Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-nwzlb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T23:01:19.603Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - Spider monkey conservation in the twenty-first century: recognizing risks and opportunities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2010

Gabriel Ramos-Fernández
Affiliation:
Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo, Integral Regional (CIIDIR), Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca 71230, México
Robert B. Wallace
Affiliation:
Wildlife Conservation Society – Bolivia, San Miguel, La Paz, Bolivia
Christina J. Campbell
Affiliation:
California State University, Northridge
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) occur from southeastern Mexico to the southern Amazonia rain forests of central Bolivia and western Brazil (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944; Hall, 1981; Collins and Dubach, 2000a; Wilson and Reeder, 2005). As with many species from tropical forests, their range has been decreasing as these ecosystems are transformed. This is very clear if we compare the distributions published by Kellogg and Goldman (1944) and by Collins and Dubach (2000a). A decrease in the distribution range of all species of Ateles during this period suggests that the numbers of all the taxa are declining. However, there are important differences among the taxa in their current distribution range, as well as in the magnitude and causes of the decline in population size.

When reviewing the conservation status of spider monkeys across their current range, the taxonomy of the group must be considered. In this volume, the Collins and Dubach (2000b) taxonomy has been adopted, which recognizes three distinct species of spider monkeys: Ateles paniscus, A. belzebuth, and A. geoffroyi (with a possible fourth species A. hybridus – see also Collins, this volume). Other authors (Groves, 1989; Iracilda da Cunha Sampaio et al., 1993; Rylands et al., 2001) have recognized as many as six distinct species with A. chamek, A. hybridus and A. marginatus all upgraded from belzebuth subspecies status. As a conservative approach and for the purposes of conservation planning, we prefer to analyze at the subspecies level thereby recognizing all 16 distinct taxa (Table 13.1).

Type
Chapter
Information
Spider Monkeys
The Biology, Behavior and Ecology of the Genus Ateles
, pp. 351 - 376
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achard, F., Eva, H., Glinni, A.et al. (1998). Identification of Deforestation Hot Spot Areas in the Humid Tropics. Trees Publ. Series B. Research Report No. 4. Brussels: Space Application Institute, Global Vegetation Monitoring Unit, Joint Research Centre, European Commission.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. M. and May, R. M. (1979). Population biology of infectious diseases. Nature, 280, 361–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, I. S., Balcaen, P., Dresdale, L.et al. (1976). Differential effects of forest degradation on primate populations. Primates, 17, 401–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodmer, R. E., Eisenberg, J. F. and Redford, K. H. (1997). Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conserv. Biol., 11, 460–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braza, F. and Garcia, J. E. (1987). Rapport préliminaire sur les singes de la région montagneuse de Huanchaca, Bolivie. Folia Primatol., 49, 182–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, D. B., Merino-Pérez, L., Negreros-Castillo, P.et al. (2003). Mexico's community-managed forests as a global model for sustainable landscapes. Conserv. Biol., 17, 672–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brechin, S. R., Wilshusen, P. R., Fortwangler, C. L. and West, P. C. (2002). Beyond the square wheel: toward a more comprehensive understanding of biodiversity conservation as social and political process. Soc. Nat. Res., 15, 41–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, A. G., Cullison, R. E., Rice, R. E. and Fonseca, da G. A. B. (2001). Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 291, 125–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burney, D. A. and Flannery, T. F. (2005). Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact. Trends Ecol. Evol., 20, 395–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, C. J. (2000). The reproductive biology of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi): integrating behavior and endocrinology. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
