Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T15:21:53.298Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Psychosis in Major Depression

from Part III - Mood Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2010

Eric G. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
Philip R. Burke
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
Jessica E. Grogan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
Susan E. Fratoni
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
Chelsa S. Wogsland
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
Anthony J. Rothschild
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
Daryl Fujii
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Iqbal Ahmed
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders
Neurobiology, Etiology and Pathogenesis
, pp. 156 - 194
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiskal, H. S., Walker, P., Puzantian, V. R., et al. (1983). Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 5(2), 115–28.Google Scholar
Alexopoulos, G. S., Young, R. C., & Meyers, B. S. (1993). Geriatric depression: Age of onset and dementia. Biological Psychiatry, 34(3), 141–5.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987). The dexamethasone suppression test: An overview of its current status in psychiatry. The APA Task Force on Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(10), 1253–62.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines: Practice guidelines for the treatment of major depressive disorder (revision). American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(4)(Suppl.), 1–45.
Anton, R. F. Jr., & Burch, E. A. Jr. (1990). Amoxapine versus amitriptyline combined with perphenazine in the treatment of psychotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(9), 1203–8.Google Scholar
Anton, R. F., & Sexauer, J. D. (1983). Efficacy of amoxapine in psychotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(10), 1344–7.Google Scholar
Aronson, T. A., & Shukla, S. (1989). Long-term continuation antidepressant treatment: A comparison study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50(8), 285–9.Google Scholar
Aronson, T. A., Shukla, S., Hoff, A., & Cook, B. (1988). Proposed delusional depression subtypes: Preliminary evidence from a retrospective study of phenomenology and treatment course. Journal of Affective Disorders, 14(1), 69–74.Google Scholar
Avery, D., & Lubrano, A. (1979). Depression treated with imipramine and ECT: The DeCarolis study reconsidered. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136(4B), 559–62.Google Scholar
Avery, D., & Winokur, G. (1977). The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in depression. Biological Psychiatry, 12(4), 507–23.Google Scholar
Ballard, C., Neill, D., O'Brien, J., et al. (2000). Anxiety, depression and psychosis in vascular dementia: Prevalence and associations. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59(2), 97–106.Google Scholar
Bassiony, M. M., Warren, A., Rosenblatt, A., et al. (2002). The relationship between delusions and depression in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(6), 549–56.Google Scholar
Basso, M. R., & Bornstein, R. A. (1999). Neuropsychological deficits in psychotic versus nonpsychotic unipolar depression. Neuropsychology, 13(1), 69–75.Google Scholar
Belanoff, J. K., Kalehzan, M., Sund, B., Fleming Ficek, S. K., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2001). Cortisol activity and cognitive changes in psychotic major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(10), 1612–6.Google Scholar
Belanoff, J. K., Rothschild, A. J., Cassidy, F., et al. (2002). An open label trial of C-1073 (mifepristone) for psychotic major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 52(5), 386–92.Google Scholar
Bell, M. A., & Rothschild, A. J. (2004). Psychotic depression: State-of-the-art algorithm improves odds for remission. Current Psychiatry, 3, 54–63.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E., & Brook, P. (1985). Delusions and the psychopathology of the elderly with dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 72(3), 296–301.Google Scholar
Black, D. W., Winokur, G., & Nasrallah, A. (1988). Effect of psychosis on suicide risk in 1,593 patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(7), 849–52.Google Scholar
