju guancha” (The interest-based community and an election: A study on the election in Wangshatang Village). In Xiao Tangbiao (ed.), Zongzu, Xiangcun Quanli yu Xuanju: Dui Jiangxi Sheng Shi-Er ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Kinships, Rural Power, and Elections: Studies on Twelve Village Elections in Jiangxi Province). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Yi Hui and Xiao Tangbiao. 2001. “Ganqun guanxi, zongzu yu xuanju: Kuanxia Cun zhixuan guancha” (Cadre-mass relations, kinships, and elections: An observation of the direct election). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Ying Xing. 2001. Dahe Yimin Shangfang de Gushi (A Story of Migrating Petitioners from a Great River). Beijing: Sanlian Shudian.
Yip, Ngai-ming, and Yihong Jiang. 2012. “Homeowners United: The Attempt to Create Lateral Networks of Homeowners’ Associations in Urban China.” Journal of Contemporary China 20: 735–50.
Yu Jianrong. 2000. “Liyi, quanwei he zhixu: Dui nongcun duikang jiceng zhengfu de quntixing shijian de fenxi” (Interests, authority, and order: An analysis of collective incidents against grassroots governments in rural areas). Zhongguo Nongcun Guancha (Survey on Rural China) 4: 70–76.
Yu Jianrong. 2001. Yuecun Zhengzhi: Zhuanxinqi Zhongguo Xiangcun Zhengzhi Jiegou de Bianqian (Politics in Yue Village: Transformation of the Political Structure during Rural Reforms in China). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
Yu Liedong.
2005. “Quanmian quxiao nongye shui dui cunji zuzhi jianshe ji duice: Dui Jiangxi Sheng 31 ge cun de diaocha” (The impact of the complete abolition of the agricultural tax on construction of village-level organizations and their measures: A study of 31 villages in Jiangxi Province). (
http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=41754, accessed September 20, 2009).
Yu Liedong and Xiao Tangbiao. 2001. “Jianfeng Cun di si jie Cunweihui xuanju guancha” (A study of the fourth village election in Jianfeng Village). In Li Lianjiang, Guo Zhenglin, and Xiao Tangbiao (eds.), Cunweihui Xuanju Guancha (Studies on Village Elections). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe.
Zelin, Madeleine. 1984. The Magistrate’s Tael: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth Century Ch’ing China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zhan Chengfu. 2004. Xiangcun Zhengzhi Ruogan Wenti Yanjiu (Research on Issues of Rural Politics). Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.
Zhan, Jing Vivian. 2006. “The Logic of Fiscal Reforms: Analysis of Central Control versus Local Discretion in China.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles.
Zhan, Jing Vivian. 2009a. “Decentralizing China: Analysis of Central Strategies in China’s Fiscal Reforms.” Journal of Contemporary China 18: 445–62.
Zhan, Jing Vivian. 2009b. “Undermining State Capacity: Vertical and Horizontal Diffusions of Fiscal Power in China.” Asian Politics and Policy 1: 390–408.
Zhang Faxiang. 2001. “Xingzheng yizhi zhudao xia de xuanju: Dong Cun xuanju guancha” (An election under the administrative initiative: A study on the election in Dong Village). In Xiao Tangbiao, Qiu Xinyou, and Tang Xiaoteng (eds.), Duowei Shijiao zhong de Cunmin Zhixuan: Dui Shi-Wu ge Cunweihui Xuanju de Guancha Yanjiu (Village Elections from a Multidimensional Angle: Studies on Fifteen Village Elections). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanse.
Zhang, Jianjun. 2009. Marketization and Democracy in China. New York: Routledge.
ZhangJing. 2000. Jiceng Zhengquan: Xiangcun Zhidu Zhu Wenti (Various Problems of Rural Local Governance in China). Hangzhou: Zhejiang Renmin Chubanshe.
ZhangJing. 2007. Jiceng Zhengquan: Xiangcun Zhidu Zhu Wenti (Various Problems of Rural Local Governance in China), revised edition. Shanghai: Shiji Chuban Jituan Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.
Zhang Letian. 1998. Gaobie Lixiang: Renmin Gongshe Zhidu Yanjiu (Farewell to the Ideal: A Study of the People’s Commune Institution). Shanghai: Dongfang Chuban Zhonxin.
Zhang, Li. 2001a. “Migration and Privatization of Space and Power in Late Socialist China.” American Ethnologist 28: 179–205.
Zhang, Li. 2001b. Strangers in the City: Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China’s Floating Population. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
ZhaoShukai. 2010. Xiangzhen Zhili yu Zhengfu Zhiduhua (Township governance and the institutionalization of governments). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
Zheng Xin. 2005. Xiangcun Zhengzhi zhong de Boyi Shengcun: Huabei Nongcun Cunmin Shangfang Yanjiu (Survival Games in Rural Politics: A Study on Rural Petitions in North China). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Zhou, Guangyuan. 1993. “Illusion and Reality in the Law of the Late Qing: A Sichuan Case Study.” Modern China 19: 427–56.
Zhou, Kate Xiao. 1996. How the Farmers Changed China: Power of the People. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Zhou, Li, and Hiroki Takeuchi. 2010. “Informal Lenders and Rural Finance in China: A Report from the Field.” Modern China 36: 302–28.
Zhou, Qingzhi. 2004. Zhongguo Xianji Xingzheng Jiegou ji Qi Yunxing: Dui W Xian de Shehuixue Kaocha (China’s County Government and Its Administration: A Sociological Study of W County). Guiyang: Guizhou Renmin Chubanshe.
Zhou Xueguang. 2010. “The Institutional Logic of Collusion among Local Governments in China.” Modern China 36: 47–78.
Zhu, Jiangnan. 2012. “The Shadow of the Skyscrapers: Real Estate Corruption in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 21: 243–60.
Zhu, Keliang, and
Roy Prosterman.
2007. “Securing Land Rights for Chinese Farmers: A Leap Forward for Stability and Growth.” Cato Institute Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity, Development Policy Analysis. (
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1066812, accessed June 27, 2010).
Zhu Shouyin, Zhang Haiyang, and Yan Hui. 2004. “Nongcun shuifei gaige shidian he xiangcun guanli tizhi gaige genzong yanjiu baogao” (A research report following the testing points of rural reforms). In Li Changping and Dong Leiming (eds.), Shuifei Gaige Beijing xia de Xiangzhen Tizhi Yanjiu (Studies on the Township Regime under the Influence of the Tax-for-Fee Reform). Wuhan: Hubei Renmin Chubanshe.
Zweig, David. 1997. Freeing China’s Farmers: Rural Restructuring in the Reform Era. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Zweig, David. 2003. “To the Courts or to the Barricades: Can New Political Institutions Manage Rural Conflict?” In Elizabeth J. Perry and Mark Selden (eds.), Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance, second edition. New York: Routledge Curzon.