Campbell, C. J., Aureli, F., Chapman, C. A.et al. (2005). Terrestrial behavior of Ateles spp.Int. J. Primatol., 26, 1039–1051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cant, J. G. H. (1978). Population survey of the spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi at Tikal, Guatemala. Primates, 19, 525–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrillo, E., Wong, G. and Cuarón, A. D. (2000). Monitoring mammal populations in Costa Rican protected areas under different hunting restrictions. Conserv. Biol., 14, 1580–1591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. A. (1989). Primate populations in northwestern Costa Rica: potential for recovery. Primate Conserv., 10, 37–44.Google Scholar
Chapman, C. A. and Onderdonk, D. A. (1998). Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency. Am. J. Primatol., 45, 127–141.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, C. A., Chapman, L. J., Struhsaker, T. T., Zanne, A. E., Clark, C. J. and Poulsen, J. R. (2005). A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change. J. Trop. Ecol., 21, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coelho, A. M. Jr, Coelho, L. S., Bramblett, C. A., Bramblett, S. S. and Quick, L. B. (1976). Ecology, population characteristics and sympatric association in primates: a sociobioenergetic analysis of howler and spider monkeys in Tikal, Guatemala. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol., 20, 96–135.Google Scholar
Crockett, C. M. and Eisenberg, J. F. (1987). Howlers: variations in group size and demography. In Primate Societies, ed. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. and Struhsaker, T. T., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 54–68.Google Scholar
Collins, A. C. and Dubach, J. M. (2000a). Biogeographic and ecological forces responsible for speciation in Ateles. Int. J. Primatol., 21, 421–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, A. C. and Dubach, J. M. (2000b). Phylogenetic relationships of spider monkeys (Ateles) based on mitochondrial DNA variation. Int. J. Primatol., 21, 381–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowlishaw, G. and Dunbar, R. (2000). Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Deem, S. L., Karesh, W. B. and Weisman, W. (2001). Putting theory into practice: wildlife health in conservation. Conserv. Biol., 15, 1224–1233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Defler, T. R., Morales, A. L. and Rodríguez, J. V. (2006). Brown spider monkey, Ateles hybridus brunneus (Gray, 1872). In Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004–2006, ed. Mittermeier, R. A. C.Valladares-Pádua, A. B.Rylands, , et al. Report to IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS) and Conservation International (CI), Washington, DC, p. 23.Google Scholar
Defler, T. R., Rodríguez, J. M. and Hernández-Camacho, J. I. (2003). Conservation priorities for Colombian primates. Primate Conserv., 19, 10–18.Google Scholar
Dew, J. L. (2001). Synecology and seed dispersal in woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) and spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) in Parque Nacional Yasuni, Ecuador. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of California, Davis.
Di Bitetti, M. S., Placci, G., Brown, A. D. and Rode, D. I. (1994). Conservation and population status of the brown howling monkey (Alouatta fusca clamitans) in Argentina. Neotrop. Primates, 2, 1–4.Google Scholar
Di Fiore, A. and Campbell, C. J. (2007). The atelines: variation in ecology, behavior and social organization. In Primates in Perspective, ed. Campbell, C. J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K. C., Panger, M. and Beader, S. K., New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 155–185.Google Scholar
Dobson, A. P. and Lyles, A. M. (1989). The population dynamics and conservation of primate populations. Conserv. Biol., 3, 362–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, J. F. (1976). Communication mechanisms and social integration in the black spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps robustus, and related species. Smithson. Contrib. Zool., 213.Google Scholar
Estrada, A., Luecke, L., Belle, S., Barreta, E. and Meda, M. R. (2004). Survey of black howler (Alouatta pigra) and spider (Ateles geoffroyi) monkeys in the Mayan sites of Calakmul and Yaxchilan, Mexico and Tikal, Guatemala. Primates, 45, 33–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fahrig, L. (2001). How much habitat is enough?Biol. Conserv., 100, 65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2006). Tendencias y perspectivas del sector forestal en América Latina y el Caribe. Rome: FAO (in Spanish).
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2007). State of the World's Forests. Rome: FAO.