Bond, T. C., Rothschild, A. J., Lerbinger, J., & Schatzberg, A. F. (1986). Delusional depression, family history, and DST response: A pilot study. Biological Psychiatry, 21(13), 1239–46.Google Scholar
Brodaty, H., Peters, K., Boyce, P., et al. (1991). Age and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 23(3), 137–49.Google Scholar
Brodaty, H., Luscombe, G., Parker, G., et al. (1997). Increased rate of psychosis and psychomotor change in depression with age. Psychological Medicine, 27(5), 1205–13.Google Scholar
Burch, E. A. Jr., Anton, R. F., & Carson, W. H. (1994). Mood congruent and incongruent psychotic depressions: Are they the same?Journal of Affective Disorders, 31(4), 275–80.Google Scholar
Cannon, M.Walsh, E., Hollis, C., et al. (2001). Predictors of later Schizophrenia and affective psychosis among attendees at a child psychiatry department. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 420–26.Google Scholar
Chambers, W. J., Puig-Antich, J., et al. (1982). Psychotic symptoms in prepubertal major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(8), 921–7.Google Scholar
Chan, C. H., Janicak, P. G., Davis, J. M., et al. (1987). Response of psychotic and nonpsychotic depressed patients to tricyclic antidepressants. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48(5), 197–200.Google Scholar
Charney, D. S., & Nelson, J. C. (1981). Delusional and nondelusional unipolar depression: Further evidence for distinct subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(3), 328–33.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., & Tsuang, M. T. (1982). Primary unipolar depression and the prognostic importance of delusions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(10), 1181–4.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., & Tsuang, M. T. (1985). Major depression with mood-congruent or mood-incongruent psychotic features: Outcome after 40 years. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 479–82.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Tsuang, M. T., & McDaniel, J. (1982). Psychotic features in major depression. Is mood congruence important?Journal of Affective Disorders, 4(3), 227–36.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Pfohl, B., & Zimmerman, M. (1984). The clinical and neuroendocrine features of psychotic depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172(9), 521–8.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Pfohl, B., & Zimmerman, M. (1986a). Heterogeneity in psychotic depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27(5), 430–8.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Zimmerman, M., & Pfohl, B. (1986b). Outcome at discharge and six months in major depression. The significance of psychotic features. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 174(2), 92–6.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Endicott, J., & Keller, M. (1987). The importance of psychotic features to major depression: Course and outcome during a 2-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75(1), 78–85.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Keller, M., Lavori, P., & Endicott, J. (1990). Affective syndromes, psychotic features, and prognosis. I. Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47(7), 651–7.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Winokur, G., Shea, T., et al. (1994). The long-term stability of depressive subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(2), 199–204.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Leon, A., Winokur, G., et al. (1996). Importance of psychotic features to long-term course in major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(4), 483–9.Google Scholar
Cubells, J. F., Kranzler, H. R., McCance-Katz, E., et al. (2000). A haplotype at the DBH locus, associated with low plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity, also associates with cocaine-induced paranoia. Molecular Psychiatry, 5(1), 56–63.Google Scholar
Cubells, J. F., Price, L. H., Meyers, B. S., et al. (2002). Genotype-controlled analysis of plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in psychotic unipolar major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 51(5), 358–64.Google Scholar
DeBattista, C. (2003). C-1073 (Mifepristone) vs. placebo add-on to treatment as usual in patients with psychotic major depression. Abstracts of the 42nd Annual ACNP Meeting.
