Abele, A. E. and Petzold, P. (1998). Pragmatic use of categorical information in impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 347–58
Abelson, R. P., Dasgupta, N., Park, J. and Banaji, M. R. (1998). Perceptions of the collective other. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 243–50
Abrams, D. and Hogg, M. A. (1990). Social identification, self-categorization, and social influence. In W. Stroebe and M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 195–228). New York: Wiley
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J. and Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper
Ahn, W-K., Kalish, C. W., Medin, D. L. and Gelman, S. A. (1995). The role of covariation versus mechanism information in causal attribution. Cognition, 54, 299–352
Allison, S. T., Beggan, J. K, Midgley, E. H. and Wallace, K. A. (1995). Dispositional and behavioral inferences about inherently democratic and unanimous groups. Social Cognition, 13, 105–25
Allison, S. T., Mackie, D. M. and Messick, D. M. (1996). Outcome biases in social perception: implications for dispositional inference, attitude change, stereotyping, and social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 53–93
Allison, S. T. and Messick, D. M. (1985). The group attribution error. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 563–79
Alloy, L. B. and Tabachnik, N. (1984). Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: the joint influence of prior expectations and current situational information. Psychological Review, 91, 112–49
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Andersen, S. M. and Klatzky, R. L. (1987). Traits and social stereotypes: levels of categorisation in person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 235–46
Anderson, C. A. (1995). Implicit theories in broad perspective. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 286–90
Asch, S. E. (1952). Social Psychology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Augoustinos, M. and Walker, I. (1995). Social Cognition: an integrated introduction. London: Sage
Avigdor, R. (1953). Etude expérimentale de la genèse des stéréotypes. Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, 14, 154–68
Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automaticity in social psychology. In E. T. Higgins and A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: handbook of basic principles (pp. 169–83). New York, NY: Guilford Press
Bargh, J. A., Chen, M. and Burrows, L. (1996). The automaticity of social behavior: direct effects of trait concept and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230–44
Barsalou, L. W. (1985). Ideals, central tendency, and frequency of instantiation as determinants of graded structure in categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 629–54
Barsalou, L. W. (1991). Deriving categories to achieve goals. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in theory and research (Vol. 27). New York, NY: Academic Press
Bassok, M. and Medin, D. L. (1997). Birds of a feather flock together: similarity judgements with semantically rich stimuli. Journal of Memory and Language, 36, 311–36
Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: an alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance. Psychological Review, 74, 183–200
Berndsen, M., McGarty, C., Pligt, J. and Spears, R. (2001). Meaning-seeking in the illusory correlation paradigm: the active role of participants in the categorization process. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 209–33
Berndsen, M. and Spears, R. (1997). Reinterpreting illusory correlation: from biased covariation to meaningful categorisation. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 57, 127–38
Berndsen, M., Spears, R., McGarty, C. and Pligt, J. (1998). Dynamics of differentiation: similarity as the precursor and product of stereotype formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1451–63
Berndsen, M., Spears, R., Pligt, J. and McGarty, C. (1999). Determinants of intergroup differentiation on the illusory correlation task. British Journal of Psychology, 90, 201–20
Berndsen, M., Pligt, J. and Spears, R. (1994). Voorwaarden voor illusoire correlatie. [Requirements for illusory correlation]. In N. Ellemers et al. (Eds.) Fundamentele Sociale Psychologie, 8, (pp. 48–56). Tilburg University Press
Berndsen, M., Pligt, J., Spears, R. and McGarty, C. (1996). Expectationbased and data-based illusory correlation: the effects of confirming versus disconfirming evidence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 899–913
Bettelheim, B. (1947). Dynamism of anti-Semitism in gentile and Jew. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 7, 151–63
Biernat, M., Vescio, T. K. and Manis, M. (1998). Judging and behaving toward members of stereotyped groups: a shifting standards perspective. In C. R. Sedikides, J. Schopler and C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behaviour (pp. 151–75). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Bless, H., Strack, F. and Schwarz, N. (1993). The informative functions of research procedures: bias and the logic of conversation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 149–65
Bliuc, A-M. (forthcoming). Joining and belonging to ideological groups: the roles of affiliative and issue uncertainty in self-categorization. Forthcoming PhD thesis, The Australian National University
Bodenhausen, G. V. and Macrae, C. N. (1998). Stereotype activation and inhibition. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 11, pp. 1–52). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Bourhis, R. Y. (1994). Power, gender, and intergroup discrimination: some minimal group experiments. In M. P. Zanna and J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: the Ontario symposium (Vol. 7). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Bourhis, R. Y., Turner, J. C. and Gagnon, A. (1997). Interdependence, social identity and discrimination. In R. Spears, P. Oakes, N. Ellemers and S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell
Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T. and Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135–49
Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. K. Srull and R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1–36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: on being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475–82
Brewer, M. B., Dull, V. and Lui, L. (1981). Perception of the elderly: stereotypes as prototypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 656–70
Brewer, M. B. and Harasty, A. S. (1996). Seeing groups as entities: the role of perceiver motivation. In R. Sorrentino and E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition Vol. 3: The interpersonal context. (pp. 347–70). New York: Guilford Press
Brewer, M. B., Weber, J. G. and Carini, B. (1995). Person memory in intergroup contexts: categorization versus individuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 29–40
Brown, P. M. and Turner, J. C. (2001a). The impact of different background theories on judgements of prototypicality and stereotype content. Manuscript in preparation, University of Canberra
Brown, P. M. and Turner, J. C. (2001b). Naïve theories and normative fit: explanations, consistency and stereotype content. Manuscript in preparation, University of Canberra
Brown, R. (1986). Social psychology: The second edition. New York: Free Press
Bruner, J. S. (1957a). On perceptual readiness. Psychological Review, 64, 123–52
Bruner, J. S. (1957b). Going beyond the information given. In H. E. Gruber, K. R. Hammond and R. Jessor (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to cognition (pp. 41–69). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J. and Austin, G. A. (1956). A study of thinking. New York: Wiley
Campbell, D. T. (1956). Enhancement of contrast as a composite habit. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53, 350–5
Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioural Sciences, 3, 14–25
Campbell, D. T. (1967). Stereotypes and the perception of group differences. American Psychologist, 22, 817–29
Cantor, N. and Mischel, W. (1979). Prototypes in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology(Vol. 12, pp. 3–52). New York: Academic Press
Carlston, D. E. (1994). Associated systems theory: a systematic approach to cognitive representations of persons. In T. K. Srull and R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 7, pp. 1–78). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Castano, E. and Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1998). The highs and lows of group homogeneity. Behavioural Processes, 42, 219–38
Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V. Y., and Bourgignon, D. (2000). We are one and I like it: The impact of group entitativity on group identification. Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve. Manuscript submitted for publication
Chapman, L. J. (1967). Illusory correlation in observational report. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 151–5
Cheng, P. W. (1997). From covariation to causation: a causal power theory. Psychological Review, 104, 367–405
Chiu, C., Hong, Y. and Dweck, C. S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19–30