Fedigan, L. M. and Rose, L. M. (1995). Interbirth interval variation in three sympatric species of Neotropical monkey. Am. J. Primatol., 37, 9–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franzen, M. (2006). Evaluating the sustainability of hunting: a comparison of harvest profiles across three Huaorani communities. Environ. Conserv., 33, 36–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freese, C. H., Heltne, P. G., Castro, R. N. and Whitesides, G. (1982). Patterns and determinants of monkey densities in Peru and Bolivia, with notes on distributions. Int. J. Primatol., 3, 53–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galindo, P. and Srihongse, S. (1967). Evidence of recent jungle yellow-fever activity in eastern Panama. Bull. World Health Organ., 36, 151–161.Google ScholarPubMed
Garcia, J. E. and Tarifa, T. (1988). Primate survey of the Estacion Biologica Beni, Bolivia. Primate Conserv., 9, 97–100.Google Scholar
García-Frapolli, E., Ayala-Orozco, B., Bonilla-Moheno, M., Espadas-Manrique, C. and Ramos-Fernández, G. (2007). Biodiversity conservation, traditional agriculture and ecotourism: land cover/land use change projections for a natural protected area in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Landscape Urban Plan, 83, 137–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, C. C., McKean, M. A. and Ostrom, E. (2000). People and Forests: Communities, Institutions, and Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Green, K. M. (1978). Primate censusing in northern Colombia: a comparison of two techniques. Primates, 19, 537–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, H., Ayala, G. and Wallace, R. B. (in press). Biomasa de primates y ungulados en bosques amazonicos preandinos en el Parque Nacional y Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi (La Paz, Bolivia). Mastozoología Neotropical.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Kirchner, J. (1999). Habitat use, population density and subgrouping pattern of the Yucatan spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Folia Primatol., 70, 55–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groves, C. P. (1989). A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hall, E. R. (1981). The Mammals of North America, Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Hardy, J. T. (2003). Climate Change: Causes, Effects and Solutions. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) (2005). Monitoramento da floresta amazónica brasileira por satélite / Monitoring of the Brazilian Amazon forest by satellite: 1988–2005. Sao Paulo: INPE, Sao José dos Campos (in Portuguese).
Iracilda, da Cunha Sampaio M., Schneider, Cruz M. P. and Schneider, H. (1993). Contribution of genetic distance studies to the taxonomy of Ateles, particularly Ateles paniscus paniscus and Ateles paniscus chamek. Int. J. Primatol., 14, 895–903.Google Scholar
IUCN (2006). 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Online, www.iucnredlist.org: accessed June 17, 2007.
Iwanaga, S. and Ferrari, S. F. (2002). Geographic distribution and abundance of woolly (Lagothrix cana) and spider (Ateles chamek) monkeys in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Am. J. Primatol., 56, 57–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johns, A. D. (1991a). Vertebrate responses to selective logging: implications for the design of logging systems. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 335, 437–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johns, A. D. (1991b). Forest disturbance and Amazonian primates. In Primate Responses to Environmental Change, ed. Box, H. O., London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johns, A. D. and Skorupa, J. P. (1987). Responses of rain-forest primates to habitat disturbance: a review. Int. J. Primatol., 8, 157–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karesh, W. B., Wallace, R. B., Painter, R. L. E.et al. (1998). Immobilization and health assessment of free-ranging black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek). Am. J. Primatol., 44, 107–123.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellogg, R. and Goldman, E. A. (1944). Review on the spider monkeys. Proc. US Natl. Mus. Nat. Hist., 96, 1–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinzey, W. G. (1997). Synopsis of New World primates (16 genera). In New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, ed. Kinzey, W. G., New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 169–324.Google Scholar
Klein, L. L. (1971). Observations on copulation and seasonal reproduction of two species of spider monkeys, Ateles belzebuth and A. geoffroyi. Folia Primatol., 15, 233–248.Google ScholarPubMed
Klein, L. L. and Klein, D. (1976). Neotropical primates: aspects of habitat usage, population density, and regional distribution in La Macarena, Colombia. In Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation ed. Thorington, R. W. Jr. and Heltne, P. G., Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, pp. 70–78.Google Scholar
Korstjens, A. H., Verhoeckx, I. L. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (2006). Time as a constraint on group size in spider monkeys. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 60, 683–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacy, R. C. (1992). VORTEX: a computer simulation model for population viability analysis. Wildlife Res., 20, 45–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, A. and Fiore, Di A. (2006). Seed dispersal by spider monkeys and its importance in the maintenance of neotropical rain-forest diversity. J. Trop. Ecol., 22, 235–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, T. E., Bierregaard, R. O., Jr., Rylands, A. B., et al. (1986), Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. In Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, ed. Soulé, M. E., Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, pp. 257–285.Google Scholar