DeBattista, C., Rothschild, A. J., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2002). A dynamic algorithm for the treatment of psychotic depression. Psychiatric Annals, 32, 681–91.Google Scholar
DelBello, M. P., Carlson, G. A., Tohen, M., et al. (2003). Rates and predictors of developing a manic or hypomanic episode 1 to 2 years following a first hospitalization for major depression with psychotic features. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(2), 173–85.Google Scholar
Duval, F., Mokrani, M. C., Crocq, M. A., et al. (2000). Dopaminergic function and the cortisol response to dexamethasone in psychotic depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 24(2), 207–25.Google Scholar
Eisemann, M., Ericsson, U., Knorring, L., et al. (1983). Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in diagnostic subgroups of depressed patients and in relation to their personality characteristics. Neuropsychobiology, 9(4), 193–6.Google Scholar
Fennig, S., Bromet, E. J., Karant, M. T., Ram, R., & Jandorf, L. (1996a). Mood-congruent versus mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in first-admission patients with affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 37(1), 23–9.Google Scholar
Fennig, S., Fennig-Naisberg, S., & Karant, M. (1996b). Mood-congruent vs. mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in affective psychotic disorders. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 33(4), 238–45.Google Scholar
Fink, M. (2003). Electroconvulsive therapy update: Recognizing and treating psychotic depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(3), 232–4.Google Scholar
Fleming, S. K., Blasey, C., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2004). Neuropsychological correlates of psychotic features in major depressive disorders: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(1), 27–35.Google Scholar
Flint, A. J., & Rifat, S. L. (1998a). The treatment of psychotic depression in later life: A comparison of pharmacotherapy and ECT. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(1), 23–8.Google Scholar
Flint, A. J., & Rifat, S. L. (1998b). Two-year outcome of psychotic depression in late life. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(2) 178–83.Google Scholar
Frances, A., Brown, R. P., Kocsis, J. H., & Mann, J. J. (1981). Psychotic depression: A separate entity?American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(6), 831–3.Google Scholar
Frangos, E., Athanassenas, G., Tsitourides, S., Psilolignos, P., & Katsanou, N. (1983). Psychotic depressive disorder. A separate entity?Journal of Affective Disorders, 5(3), 259–65.Google Scholar
Galasko, D., Kwo-On-Yuen, P. F., & Thal, L. (1988). Intracranial mass lesions associated with late-onset psychosis and depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11(1), 151–66.Google Scholar
Glassman, A. H., & Roose, S. P. (1981). Delusional depression. A distinct clinical entity?Archives of General Psychiatry, 38(4), 424–7.Google Scholar
Goldstein, R. B., Horwath, E., & Wickramaratne, P. J. (1998). Familial aggregation of delusional depression: Re-examination in a recent family study. Depression and Anxiety, 8(4), 160–5.Google Scholar
Gournellis, R., Lykouras, L., Fortos, A., et al. (2001). Psychotic (delusional) major depression in late life: A clinical study. (Erratum appears in Int J Geriatr Psychiatry (2002) 17(3), 296.) International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(11), 1085–91.Google Scholar
Hamner, M. B., & Gold, P. B. (1998). Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in psychotic and non-psychotic post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 77(3), 175–81.Google Scholar
Harrow, M., MacDonald, A. W. III, Sands, J. R., & Silverstein, M. L (1995). Vulnerability to delusions over time in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21(1), 95–109.Google Scholar
Harrow, M., Grossman, L. S., Herbener, E. S., & Davies, E. W. (2000). Ten-year outcome: Patients with schizoaffective disorders, schizophrenia, affective disorders and mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 421–6.Google Scholar
Helms, P. M., & Smith, R. E. (1983). Recurrent psychotic depression. Evidence of diagnostic stability. Journal of Affective Disorders, 5(1), 51–4.Google Scholar
Hill, S. K., Keshavan, M. S., Thase, M. E., & Sweeney, J A. (2004). Neuropsychological dysfunction in antipsychotic-naive first-episode unipolar psychotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(6), 996–1003.Google Scholar
Hori, M., Shiraishi, H., & Koizumi, J. (1993). Delusional depression and suicide. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 47(4), 811–17.Google Scholar
Hultman, C. M., Sparen, P., Takei, N., Murray, R. M., & Cnattingius, S. (1999). Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and reactive psychosis of early onset: Case-control study. British Medical Journal, 318(7181), 421–6.Google Scholar
Husted, J. A., Beiser, M., & Iacono, W. G. (1995). Negative symptoms in the course of first-episode affective psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 56(2), 145–54.Google Scholar
Inui, K., Motomura, E., Okushima, R., et al. (1998). Electroencephalographic findings in patients with DSM-IV mood disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 43(1), 69–75.Google Scholar