Claire, T. and Fiske, S. T. (1998). A systemic view of behavioral confirmation: counterpoint to the individualist view. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler and C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 205–31). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Cohen, C. E. (1981). Person categories and social perception: testing some boundaries of the processing effects of prior knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 441–52
Condor, S. (2000). Pride and prejudice: identity management in English people's talk about ‘this country’. Discourse and Society, 11, 175–205
Corneille, O. and Judd, C. M. (1999). Accentuation and sensitization effects in the categorization of multi-faceted stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 927–41
Corneille, O., Klein, O., Lambert, S. and Judd, C. M. (2001). Obtaining categorical accentuation with unidimensional physical estimates: the role of familiarity with measurement unit. Manuscript submitted for publication
Corneille, O., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A. and Buidin, G. (2001). Threat and the group attribution error: when threat elicits judgments of extremity and homogeneity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 437–46
Corter, J. E. and Gluck, M. (1992). Explaining basic categories: features predictability for information. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 291–300
Coull, A. and Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1999). Cognitive resources and stereotype preservation: ‘Just gimme a moment’ ! Manuscript submitted for publication
Coull, A., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Castano, E., Paladino, P. and Leemans (2001). Dealing with a deviant ingroup member: motivated stereotyping has a cognitive price. Manuscript submitted for publication. Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve
Crocker, J. (1981). Judgment of covariation by social perceivers. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 272–92
Dasgupta, N., Banaji, M. R. and Abelson, R. P. (1999). Group entitativity and group perception: associations between physical features and psychological judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 991–1003
Dépret, E. and Fiske, S. T. (1999). Perceiving the powerful: intriguing individuals versus threatening groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 461–80
Deschamps, J.-C. (1973–1974). L'attribution, la catégorisation sociale et les relations intergroupes. Bulletin de Psychologie, 27, 710–21
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18
Devine, P. G. and Elliot, A. J. (1995). Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton Trilogy revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1139–50
Devine, P. G., Hamilton, D. L. and Ostrom, T. M. (Eds.) (1994). Social cognition: Contributions to classic issues in social psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Diab, L. N. (1962). National stereotypes and the ‘reference group’ concept. Journal of Social Psychology, 57, 339–51
Diab, L. N. (1963). Factors determining group stereotypes. Journal of Social Psychology, 61, 3–10
Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., Postmes, T., Stapel, D. A., Koomen, W., Knippenberg, A. and Scheepers, D. (1998). Seeing one thing and doing another: contrast effects in automatic behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 862–71
Doise, W., Csepeli, G., Dann, H. D., Gouge, C., Larsen, K. and Ostell, A. (1972). An experimental investigation into the formation of intergroup representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 202–4
Doosje, B. and Ellemers, N. (1997). Stereotyping under threat: the role of group identification. In R. Spears, P. Oakes, N. Ellemers and S. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 257–72), Oxford, England: Blackwell
Doosje, B., Ellemers, N. and Spears, R. (1995). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 410–36
Doosje, B., Ellemers, N. and Spears, R. (1999). Group commitment and intergroup behaviour. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears and B. Doosje (Eds.) Social identity: Context, commitment, content. (pp. 84–106). Oxford: Blackwell
Doosje, B. and Haslam, S. A. (2000). Exploring the dynamics of reciprocity in intergroup contexts: National judgment and Eurovision. Unpublished manuscript: University of Amsterdam
Doosje, B., Haslam, S. A., Spears, R., Oakes, P. J. and Koomen, W. (1998). The effect of comparative context on central tendency and variability judgements and the evaluation of group characteristics. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 173–84
Doosje, B., Spears, R. and Koomen, W. (1995). When bad isn't all bad: the strategic use of sample information in generalization and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 642–55
Drury, J. and Reicher, S. D. (in press). Collective action and psychological change: the emergence of new social identities. British Journal of Social Psychology.
Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C. and Hong, Y. (1995a). Implicit theories and their role in judgements and reactions: a world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 267–85
Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., and Hong, Y. (1995b). Implicit theories: elaboration and extension of the model. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 322–33
Dweck, C. S., Hong, Y. and Chiu, C. (1993). Implicit theories: individual differences in the likelihood and meaning of dispositional inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 644–56
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behaviour: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Eagly, A. H. and Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of men and women into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735–54
Eagly, A. H. and Steffen, V. J. (1986). Gender stereotypes, occupational roles, and beliefs about part-time employees. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 10, 252–62
Ehrlich, H. J. and Rinehart, J. W. (1965). A brief report on the methodology of stereotype research. Social Forces, 43, 564–75
Eiser, J. R. and Stroebe, W. (1972). Categorization and social judgment. London: Academic Press
Ellemers, N., Doosje, E. J., Knippenberg, A. and Wilke, H. (1992). Status protection in high status minorities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 123–40
Ellemers, N., Wilke, H. and Knippenberg, A. (1993). Effects of the legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective identity enhancement strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 766–78
Erber, R. and Fiske, S. T. (1984). Outcome dependency and attention to inconsistent information about others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 709–26
Eysenck, H. J. and Crown, S. (1948). National stereotypes: an experimental and methodological study. International Journal of Opinion and Attitude Research, 2, 26–39
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–40
Fiedler, K. (1991). The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: an information loss account of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 26–36
Fiedler, K. (1996). Explaining and simulating judgment biases as an aggregation phenomenon in probabilistic, multiple-cue environments. Psychological Review, 103, 193–214
Fielder, K. and Armbruster, T. (1994). Two halfs may be more than one whole: category-split effects on frequency illusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 633–45
Fiedler, K., Russer, S. and Gramm, K. (1993). Illusory correlations and memory performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 111–36
Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske and G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 357–411). New York: McGraw-Hill
Fiske, S. T. (2000). Interdependence and the reduction of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 115–35), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Fiske, S. T. and Dépret, E. (1996). Control, interdependence and power: understanding social cognition in its social context. European Review of Social Psychology, 7, 31–61
Fiske, S. T., Lin, M. and Neuberg S. L. (1999). The continuum model: ten years later. In S. Chaiken and Trope, Y, (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 231–54). New York: Guilford Press
Fiske, S. T. and Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1–74
Fiske, S. T., Neuberg, S. L., Beattie, A. E. and Milberg, S. J. (1987). Category-based and attribute-based reactions to others: some informational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 399–427
Fiske, S. T. and Ruscher, J. B. (1993). Negative interdependence and prejudice: whence the affect? In D. M. Mackie and D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 239–68). New York: Academic Press
Fiske, S. T. and Taylor, S. E. (1984). Social cognition (First ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Fiske, S. T. and Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (Second ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Ford, T. E. and Stangor, C. (1992). The role of diagnosticity in stereotype formation: perceiving group means and variances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 356–67