Margules, C. R. and Pressey, R. L. (2000). Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405, 243–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, L. K. (2003). Primates in Fragments: Ecology and Conservation. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mas, J. F., Velazquez, A., Diaz-Gallegos, J. R.et al. (2004). Assessing land use/cover changes: a nationwide multidate spatial database for Mexico. Int. J. App. Earth Obs. Geoinform., 5, 249–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, R. M. (1988). Conservation and disease. Conserv. Biol., 2, 28–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meffe, G. K. and Carroll, C. R. (1994). Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Michalski, F. and Peres, C. A. (2005). Anthropogenic determinants of primate and carnivore local extinctions in a fragmented forest landscape of southern Amazonia. Biol. Conserv., 124, 383–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milton, K. (1981). Estimates of reproductive parameters for free-ranging Ateles geoffroyi. Primates, 22, 574–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittermeier, R. A. (1987). Effects of hunting on rain forest primates. In Primate Conservation in the Tropical Rain Forest, ed. Marsh, C. W. and Mittermeier, R. A., New York: Alan R. Liss Inc., pp. 109–146.Google Scholar
Mittermeier, R. A. (1991). Hunting and its effect on wild primate populations in Suriname. In Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation, ed. Robinson, J. G. and Redford, K. H., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 93–107.Google Scholar
Mittermeier, R. A., and Cheney, D. L. (1987). Conservation of primates and their habitats. In Primate Societies, ed. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. and Struhsaker, T. T., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 477–490.Google Scholar
Mittermeier, R. A., Valladares-Padua, C., Rylands, A. B.et al. (2006). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004–2006. Unpublished report, Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group–International Primatological Society–Conservation International.Google Scholar
Molnar, A., Scherr, S. J. and Khare, A. (2004). Who Conserves the World's Forests? A New Assessment of Conservation and Investment Trends. Washington DC: Forest Trends – Ecoagriculture Partners.Google Scholar
Muller-Landau, H. C. (2007). Predicting the long-term effects of hunting on plant species composition and diversity in tropical forests. Biotropica, 39, 372–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Alvarez-Berríos, N., Brandon, K.et al. (2006). Expanding protected areas and incorporating human resource use: a study of 15 forest parks in Ecuador and Peru. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, 2, 32–44.Google Scholar
Nunes, A. (1995). Foraging and ranging patterns in white-bellied spider monkeys. Folia Primatol., 65, 85–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunn, C. L. and Altizer, S. (2005). The Global Mammal Parasite Database: an online resource for infectious disease records in wild primates. Evol. Anthropol., 14, 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuñez-Iturri, G. and Howe, H. F. (2007). Bushmeat and the fate of trees with seeds dispersed by large primates in a lowland rain forest in Western Amazonia. Biotropica, 39, 348–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacheco, L. F. and Simonetti, J. A. (2000). Genetic structure of a mimosoid tree deprived of its seed disperser, the spider monkey. Conserv. Biol., 14, 1766–1775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, R. G. and Dawson, T. P. (2003) Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful?Glob. Ecol. Biogeog., 12, 361–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peres, C. A. (1990). Effects of hunting on Western Amazonian primate communities. Biol. Conserv., 54, 47–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peres, C. A. (1991). Humboldt's woolly monkeys decimated by hunting in Amazonia. Oryx, 25, 89–95.Google Scholar
Peres, C. A. (1994). Indigenous reserves and nature conservation in Amazonian forests. Conserv. Biol., 8, 586–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peres, C. A. (1997). Effects of habitat quality and hunting pressure on arboreal folivore densities in Neotropical forests: a case study of howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.). Folia Primatol., 68, 199–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peres, C. A. (2000). Evaluating the impact and sustainability of subsistence hunting at multiple Amazonian forest sites. In Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, ed. Robinson, J. G and Bennett, E. L., New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 31–56.Google Scholar