Isometsa, E., Henriksson, M., Aro, H., et al. (1994). Suicide in psychotic major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 31(3), 187–91.Google Scholar
Iwanami, A., Oyamada, S., Shirayama, Y., & Kamijima, K. (1999). Algorithms for the pharmacotherapy of psychotic depression. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 53(Suppl.), S45–8.Google Scholar
Jarbin, H., & Knorring, A. L. (2003). Diagnostic stability in adolescent onset psychotic disorders. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(1), 15–22.Google Scholar
Jarbin, H., Ott, Y., & Knorring, A. L. (2003). Adult outcome of social function in adolescent-onset schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(2), 176–83.Google Scholar
Jeste, D. V., Heaton, S. C., Paulsen, J. S., et al. (1996). Clinical and neuropsychological comparison of psychotic depression with nonpsychotic depression and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(4), 490–6.Google Scholar
Johnson, J., Horwath, E., & Weissman, M. M. (1991). The validity of major depression with psychotic features based on a community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48(12), 1075–81.Google Scholar
Jones, P. B., Harvey, I., Lewis, S. W., et al. (1994). Cerebral ventricle dimensions as risk factors for schizophrenia and affective psychosis: An epidemiological approach to analysis. Psychological Medicine, 24(4), 995–1011.Google Scholar
Kaustio, O., Partanen, J., Valkonen-Korhonon, M., Vinamaki, H., & Lehtonen, J. (2002). Affective and psychotic symptoms relate to different types of P300 alteration in depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71(1–3), 43–50.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski-Shuman, L., & Walsh, D. (1996). The risk for psychiatric illness in siblings of schizophrenics: The impact of psychotic and non-psychotic affective illness and alcoholism in parents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94(1), 49–55.Google Scholar
Kessing, L. V. (2003). Subtypes of depressive episodes according to ICD-10: Prediction of risk of relapse and suicide. Psychopathology, 36(6), 285–91.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., et al. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(23), 3095–105.Google Scholar
Kim, D. K., Kim, B. L., Sohn, S. E., et al. (1999). Candidate neuroanatomic substrates of psychosis in old-aged depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 23(5), 793–807.Google Scholar
Kivela, S. L., & Pahkala, K. (1989). Delusional depression in the elderly: A community study. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie, 22(5), 236–41.Google Scholar
Kroessler, D. K. (1985). Relative efficacy rates for therapies of delusional depression. Convulsive Therapy, 1, 173–82.Google Scholar
Kuhs, H. (1991). Depressive delusion. Psychopathology, 24(2), 106–14.Google Scholar
Lattuada, E., Serretti, A., Cusin, C., Gasperini, M., & Smeraldi, E. (1999). Symptomatologic analysis of psychotic and non-psychotic depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 54(1–2), 183–7.Google Scholar
Lee, T. W., Tsai, S. J., Yang, C. H., & Hwang, J. P (2003). Clinical and phenomenological comparisons of delusional and nondelusional major depression in Chinese elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 486–90.Google Scholar
Luchins, D. J., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1983). Ventricular size and psychosis in affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 18(10), 1197–8.Google Scholar
Lykouras, E., Christodoulou, G. N., & Malliaras, D. (1985). Type and content of delusions in unipolar psychotic depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 9(3), 249–52.Google Scholar
Lykouras, E., Malliaras, D., Christodoulou, G. N., et al. (1986). Delusional depression: Phenomenology and response to treatment. A prospective study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73(3), 324–9.Google Scholar
Lykouras, E., Markianos, M., Malliaras, D., & Stefanis, C.(1988). Neurochemical variables in delusional depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(2), 214–7.Google Scholar
Lykouras, L., Christodoulou, G. N., Malliaras, D., et al. (1994). The prognostic importance of delusions in depression: A 6-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 32(4), 233–8.Google Scholar
Lykouras, L., Gournellis, R., Fortos, A., Oulis, P., & Christodoulou, G. N. (2002). Psychotic (delusional) major depression in the elderly and suicidal behaviour. Journal of Affective Disorders, 69(1–3), 225–9.Google Scholar
Major, L. F., Lerner, P., Ballenger, J. C., et al. (1979). Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the cerebrospinal fluid: Relationship to disulfiram-induced psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 14(2), 337–44.Google Scholar
McClellan, J. M., Werry, J. S., & Ham, H. (1993). A follow-up study of early onset psychosis: Comparison between outcome diagnoses of schizophrenia, mood disorders, and personality disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(2), 243–62.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y., Cho, H. W., Carroll, B. J., & Russo, P. (1976). Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the affective psychoses and schizophrenia. Decreased activity in unipolar psychotically depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33(5), 585–91.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y., Perline, R., Tricou, B. J., Lowy, M., & Robertson, A. (1984). Effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on serum cortisol levels in major affective disorders. II. Relation to suicide, psychosis, and depressive symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41(4), 379–87.Google Scholar