Fyock, J. and Stangor, C. (1994). The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 331–43
Gaertner, L. and Insko, C. A. (2000). Intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm: categorization, reciprocation, or fear?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 77–94
Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A. and Rust, M. C. (1993). Reducing intergroup bias: the common ingroup identity model. In W. Stroebe and M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Journal of Social Psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1–26). Chichester: Wiley and Sons
Gagnon, A., and Bourhis, R. Y. (1996). Discrimination in the minimal group paradigm: social identity or social interest?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1289–301
Gelman, S. A. and Wellman, H. M. (1991). Insides and essences: early understandings of the non-obvious. Cognition, 38, 213–44
Gentner, D. (1983). Structure mapping: a theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 7, 155–70
Gentner, D. and Medina, J. (1998). Similarity and the development of rules. Cognition, 65, 263–97
Gerard, H. B. and Hoyt, M. F. (1974). Distinctiveness of social categorization and attitude toward ingroup members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 836–42
Gibson, J. J. (1982). Affordances and behavior. In E. S. Reed and R. K. Jones (Eds.) Reasons for realism: Selected papers of J. J. Gibson. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Gigerenzer, G. (1991). How to make cognitive illusions disappear: beyond heuristics and biases. In Stroebe, W. and Hewstone, M. (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology, 2, 83–115
Gilbert, D. T., Giesler, R. B. and Morris, K. A. (1995). When comparisons arise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 227–36
Gilbert, D. T. and Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509–17
Gilbert, G. M. (1951). Stereotype persistence and change among college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 245–54
Glick, P. and Fiske, S. T. (2001). Ambivalent stereotypes as legitimizing ideologies: differentiating paternalistic and envious prejudice. In J. T. Jost and B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. New York: Cambridge University Press
Goldstone, R. (1994). Influences of categorization on perceptual discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 178–200
Goldstone, R. (1996). Isolated and interrelated concepts. Memory & Cognition, 24, 608–28
Goldstone, R. (1998). Perceptual learning. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 585–612
Goldstone, R. L. and Barsalou, L. W. (1998). Reuniting perception and conception. Cognition, 65, 231–62
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics: Speech acts (Vol. 3, pp. 41–58). Orlando, FL: Academic Press
Guinote, A. and Fiske, S. T. (2000). Outcome dependency affects perceived group variability: evidence for outgroup differentiation. Manuscript submitted for publication
Guinote, A., Judd, C. M. and Brauer, M. (in press). Effects of power on perceived and objective group variability: evidence that more powerful groups are more variable. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Hamilton, D. L. (Ed.) (1981a). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behaviour. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Hamilton, D. L. (1981b). Illusory correlation as a basis for stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 115–44). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Hamilton, D. L. and Rose, T. L. (1980). Illusory correlation and the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832–45
Hamilton, D. L. and Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in intergroup perception: a cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392–407
Hamilton, D. L., Katz, L. B. and Leirer, V. O. (1980). Cognitive representation of personality impressions: organizational processes in first impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1050–63
Hamilton, D. L. and Sherman, S. J. (1989). Illusory correlations: implications for stereotype theory and research. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski and W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotypes and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions. New York: Springer Verlag
Hamilton, D. L. and Sherman, J. W. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. and T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition (Second ed. pp. 1–68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Hamilton, D. L. and Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103, 336–55
Hamilton, D. L., Stroessner, S. J. and Driscoll, D. M. (1994). Social cognition and the study of stereotyping. In Devine, P. G., Hamilton, D. L. and Ostrom, T. M. (Eds.) Social cognition: Contributions to classic issues in social psychology (pp. 291–321). New York: Springer Verlag
Harackiewicz, J. M. and Elliot, A. J. (1995). Life is a roller coaster when you view the world through entity glasses. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 298–301
Harnad, S. (1987). Categorical perception. Cambridge University Press
Haslam, N. (1998). Natural kinds, human kinds, and essentialism. Social Research, 65, 291–314
Haslam, N., Rothschild, L. and Ernst, D. (2000). Essentialists beliefs about social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 113–27
Haslam, S. A. (1997). Stereotyping and social influence: foundations of stereotype consensus. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers and S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life. (pp. 119–43). Oxford: Blackwell
Haslam, S. A. (2001). Psychology and organizations: The social identity approach. London: SAGE
Haslam, S. A., McGarty, C. and Brown, P. M. (1996). The search for differentiated meaning is a precursor to illusory correlation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 611–19
Haslam, S. A., McGarty, C., Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C. and Onorato, R. S. (1995). Contextual changes in the prototypicality of extreme and moderate outgroup members. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 509–30
Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., Turner, J. C., Reynolds, K. and Eggins, R. (1996). Stereotyping and social influence: the mediation of stereotype applicability and sharedness by the views of ingroups and outgroup members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 369–97
Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J. and Turner, J. C. (1999). Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 809–18
Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C. and McGarty, C. (1995) Social categorization and group homogeneity: changes in the perceived applicability of stereotype content as a function of comparative context and trait favourableness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 139–60
Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C. and McGarty, C. (1996). Social identity, self-categorization and the perceived homogeneity of ingroups and outgroups: the interaction between social motivation and cognition. In R. M. Sorrentino and E. T. Higgins (Eds.) Handbook of Motivation and Cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 182–222). New York: Guilford
Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C., McGarty, C. and Reynolds, K. J. (1998). The group as a basis for emergent stereotype consensus. The European Review of Social Psychology, 8, 203–329
Haslam, S. A. and Turner, J. C. (1992). Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: the relationship between frame of reference, self-categorization and accentuation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 251–77
Haslam, S. A. and Turner, J. C. (1995). Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 3: Extremism as a self-categorical basis for polarized judgement. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 341–71
Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C. and Hayes, B. K. (1992). Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 1: the effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 3–20
Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., Eggins, R. A., Nolan, M. and Tweedie, J. (1998). When do stereotypes become really consensual? Investigating the group-based dynamics of the consensualization process. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 755–76
Hegarty, P. and Pratto, F. (2001). The effects of social category norms and stereotypes on explanations for intergroup differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 723–35
Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: accessibility, applicability and salience. In E. T. Higgins and A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133–68). New York: Guilford
Hilton, D. J. (1995). The social context of reasoning: conversational inference and rational judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 248–71
Hilton, J. L. and Hippel, W. (1991). Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 237–71