Peres, C. A. (2001). Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation on Amazonian forest vertebrates. Conserv. Biol., 15, 1490–1505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peres, C. A. (2005). Why we need megareserves in Amazonia. Conserv. Biol., 19, 728–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puertas, P. and Bodmer, R. E. (1993). Conservation of a high diversity primate assemblage. Biodiv. Conserv., 2, 586–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos-Fernández, G. and Ayala-Orozco, B. (2003). Population size and habitat use of spider monkeys at Punta Laguna, Mexico. In Primates in Fragments: Ecology and Conservation, ed. Marsh, L. K., New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum, pp. 191–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos-Fernández, G., Vick, L. G., Aureli, F., Schaffner, C. and Taub, D. M. (2003). Behavioral ecology and conservation status of spider monkeys in the Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh protected area. Neotrop. Primates, 11, 157–160.Google Scholar
Redford, K. H. and Robinson, J. G. (1987). The game of choice: patterns of indian and colonist hunting in the Neotropics. Am. Anthropol., 89, 650–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, J. G. and Redford, K. H. (1986). Intrinsic rate of natural increase in Neotropical forest mammals: relationship to phylogeny and diet. Oecologia, 68, 516–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rylands, A. B., Mittermeier, R. A. and Konstant, W. R. (2001). Species and subspecies of primates described since 1990. Neotrop. Primates, 9, 75–78.Google Scholar
Scott, M. E. (1988). The impact of infection and disease on animal populations: implications for conservation biology. Conserv. Biol., 2, 40–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, M. L. (1981). Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience, 31, 131–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. A. (2005). Garden game: shifting cultivation, indigenous hunting and wildlife ecology in Western Panama. Hum. Ecol., 33, 505–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, K. F., Sax, D. F. and Lafferty, K. D. (2006). Evidence for the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment. Conserv. Biol., 20, 1349–1357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soares-Filho, B. S., Nepstad, D. C., Curran, L. M.et al. (2006). Modeling conservation in the Amazon basin. Nature, 440, 520–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, T. C. and Fedigan, L. M. (2000). Distribution of three monkey species along a gradient of regenerating tropical dry forest. Biol. Conserv., 92, 227–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza-Mazurek, R. R., Pedrinho, T., Feliciano, X.et al. (2000). Subsistence hunting among the Waimiri Atroari Indians in central Amazonia, Brazil. Biodiv. Conserv., 9, 579–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strier, K. B. (1993). Viability analyses of an isolated population of muriqui monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides): implications for primate conservation and demography. Primate Conserv., 14–15, 43–52.Google Scholar
Symington, M. (1987). Sex ratio and maternal rank in wild spider monkeys: when daughters disperse. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 20, 421–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symington, M. (1988). Environmental determinants of population densities in Ateles. Primate Conserv., 9, 74–79.Google Scholar
Tischendorf, L. and Fahrig, L. (2000). On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity. Oikos, 90, 7–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoisy, B., Renoux, F. and Julliot, C. (2005). Hunting in northern French Guiana and its impact on primate communities. Oryx, 39, 149–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, M. G., Gardner, R. H. and Neill, O' R. V. (2001). Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
UNEP-WCMC (2007). United Nations Environment Program – World Conservation and Monitoring Centre Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. Online: accessed June 17, 2007.
Vance, C. and Geoghegan, J. (2002). Temporal and spatial modelling of tropical deforestation: a survival analysis linking satellite and household survey data. Agricult. Econ., 27, 317–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roosmalen, M. G. M. (1985). Habitat preferences, diet, feeding strategy, and social organization of the black spider monkey (Ateles p. paniscus Linnaeus 1758) in Surinam. Acta Amazonica, 15, 1–238.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. B., Painter, R. L. E., Rumiz, D. I. and Taber, A. B. (2000). Primate diversity, distribution and relative abundances in the Reserva Vida Silvestre Rios Blanco y Negro, Department Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Neotrop. Primates, 8, 24–28.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. B., Painter, R. L. E. and Taber, A. B. (1998). Primate diversity, habitat preferences and population density estimates in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Am. J. Primatol., 46, 197–211.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, J. and Lee, D. R. (1999). Primate conservation: the prevention of disease transmission. Int. J. Primatol., 20, 803–826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weghorst, J. A. (2007). High population density of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in Costa Rican lowland wet forest. Primates, 48, 108–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, F. (1986). Census and preliminary observations on the ecology of the black-faced black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus chamek) in Manu National Park, Peru. Am. J. Primatol., 11, 125–132.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. E. and Reeder, D. M. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Vol. 1. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×