Mendels, J., Frazer, A., Fitzgerald, R. G., Ramsey, T. A., & Stokes, J. W. (1972). Biogenic amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of depressed and manic patients. Science, 175(28), 1380–2.Google Scholar
Meyers, B. S., & Greenberg, R. (1986). Late-life delusional depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 11(2), 133–7.Google Scholar
Meyers, B. S., Alexopoulos, G. S., Kakuma, T., et al. (1999). Decreased dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in unipolar geriatric delusional depression. Biological Psychiatry, 45(4), 448–52.Google Scholar
Miller, F., & Chabrier, L. A. (1987). The relation of delusional content in psychotic depression to life-threatening behavior. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 17(1), 13–17.Google Scholar
Mod, L., Rihmer, Z., Magyar, I., et al. (1986). Serum DBH activity in psychotic vs. nonpsychotic unipolar and bipolar depression. Psychiatry Research, 19(4), 331–3.Google Scholar
Mokrani, M., Duval, F., Diep, T. S., Bailey, P. E., & Macher, J. P. (2000). Multihormonal responses to clonidine in patients with affective and psychotic symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25(7), 741–52.Google Scholar
Mulsant, B. H., Haskett, R. F., Prudic, J., et al. (1997). Low use of neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of psychotic major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(4), 559–61.Google Scholar
Murphy, E. (1983). The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 111–9.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. C., & Bowers, M. B. Jr. (1978). Delusional unipolar depression: Description and drug response. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35(11), 1321–8.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. C., & Davis, J. M. (1997). DST studies in psychotic depression: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(11), 1497–503.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. C., & Mazure, C. M. (1986). Lithium augmentation in psychotic depression refractory to combined drug treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(3), 363–6.Google Scholar
Nelson, E. B., Sax, K. W., & Strakowski, S. M. (1998). Attentional performance in patients with psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(1), 137–9.Google Scholar
Nishizono-Maher, A., Ikuta, N., & Ogiso, Y. (1993). Psychotic symptoms in depression and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 28(4), 279–85.Google Scholar
O'Brien, J. T., Ames, D., Schweitzer, I., et al. (1997). Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging and endocrinological differences between delusional and non-delusional depression in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12(2), 211–18.Google Scholar
Ohayon, M. M. & Schatzberg, A. F. (2002). Prevalence of depressive episodes with psychotic features in the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(11), 1855–61.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Hickie, I., et al. (1991). Psychotic depression: A review and clinical experience. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 25(2), 169–80.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Roy, K., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Pedic, F. (1992). Psychotic (delusional) depression: A meta-analysis of physical treatments. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24(1), 17–24.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Brodaty, H., et al. (1995). Sub-typing depression. II. Clinical distinction of psychotic depression and non-psychotic melancholia. Psychological Medicine, 25(4), 825–32.Google Scholar
Petrides, G., Fink, M. , M., Husain, M. M., et al. (2001). ECT remission rates in psychotic versus nonpsychotic depressed patients: A report from CORE. Journal of ECT, 17(4), 244–53.Google Scholar
Prusoff, B. A., Weissman, M. M., Merikangas, K. R., Leckman, J. F., & Harding, P. S. (1984). Psychiatric illness in relatives of probands with delusional depression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 20(3), 358–61.Google Scholar
Robins, E., Murphy, G. E., Wilkinson, R. H. Jr., et al. (1959). Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successfull suicides. American Journal of Public Health, 49, 888–99.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. G., & Spiker, D. G. (1985). Delusional depression. A one year follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 9(1), 79–83.Google Scholar
Roose, S. P., Glassman, A. H., Walsh, B. T., Gassner, S., & Vital-Herne, J. (1983). Depression, delusions, and suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(9), 1159–62.Google Scholar
Rothschild, A. J. (2003). The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and psychiatric illness. In Psychoneuroendocrinology, ed. Wolkowitz, O. M. and Rothschild, A. J.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 139–63.