Hirschfeld, L. A. (1996). Race in the making: Cognition, culture, and the child's construction of the human kind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Hoffman, C. and Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: perception or rationalization?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197–208
Hogg, M. A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf
Hogg, M. A., Cooper-Shaw, L. and Holzworth, D. W. (1993). Group prototypicality and depersonalized attraction in small interactive groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 452–65
Hogg, M. A. and Turner, J. C. (1987a). Intergroup behaviour, self-stereotyping and the salience of social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 325–40
Hogg, M. A. and Turner, J. C. (1987b). Social identity and conformity: a theory of referent informational influence. In W. Doise and S. Moscovici (Eds.), Current issues in European Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 139–82). Cambridge University Press
Hogg, M. A., Turner, J. C. and David(son), B. (1990). Polarized norms and social frames of reference: a test of the self-categorization theory of group polarization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 11, 77–100
Hopkins, N. and Cable, I. (in press). Group variability judgements: the context-dependence of stereotypicality and homogeneity judgements. British Journal of Social Psychology
Hornsey, M. J. and Hogg, M. A. (2000). Assimilation and diversity: an integrative model of subgroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 143–56
Horwitz, M. and Rabbie, J. M. (1982). Individuality and membership in the intergroup system. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 241–74). Cambridge University Press
Howard, J. M. and Rothbart, M. (1980). Social categorization for ingroup and out-group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 301–10
Insko, C. A. and Schopler, J. (1998). Differential distrust of groups and individuals. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler and C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 75–107). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Jennings, D. L., Amabile, T. M. and Ross, L. (1982). Informal covariation assessment: data-based versus theory-based judgments. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic and A. Tversky (Eds.) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press
Jetten, J., Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (1996). Intergroup norms and intergroup discrimination: distinctive self-categorization and social identity effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1222–33
Jetten, J., Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (1997). Strength of identification and intergroup differentiation: the influence of group norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 603–9
Jetten, J., Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (1998). Defining dimensions of distinctiveness: group variability makes a difference to differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1481–92
Jetten, J., Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (1999). Group distinctiveness and intergroup discrimination. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears and B. Doosje (Eds.) Social identity: Context, commitment, content. (pp. 107–26). Oxford: Blackwell
Johnston, L. and Hewstone, M. (1992). Cognitive models of stereotype change: Ⅲ Subtyping and the perceived typicality of disconfirming group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 360–86
Johnston, L., Hewstone, M., Pendry, L. and Frankish, C. (1994). Cognitive models of stereotype change: Ⅳ Motivational and cognitive influences. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 237–65
Jones, E. E. and Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 1–24
Jones, S. S. and Smith, L. B. (1993). The place of perception in children's concepts. Cognitive development, 8, 113–39
Jost, J. T. and Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27
Judd, C. M. and Park, B. (1993). Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100, 109–28
Judd, C. M., Park, B., Brauer, M., Ryan, S. and Kraus, S. (1995). Stereotypes and ethnocentrism – diverging interethnic perceptions of African-American and White American youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 460–81
Jussim, L. (1991). Social perception and social reality: a reflection-construction model. Psychological Review, 98, 54–73
Kanter, R. (1979). Power failure in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 65–75
Karlins, M., Coffman, T. L. and Walters, G. (1969). On the fading of social stereotypes: studies in three generations of college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 1–16
Katz, D. and Braly, K. (1933). Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 280–90
Katz, D. and Braly, K. (1935). Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30, 175–93
Keil, F. C. (1989). Concepts, kinds, and cognitive development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln, NE: University
Khalaf, A. (forthcoming). Stereotyping, typecasting and changing perceptions of mental illness. Forthcoming PhD thesis, The Australian National University
Klauer, K. C. and Meiser, T. (2000). A source monitoring analysis of illusory correlation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1074–93
Klauer, K. C., Ehrenberg, K. and Cataldegirmen, H. (2001). Evaluative and non-evaluative illusory correlations. Unpublished manuscript, University of Bonn
Krueger, J. (1992). On the overestimation of between-group differences. In M. Hewstone and W. Stroebe (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 3). Chichester: Wiley
Krueger, J. and Clement, R. W. (1994). Memory-based judgments about multiple categories: a revision and extension of Tajfel's accentuation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 35–47
Krueger, J. and Clement, R. W. (1996). Inferring category characteristics from sample characteristics: inductive reasoning and social projection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 52–68
Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480–98
Kunda, Z. and Oleson, K. C. (1995). Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: constructing grounds for subtyping deviants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 565–80
Kunda, Z. and Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits and behaviors: a parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284–308
Lala, G. (forthcoming). Virtual communities and social identities: Distinguishing between categories and groups on the Internet. Forthcoming PhD thesis, The Australian National University
Lea, M., Spears, R. and Groot, D. (2001). Knowing me, knowing you: effects of visual anonymity on self-categorization, stereotyping and attraction in computer-mediated groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 526–37
Lee, Y.-T. and Ottati, V. (1995). Perceived in-group homogeneity as a function of group membership salience and stereotype threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 610–19
Levy, S. R. and Dweck, C. S. (1998). Trait-versus process-focused social judgement. Social Cognition, 16, 151–72
Levy, S. R., Stroessner, S. J. and Dweck, C. S. (1998). Stereotype formation and endorsement: the role of implicit theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1421–36
Leyens, J.-P. and Fiske, S. T. (1994). Impression formation: from recitals to symphonie fantastique. In P. G. Devine, D. L. Hamilton and T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Social Cognition: Contributions to Classic Issues in Social Psychology (pp. 39–75). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Leyens, J.-P. and Schadron, G. (1980). Porque discriminam mais os grupos que os individuos? Categorizaçao ou pretexto? [Why do groups discriminate more than individuals? Categorization or pretext?] Psicologia, 2, 161–8
Leyens, J.-P., Yzerbyt, V. Y. and Schadron, G. (1992). Stereotypes and social judgeability. European Review of Social Psychology, 3, 91–120
Leyens, J.-P., Yzerbyt, V. Y. and Schadron, G. (1994). Stereotypes and social cognition. London: SAGE
Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace
Livingston, K. R., Andrews, J. K. and Harnad, S. (1998). Categorical perception effects induced by category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 732–53
Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1988). Individus dominants et groupes dominés. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble
Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993). They all look alike but so do we … sometimes: perceptions of in-group and out-group homogeneity as a function of sex and context. British Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 111–24
Machiavelli, N. (1513/1984). The Prince. Oxford University Press
Mackie, D. M., Hamilton, D. L., Susskind, J. and Rosselli, F. (1996). Social psychological foundations of stereotype formation. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor and M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 41–78). New York: Guilford Press
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G., Milne, A. and Jetten, J. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: stereotypes on the rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 808–17