Rothschild, A. J., & Duval, S. E. (2003). How long should patients with psychotic depression stay on the antipsychotic medication?Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(4), 390–6.Google Scholar
Rothschild, A. J., & Phillips, K. A. (1999). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and delusional depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(6), 977–8.Google Scholar
Rothschild, A. J. & Schatzberg, A. F. (1994). Diagnosis and treatment of psychotic (delusional) depression. In Severe Depressive Disorders, ed. Grunhaus, L. and Greden, J. F.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 195–207.
Rothschild, A. J., Schatzberg, A. F., Rosenbaum, A. H., Stahl, J. B., & Cole, J. O. (1982). The dexamethasone suppression test as a discriminator among subtypes of psychotic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 471–4.Google Scholar
Rothschild, A. J., Schatzberg, A. F., Langlais, P. J., et al. (1987). Psychotic and nonpsychotic depressions: I. Comparison of plasma catecholamines and cortisol measures. Psychiatry Research, 20(2), 143–53.Google Scholar
Rothschild, A. J., Benes, F., Hebben, N., et al. (1989). Relationships between brain CT scan findings and cortisol in psychotic and nonpsychotic depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry, 26(6), 565–75.Google Scholar
Rothschild, A. J., Samson, J. A., Bond, T. C., et al. (1993). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and 1-year outcome in depression. Biological Psychiatry, 34(6), 392–400.Google Scholar
Rothschild, A. J., Williamson, D. J., Tohen, M. F., et al. (2004). A double-blind, randomized study of olanzapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for major depression with psychotic features. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(4), 365–73.Google Scholar
Rubin, R. T., & Carroll, B. J. (2004). Mifepristone (RU 486) in the Treatment of Psychotic Depression: Re-evaluation of Published Data. Poster, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Rush, M., Diamond, F., & Alpert, M. (1982). Depression as a risk factor in tardive dyskinesia. Biological Psychiatry, 17(3), 387–92.Google Scholar
Sackeim, H. A., Haskett, R. F., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2001). Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(10), 1299–307.Google Scholar
Sands, J. R., & Harrow, M. (1995). Vulnerability to psychosis in unipolar major depression: Is premorbid functioning involved?American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1009–15.Google Scholar
Santosh, P. J., Malhotra, S., Raghunathan, M., & Mehra, Y. N (1994). A study of P300 in melancholic depression: Correlation with psychotic features. Biological Psychiatry, 35(7), 474–9.Google Scholar
Salisbury, D. F., Shenton, M. E., Sherwood, A. R., et al. (1998). First-episode schizophrenic psychosis differs from first-episode affective psychosis and controls in P300 amplitude over left temporal lobe. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 173–80.Google Scholar
Sax, K. W., Strakowski, S. M., Keck, P. E., et al., (1997). Comparison of patients with early-, typical-, and late-onset affective psychosis, American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1299–1301.Google Scholar
Sapru, M. K., Rao, B. S., & Channabasavanna, S. M. (1989). Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in clinical subtypes of depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80(5), 474–8.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, A. F., & Rothschild, A. J. (1988). The roles of glucocorticoid and dopaminergic systems in delusional (psychotic) depression. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 537, 462–71.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, A. F., & Rothschild, A. J. (1996). Psychotic (delusional) major depression: Should it be included as a distinct syndrome in DSM-IV? DSM-IV Source Book, Vol. 2, eds. Widiger, T. A., Pincus, H. A., Ross, R., First, M. B., & Davis, W. W.Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 127–80.
Schatzberg, A. F., Rothschild, A. J., Stahl, J. B., et al. (1983). The dexamethasone suppression test: Identification of subtypes of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(1), 88–91.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, A. F., Rothschild, A. J., Langlais, P. J., Bird, E. D., & Cole, J. O. (1985). A corticosteroid/dopamine hypothesis for psychotic depression and related states. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 19(1), 57–64.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, A. F., Posener, J. A., Rothschild, A. J. (1995). The role of dopamine in psychotic depression. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 18(Suppl. 1), S1–8.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, A. F., Posener, J. A., DeBattista, C., et al. (2000). Neuropsychological deficits in psychotic versus nonpsychotic major depression and no mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(7), 1095–100.Google Scholar
Schlegel, S., & Kretzschmar, K. (1987). Computed tomography in affective disorders. Part I. Ventricular and sulcal measurements. Biological Psychiatry, 22(1), 4–14.Google Scholar
Serretti, A., Macciardi, F., Cusin, C., et al. (1998). Dopamine receptor D4 gene is associated with delusional symptomatology in mood disorders. Psychiatry Research, 80(2), 129–36.Google Scholar
Serretti, A., Lattuada, E., Catalano, M., & Smeraldi, E. (1999a). Serotonin transporter gene not associated with psychotic symptomatology of mood disorders. Psychiatry Research, 86(1), 59–65.Google Scholar
Serretti, A., Lilli, R., Di Bella, D., et al. (1999b). Dopamine receptor D4 gene is not associated with major psychoses. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 88(5), 486–91.Google Scholar
Serretti, A., Lilli, R., Lorenzi, C., & Smeraldi, E. (1999c). No association between serotonin-2A receptor gene polymorphism and psychotic symptomatology of mood disorders. Psychiatry Research, 86(3), 203–9.Google Scholar
Serretti, A., Macciardi, F., Catalano, M., Bellodi, L., & Smeraldi, E. (1999d). Genetic variants of dopamine receptor D4 and psychopathology. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(3), 609–18.Google Scholar
Serretti, A., Lilli, R., Lorenzi, C., Lattuada, E., & Smeraldi, E. (2000). Serotonin-2C and serotonin-1A receptor genes are not associated with psychotic symptomatology of mood disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 96(2), 161–6.Google Scholar
Simpson, S., Baldwin, R. C., Jackson, A., & Burns, A. (1999). The differentiation of DSM-III-R psychotic depression in later life from nonpsychotic depression: Comparisons of brain changes measured by multispectral analysis of magnetic resonance brain images, neuropsychological findings, and clinical features. Biological Psychiatry, 45(2), 193–204.Google Scholar
Spiker, D. G., Weiss, J. C., & Dealy, R. S. (1985). The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(4), 430–6.Google Scholar
Spiker, D. G., Perel, J. M., & Hanin, I. (1986). The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression: Part II. (Erratum appears in J Clin Psychopharmacol (1987) 7(1), A23). Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6(6), 339–42.