Macrae, C. N., Hewstone, M. and Griffiths, R. J. (1993). Processing load and memory for stereotype-based information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 77–87
Madon, S., Jussim, L., Keiper, S., Eccles, J., Smith, A. and Palumbo, P. (1998). The accuracy and power of sex, social class, and ethnic stereotypes: a naturalistic study in person perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1304–18
Malt, B. C. (1994). Water is not H2O. Cognitive Psychology, 27, 41–70
Martin, C. L. and Parker, S. (1995). Folk theories about sex and race differences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 45–57
McArthur, L. Z. and Friedman, S. A. (1980). Illusory correlation in impression formation: variations in the shared distinctiveness effect as a function of the distinctive person's age, race, and sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 615–24
McCauley, C., Stitt, C. L. and Segal, M. (1980). Stereotyping: from prejudice to prediction. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 195–208
McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B. and Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is being asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 563–79
McConnell, A. R., Sherman, S. J. and Hamilton, D. L. (1994a). Illusory correlation in the perception of groups: an extension of the distinctiveness-based account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 414–29
McConnell, A. R., Sherman, S. J. and Hamilton, D. L. (1994b). On-line and memory-based aspects of individual and group target judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 173–85
McGarty, C. (1999). Categorization and social psychology. London: SAGE
McGarty, C. and de la Haye, A.-M. (1997). Stereotype formation: beyond illusory correlation. In Spears, R., Oakes, P. J., Ellemers, N. and Haslam, S. A. (Eds.). The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 144–70). Oxford: Blackwell
McGarty, C., Haslam, S. A., Hutchinson, K. J. and Grace, D. M. (1995). Determinants of perceived consistency: the relationship between group entitativity and the meaningfulness of categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 237–56
McGarty, C., Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C. and Oakes, P. J. (1993) Illusory correlation as accentuation of actual intercategory difference: evidence for the effect with minimal stimulus information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 391–410
McGarty, C. and Penny, R. E. C. (1988). Categorization, accentuation, and social judgement. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 147–57
McGarty, C. and Turner, J. C. (1992). The effects of categorization on social judgement. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 253–68
McGarty, C., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., David(son), B. and Wetherell, M. S. (1992). Group polarization as conformity to the prototypical group member. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 1–19
Medin, D. L. (1989). Concepts and conceptual structure. American Psychologist, 44, 1469–81
Medin, D. L., Goldstone, R. L. and Gentner, D. (1993). Respects for similarity. Psychological Review, 100, 254–78
Medin, D. L. and Ortony, A. (1989). Psychological essentialism. In S. Vosniadou and A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 179–95). New York: Cambridge University Press
Medin, D. L. and Schaffer, M. M. (1978). Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review, 85, 207–38
Medin, D. L. and Smith, E. E. (1984). Concepts and concept formation. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 113–38
Medin, D. L. and Wattenmaker, W. D. (1987). Category cohesiveness, theories, and cognitive archaeology. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization (pp. 25–62). Cambridge University Press
Meenes, M. (1943). A comparison of racial stereotypes of 1935 and 1942. Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 327–36
Messick, D. M. and Mackie, D. M. (1989). Intergroup relations. In M. R. Rosenzweig and L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 40). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Review
Mulder, M. (1977). The daily power game. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijoff
Mullen, B. and Johnson, C. (1990) Distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and stereotyping: a meta-analytic integration. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 11–28
Mullen, B. and Johnson, B. (1995). Cognitive representation in ethnophaulisms and illusory correlation in stereotyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 420–33
Mummendey, A. and Schreiber, H. J. (1983). Better or just different?: positive social identity by discrimination against or differentiation from outgroups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 389–97
Mummendey, A. and Schreiber, H.-J. (1984). Different just means better: some obvious and some hidden pathways to ingroup favouritism. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 363–8
Murphy, G. L. (1993). Theories and concept formation. In I. Van Mechelen, J. Hampton, R. S. Michalski and P. Theuns (Eds.), Categories and concepts: Theoretical views and inductive data analysis (pp. 173–200). London, England: Academic Press
Murphy, G. L. and Medin, D. L. (1985). The role of theories in conceptual coherence. Psychological Review, 92, 289–316
Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S. and Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Shifting social identities as a strategy for deflecting threatening social comparisons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 398–409
Neuberg, S. L. and Fiske, S. T. (1987). Motivational influences on impression formation: outcome dependency, accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 431–44
Ng, S. H. (1981). Power and intergroup discrimination. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge University Press
Ng, S. H. (1982). Equity theory and the allocation of rewards between groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 439–44
Nolan, M. A., Haslam, S. A., Spears, R. and Oakes, P. J. (1999). An examination of resource-based and fit-based theories of stereotyping under cognitive load and fit. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 641–63
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: replicated factor structures in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574–83
Oakes, P. J. (1987). The salience of social categories. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher and M. S. Wetherell (Eds.), Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory, (pp. 117–41). Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Oakes, P. J. (1996). The categorization process: cognition and the group in the social psychology of stereotyping. In W. P. Robinson (Ed.), Social group and identities: Developing the legacy of Henri Tajfel (pp. 95–119). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann
Oakes, P. J. and Haslam, S. A. (in press). Distortion v. Meaning: categorization on trial for incitement to intergroup hatred. In M. Augoustinos and K. Reynolds (Eds.), Social psychological approaches to prejudice and racism. London: Sage
Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A. and Reynolds, K. J. (1999). Social categorization and social context: is stereotype change a matter of information or meaning? In D. Abrams and M. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 55–79). Oxford, UK: Blackwell
Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A. and Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford: Blackwell
Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A. and Turner, J. C. (1998). A consideration of prototypicality from the perspective of self-categorization theory. In J. C. Deschamps, J. F. Morales, D. Paez and H. Paicheler (Eds.), Current perspectives on social identity and social categorization (pp. 75–92). Barcelona: Anthropos
Oakes, P. J. and Reynolds, K. J. (1997). Asking the accuracy question: is measurement the answer? In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers and S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 51–71). Oxford UK and Cambridge, MT: Blackwell
Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., Haslam, S. A. and Turner, J. C. (1999). Part of life's rich tapestry: stereotyping and the politics of intergroup relations. In S. Thye, E. J. Lawler, M. W. Macy and H. A. Walker (Eds.) Advances in group processes (Vol. 16, pp. 125–60). Stamford, CT: JAI Press
Oakes, P. J. and Turner, J. C. (1980). Social categorization and intergroup behavior: does minimal intergroup discrimination make social identity more positive?European Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 295–301
Oakes, P. J. and Turner, J. C. (1990). Is limited information processing capacity the cause of social stereotyping? In W. Stroebe and M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 111–35). Chichester, UK: Wiley
Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C. and Haslam, S. A. (1991). Perceiving people as group members: the role of fit in the salience of social categorizations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 125–44
Onorato, R. S. and Turner, J. C. (1996). Fluidity in the self-concept: A shift from personal to social identity. Paper presented in the Symposium ‘Self, self-stereotyping and identity’, 2nd Meeting of the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists, Canberra, ACT, Australia, May 2–5
Onorato, R. S. and Turner, J. C. (1997). Individual differences and social identity: A study of self-categorization processes in the Markus paradigm. Paper presented at the 3rd Meeting of the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists, Wollongong, NSW, Australia, April 17–20
Park, B., DeKay, M. L. and Kraus, S. (1994). Aggregating social behavior into person models: perceiver-induced consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 437–59
Park, B., Ryan, C. S. and Judd, C. M. (1992). Role of meaningful subgroups in explaining differences in perceived variability for ingroups and outgroups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 553–67
Peeters, G. (1986). Good and evil as softwares of the brain: on psychological ‘immediates’ underlying the metaphysical ‘ultimates’. A contribution from cognitive social psychology and semantic differential research. Ultimate Reality and Meaning. Interdisciplinary studies in the Philosophy of Understanding, 9, 210–31
Peeters, G. and Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: the distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. In W. Stroebe and M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 33–60). New York: Wiley
Peterson, C. R. (1980). Recognition of noncontingency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 727–34
Prothro, E. T. and Melikian, L. H. (1955). Studies in stereotypes: V. Familiarity and the kernel of truth hypothesis. Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 3–10
Pryor, J. B. (1986). The influence of different encoding sets upon the formation of illusory correlations and group impressions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 216–26
Rabbie, J. M. and Horwitz, M. (1988). Categories versus groups as explanatory concepts in intergroup relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 117–23
Rabbie, J. M., Schot, J. C. and Visser, L. (1989). Social identity theory: a conceptual and empirical critique from the perspective of a behavioural interaction model. European Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 171–202
Read, S. J. and Marcus-Newhall, A. (1993). Explanatory coherence in social explanations: a parallel distributed processing account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 429–47
Read, S. J. and Miller, L. C. (1993). Rapist or ‘regular guy’: explanatory coherence in the construction of mental models of others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 526–41
Reeder, G. D., Pryor, J. B. and Wojciszke, B. (1992). Trait-behavior relationships in social information processing. In G. R. Semin and K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition. London: Sage
Reicher, S. D. and Hopkins, N. (1996a). Seeking influence through characterising self-categories: an analysis of anti-abortionist rhetoric. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 297–311
Reicher, S. D. and Hopkins, N. (1996b). Self-category constructions in political rhetoric: an analysis of Thatcher's and Kinnock's speeches concerning the British Miners’ Strike (1984–5). European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 353–72
Reicher, S. D. and Hopkins, N. (2001). Self and nation. London: Sage
Reicher, S. D., Hopkins, N. and Condor, S. (1997). Stereotype construction as a strategy of influence. In Spears, R., Oakes, P. J., Ellemers, N. and Haslam, S. A. (Eds.). The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 94–118). Oxford: Blackwell
Reicher, S. D., Spears, R. and Postmes, T. (1995). A social identity model of deindividuation phenomena. European Review of Social Psychology, 6, 161–98
Reynolds, K. J. and Oakes, P. J. (2000). Variability in impression formation: investigating the role of motivation, capacity and the categorization process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 355–73
Reynolds, K. J., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., Nolan, M. and Dolnik, L. (2000). Responses to powerlessness: stereotypes as an instrument of social conflict. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice 4, 275–290
Reynolds, K. J., Turner, J. C. and Haslam, S. A. (2000). When are we better than them and they worse than us? A closer look at social discrimination in positive and negative domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 64–80
Rogier, A. and Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1999). Social attribution: the role of homogeneity in subjective essentialism. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 54, 233–40
Rojahn, K. and Pettigrew, T. F. (1992). Memory for schema-relevant information: a meta-analytic resolution. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 81–109
Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch and B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 28–49). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Rosch, E. and Mervis, C. (1975). Family resemblance: studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573–605
Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Grey, W. D., Johnson, D. M. and Boyes-Braem, D. (1976). Basic objects as natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382–439
Rosenberg, S. and Sedlak, A. (1972). Structural representations of implicit personality theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 235–97). New York: Academic Press
Ross, L., Amabile, T. M. and Steinmetz, J. L. (1977). Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 485–94
Rothbart, M. (1981). Memory and social beliefs. In D. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup relations (pp. 145–81). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Rothbart, M., Evans, M. and Fulero, S. (1979). Recall of confirming events: memory processes and the maintenance of social stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 343–55
Rothbart, M. and Hallmark, W. (1988). In-group and out-group differences in the perceived efficacy of coercion and conciliation in resolving social conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 248–57
Rothbart, M. and John, O. P. (1985). Social categorization and behavioural episodes: a cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 81–104
Rothbart, M. and Taylor, M. (1992). Category labels and social reality: do we view social categories as natural kinds? In G. Semin and K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language and social cognition (pp. 11–36). London: Sage
Rothgerber, H. (1997). External intergroup threat as an antecedent to perceptions of in-group and out-group homogeneity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1206–11
Ruscher, J. B. and Fiske, S. T. (1990). Interpersonal competition can cause individuating impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 832–42
Ruscher, J. B., Fiske, S. T., Miki, H. and Manen, S. (1991). Individuating processes in competition: interpersonal versus intergroup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 595–605
Sachdev, I. and Bourhis, R. Y. (1985). Social categorization and power differentials in group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 415–34
Sachdev, I. and Bourhis, R. Y. (1991). Power and status differentials in minority and majority group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 1–24
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Sherman, S. J. and Hamilton, D. L. (1987). Illusory correlation in the perception of individuals and groups. Social Cognition, 5, 1–25
Sani, F. and Reicher, S. (1998). When consensus fails: an analysis of the schism within the Italian communist party. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 623–45
Sani, F. and Reicher, S. (1999). Identity, argument and schism: two longitudinal studies of the split in the Church of England over the ordination of women in the priesthood. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2, 279–300
Schaller, M. and Maass, A. (1989) Illusory correlation and social categorization: toward an integration of motivational and cognitive factors in stereotype formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 709–21
Scheepers, D., Spears, R., Doosje, B. and Manstead, A. S. R. (2000) Integrating identity and instrumental approaches to intergroup differentiation: Different contexts, different motives. Manuscript submitted for publication
Schopler, J. and Insko, C. A. (1992). The discontinuity effect in interpersonal and intergroup relations: generality and mediation. European Review of Social Psychology, 3, 121–51
Seago, D. W. (1947). Stereotypes: before Pearl Harbour and after. Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 55–63
Sechrist, G. and Stangor, C. (2001). Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 645–54
Sedikides, C., Schopler, J. and Insko, C. A. (1998). Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Sherif, M. (1966a). Group conflict and co-operation: Their social psychology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Sherif, M. (1966b). In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin
Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R. and Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers Cave experiment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Book Exchange
Simon, B. and Brown, R. (1987). Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority-majority contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 703–11
Sloman, S. A. (1998). Categorical inference is not a tree: the myth of inheritance hierarchies. Cognitive Psychology, 35, 1–33
Sloman, S. A. and Rips, L. J. (1998). Similarity as an explanatory construct. Cognition, 65, 87–101
Smith, E. E. and Medin, D. L. (1981). Categories and concepts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Smith, E. R. (1990). The role of exemplars in social judgment. In L. L. Martin and A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Smith, E. R. (1991). Illusory correlation in a simulated exemplar-based memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 107–23
Smith, E. R. and Coster, J. (1998). Knowledge acquisition, accessibility, and use in person perception and stereotyping: simulation with a recurrent connectionist network. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 21–35
Smith, E. R. and Zárate, M. A. (1992). Exemplar-based model of social judgment. Psychological Review, 99, 3–21
Snyder, M. E. (1981). On the self-perpetuating nature of social stereotypes. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Spears, R. (1995). Isolating the collective self. In A. Oosterwegel and R. Wicklund (Eds.). The self in European and North American culture: Development and processes. (Nato ASI series, Vol. 84) (pp. 309–22). Amsterdam: Kluwer
Spears, R. (2000, April). Automatic intergroup behaviour: social identity meets social cognition. Keynote address at the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists annual meeting, Fremantle, Western Australia
Spears, R. (2001). The interaction between the individual and the collective self: self-categorization in context. In C. Sedikides and M. B. Brewer (Eds). Individual self, relational self, and collective self: Partners, opponents or strangers? (pp. 171–198). Philadelphia, PA: The Psychology Press
Spears, R. and Doosje, B. (1996). Categorization and individuation: the effect of group identification and encoding set. Unpublished manuscript, University of Amsterdam
Spears, R., Doosje, B. and Ellemers, N. (1997). Self-stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: the role of group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 538–53
Spears, R., Doosje, B. and Ellemers, N. (1999). Commitment and the context of social perception. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears and B. Doosje (Eds.) Social identity: Context, commitment, content. (pp. 59–83). Oxford: Blackwell
Spears, R. and Haslam, S. A. (1997). Stereotyping and the burden of cognitive load. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers and S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life. (pp. 171–207). Oxford: Blackwell
Spears, R., Haslam, S. A. and Jansen, R. (1999). The effect of cognitive load on social categorization in the category confusion paradigm. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 621–39
Spears, R., Jetten, J., Arendt, S., van Norren, M. and Postmes, T. Meaning and differentiation in minimal groups: Creative and reflective distinctiveness. Manuscript in preparation, University of Amsterdam/University of Queensland
Spears, R., Jetten, J. and Doosje, B. (2001). The (il)legitimacy of ingroup bias: from social reality to social resistance. In J. Jost and B. Major, Eds.) The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. New York: Cambridge University Press
Spears, R., Jetten, J. and Scheepers, D. (2002). Distinctiveness and the definition of collective self: A tripartite model. In A. Tesser, J. V. Wood and D. A. Stapel (Eds.). Psychological perspectives on self and identity (Vol. 2, pp. 147–171). Lexington: APA
Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Panacea or panopticon: the hidden power in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 21, 427–59
Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (1989). The social context of stereotyping and differentiation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 101–21
Spears, R., Oakes, P. J., Ellemers, N. and Haslam S. A. (1997). Introduction: the social psychology of stereotyping and group life. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers and S. A. Haslam (Eds.) The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 1–19). Oxford: Blackwell
Spears, R. and Oyen, M. (1992, July). How minimal is the minimal group? EAESP/SESP Joint Meeting, Leuven/Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Spears, R. and van Knippenberg, D. (1997). Cognitive load and illusory correlation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Amsterdam/University of Leiden
Spears, R., Pligt, J. and Eiser, J. R. (1985). Illusory correlation in the perception of group attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 863–75
Spears, R., Pligt, J. and Eiser, J. R. (1986). Generalizing the illusory correlation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1127–34
Stangor, C. and Jost, J. (1997). Commentary: individual, group and system levels of analysis and their relevance for stereotyping and intergroup relations. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers and S. A. Haslam (Eds.) The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 336–58). Oxford: Blackwell
Stangor, C. and Lange, J. (1994). Mental representation of social groups: advances in understanding stereotypes and stereotyping. Advances in experimental social psychology, 26, 357–416
Stangor, C. and McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: a review of the social and developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42–61
Stangor, C. and Schaller, M. (1996). Stereotypes as individual and collective representations. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor and M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 3–40). New York: Guilford Press
Stangor, C. and Sechrist, G. (2000). Social influence and intergroup beliefs: the role of perceived social consensus. In J. Forgas and K. Williams (Eds.), Social influence. Philadelphia: Psychology Press
Stangor, C., Sechrist, G. and Jost, J. (in press). Changing racial beliefs by providing consensus information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Stapel, D. A., Koomen, W. and Pligt, J. (1997). Categories of category accessibility: the impact of trait versus exemplar priming on person judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 44–76
Stern, L. D., Marrs, S., Millar, M. G. and Cole, E. (1984). Processing time and the recall of inconsistent and consistent behaviours in individuals and groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 253–62
Stott, C. J. and Drury, J. (2000). Crowds, context and identity: dynamic categorization processes in the ‘poll tax riot’. Human Relations, 53, 247–73
Stott, C. J., Hutchinson, T. P. and Drury, J. (in press). ‘Hooligans’ abroad? Intergroup dynamics, social identity and participation in collective ‘disorder’ at the 1998 World Cup Finals. British Journal of Social Psychology
Stott, C. J., and Reicher, S. D. (1998). How conflict escalates: The inter-group dynamics of collective football crowd violence. Sociology, 32, 353–77
Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79–97
Tajfel, H. (1972). La catégorisation sociale. In S. Moscovici (Ed.), Introduction à la psychologie sociale (Vol. 1). Paris: Larousse
Tajfel, H. (1978a). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press
Tafjel, H. (1978b). Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour. In H. Tajfel (Ed.) Differentiation between social groups. London: Academic Press
Tajfel, H. (1981a). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge University Press
Tajfel, H. (1981b). Social stereotypes and social groups. In J. C. Turner and H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behaviour (pp. 144–67). Oxford: Blackwell; University of Chicago Press
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. In M. R. Rosenzweig and L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 1–39). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews
Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billig, M. G. and Bundy, R. F. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149–77
Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin and S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole
Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In S. Worchel and W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago, MI: Nelson-Hall
Tajfel, H. and Wilkes, A. L. (1963). Classification and quantitative judgement. British Journal of Psychology, 54, 101–14
Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Etcoff, N. L. and Ruderman, A. J. (1978). Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 778–93
Triandis, H. C. and Vassiliou, V. (1967). Frequency of contact and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 316–28
Turner, J. C. (1975). Social comparison and social identity: some prospects for intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 5–34
Turner, J. C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.) Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, Cambridge University Press
Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: a social cognitive theory of group behaviour. In E. J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in Group Processes: Theory and Research (Vol. 2, pp. 77–122). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc
Turner, J. C. (1987a). The analysis of social influence. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher and M. S. Wetherell, Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory (pp. 68–88). Oxford: Blackwell
Turner, J. C. (1987b). A self-categorization theory. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher and M. S. Wetherell, Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory (pp. 42–67). Oxford: Blackwell
Turner, J. C. (1991). Social influence. Milton Keynes: Open University Press
Turner, J. C. (1999). Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears and B. Doojse (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content. Oxford: Blackwell
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D. and Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell
Turner, J. C. and Onorato, R. S. (1999). Social identity, personality and the self-concept: a self-categorization perspective. In T. R. Tyler, R. Kramer and O. John (Eds.), The psychology of the social self (pp. 11–46). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Turner, J. C. and Reynolds, K. J. (in press). The social identity perspective in intergroup relations: theories, themes and controversies. In R. J. Brown and S. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook in Social Psychology, Vol. 4: Intergroup processes. Oxford: Blackwell
Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A. and McGarty, C. (1994). Self and collective: cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454–63
Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327–52
Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 207–32
Knippenberg, A., Twuyver, M. and Pepels, J. (1994). Factors affecting social categorization processes in memory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 419–32
Knippenberg, D. and Spears, R. (2001). The interactive effects of infrequency of occurrence and expectancy on social group representations. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 281–89
Overwalle, F. (1998). Causal explanation as constraint satisfaction: a critique and a feedforward connectionist alternative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 312–28
Van Rijswijk, W. and Ellemers, N. (2000). Stereotypering van meervoudig te categoriseren groepen: De rol van identificatie [Stereotyping of multiply categorizable groups: The role of identification]. In C. Martijn et al. (Eds.) Fundamentele Sociale Psychologie, 8, (pp. 1–9). Tilburg University Press
Vanbeselaere, N. (1991). The impact of in-group and out-group homogeneity/heterogeneity upon intergroup relations. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 291–301
Verkuyten, M. and Hagendoorn, L. (1998). Prejudice and self-categorization: the variable role of authoritarianism and in-group stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 99–110
Vinacke, W. E. (1957). Stereotypes as social concepts. Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 229–43
Wattenmaker, W. D. (1995). Knowledge structures and linear separability: integrating information in object and social categorization. Cognitive Psychology, 28, 274–328
Wegener, I. and Klauer, K.-C. (2000, August). The influence of interpersonal context on the applicability of social categories. Paper presented at the Second Social Cognition Network Meeting, Heidelberg, Germany
Wicklund, R. A. and Gollwitzer, P. M. (1982). Symbolic self-completion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Wilder, D. A. (1978). Reduction of intergroup conflict through individuation of the outgroup. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1361–74
Wilder, D. A. (1986). Social categorization: implications for creation and reduction of intergroup conflicts. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 293–355). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Wildschut, T., Insko, C. A. and Pinter, B. (in press). The perception of outgroup threat: content and activation of the outgroup schema. Chapter to appear in V. Y. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd and O. Corneille (Eds.) The Psychology of Group Perception: Contributions to the Study of Homogeneity, Entitivity, and Essentialism. Philadelphia: Psychology Press
Wisniewski, E. J. and Medin, D. L. (1994). On the interaction of theory and data in concept learning. Cognitive Science, 18, 221–81
Wittenbrink, B., Gist, P. L. and Hilton, J. L. (1997). Structural properties of stereotypic knowledge and their influences on the construal of social situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 526–43
Wittenbrink, B., Hilton, J. L. and Gist, P. L. (1997). In search of similarity: stereotypes as naïve theories in social categorization. Social Cognition, 16, 31–55
Wittenbrink, B., Park, B. and Judd, C. M. (1998). The role of stereotypic knowledge in the construal of person models. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler and C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behaviour (pp. 177–202). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Wojciszke, B. (1994). Multiple meanings of behavior: construing actions in terms of competence or morality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 222–32
Wojciszke, B., Bazinska, R. and Jaworski, M. (1998). On the dominance of moral categories in impression formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1251–63
Worth, L. T., Allison, S. T. and Messick, D. M. (1987). Impact of a group decision on perception of one's own and others’ attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 673–82
Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M. and Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: from acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 994–1003
Yzerbyt, V. Y. and Buidin, G. (1998). Subjective essentialism and social categorization. Unpublished raw data. Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium
Yzerbyt, V. Y. and Rogier, A. (2001). Blame it on the group: entitativity, subjective essentialism and social attribution. In J. Jost and B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. New York: Cambridge University Press
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Castano, E., Leyens, J.-Ph. and Paladino, P. (2000). The primacy of the ingroup: the interplay of identification and entitativity. In W. Stroebe and M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 11). Chichester, UK: Wiley
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Corneille, O. and Estrada, C. (2001). The interplay of naïve theories and entitativity from the outsider and insider perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 141–55
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Coull, A. and Rocher, S. J. (1999). Fencing off the deviant: the role of cognitive resources in the maintenance of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 449–62
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Dardenne, B. and Leyens, J.-Ph. (1998). Social judgeability concerns in impression formation. In V. Y. Yzerbyt, G. Lories and B. Dardenne (Eds.), Metacognition: Cognitive and social dimensions (pp. 126–56). London: Sage
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rocher, S., McGarty, C. and Haslam, S. A. (1997). Illusory correlation: Perceived entitativity and the formation of social stereotypes. Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve. Manuscript in preparation
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rocher, S. and Schadron, G. (1997). Stereotypes as explanations: a subjective essentialistic view of group perception. In Spears, R., Oakes, P. J., Ellemers, N. and Haslam, S. A. (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 20–50). Oxford: Blackwell
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A. and Fiske, S. (1998). Group entitativity and social attribution: on translating situational constraints into stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1090–104
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A. and Rocher, S. (1998). Subjective essentialism, social attribution and the emergence of stereotypes. International Review of Social Psychology, 11, 115–39
Yzerbyt, V. Y. and Schadron, G. (1994). Stéréotypes et jugement social. In R. Bourhis and J.-Ph. Leyens (Eds.), Stéréotypes, discrimination et relations entre groupes [Stereotypes, discrimination and intergroup relations] (pp. 127–60). Bruxelles: Mardaga
Yzerbyt, V. Y. and Schadron, G. (1996). Connaître et juger autrui: Une introduction à la cognition sociale [Knowing and judging others: An introduction to social cognition]. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Schadron, G., Leyens, J. -Ph. and Rocher, S. (1994). Social judgeability: the impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 48–55