Strober, M., & Carlson, G. (1982). Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: Clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective follow-up investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(5), 549–55.Google Scholar
Sundquist, K., Frank, G., & Sundquist, J. (2004). Urbanisation and incidence of psychosis and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 293–98.Google Scholar
Sweeney, D., Nelson, C., Bowers, M., Maas, J., & Heninger, G. (1978). Delusional versus non-delusional depression: Neurochemical differences. Lancet, 2(8080), 100–101.Google Scholar
Takei, N., O'Callaghan, E., Sham, P. C., Glover, G., & Murray, R. M (1993). Does prenatal influenza divert susceptible females from later affective psychosis to schizophrenia?Acta Psychiatria Scandanavia, 88, 328–36.Google Scholar
Targum, S. D., Rosen, L. N., DeLisi, L. E., Weinberger, D. R., & Citrin, C. M. (1983). Cerebral ventricular size in major depressive disorder: Association with delusional symptoms. Biological Psychiatry, 18(3), 329–36.Google Scholar
Thakur, M., Hays, J., Ranga, K., & Krishnan, R. (1999). Clinical, demographic and social characteristics of psychotic depression. Psychiatry Research, 86(2), 99–106.Google Scholar
Thase, M. E., Kupfer, D. J., & Ulrich, R. F. (1986). Electroencephalographic sleep in psychotic depression. A valid subtype?Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(9), 886–93.Google Scholar
Tohen, M., Strakowski, S. M., & Zarate, C. Jr. (2000). The McLean-Harvard first-episode project: 6-month symptomatic and functional outcome in affective and nonaffective psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 48(6), 467–76.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, M., Chen, J., Bremner, J. D., et al. (2003). Psychotic depression and mortality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 574–6.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Warner, V., John, K., et al. (1988). Delusional depression and bipolar spectrum: Evidence for a possible association from a family study of children. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1(4), 257–64.Google Scholar
Wheeler Vega, J. A., Mortimer, A. M., & Tyson, P. (2000). Somatic treatment of psychotic depression: Review and recommendations for practice. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 504–19.Google Scholar
Winokur, G., Scharfetter, C., Angst, J. (1985). A family study of psychotic symptomatology in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, unipolar depression, and bipolar disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 234(5), 295–8.Google Scholar
Wolfersdorf, M., Keller, F., Steiner, B., & Hole, G. (1987). Delusional depression and suicide. Acta Psychiatria Scandanavia, 76, 359–63.Google Scholar
Wood, J. G., Joyce, P. R., Miller, A. L., Mulder, R. T., & Kennedy, M. A., (2002). A polymorphism in the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene is associated with “paranoid ideation” in patients with major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 51(5), 365–9.Google Scholar
Wragg, R. E., & Jeste, D. V. , D. V. (1989). Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(5), 577–87.Google Scholar
Young, A. H., Gallagher, P., Watson, S., et al. (2004). Improvements in neurocognitive function and mood following adjunctive treatment with mifepristone (RU-486) in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(8), 1538–45.Google Scholar
Zanardi, R., Franchini, L., Gasperini, M., Perez, J., & Smeraldi, E. (1996). Double-blind controlled trial of sertraline versus paroxetine in the treatment of delusional depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(12), 1631–3.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., & Mattia, J. I. (1999). Psychotic subtyping of major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(5), 311–14.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Psychosis in Major Depression
    • By Eric G. Smith, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Philip R. Burke, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Jessica E. Grogan, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Susan E. Fratoni, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Chelsa S. Wogsland, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Anthony J. Rothschild, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
  • Edited by Daryl Fujii, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Iqbal Ahmed, University of Hawaii, Manoa
  • Book: The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders
  • Online publication: 06 January 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543784.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Psychosis in Major Depression
    • By Eric G. Smith, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Philip R. Burke, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Jessica E. Grogan, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Susan E. Fratoni, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Chelsa S. Wogsland, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Anthony J. Rothschild, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
  • Edited by Daryl Fujii, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Iqbal Ahmed, University of Hawaii, Manoa
  • Book: The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders
  • Online publication: 06 January 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543784.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Psychosis in Major Depression
    • By Eric G. Smith, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Philip R. Burke, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Jessica E. Grogan, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Susan E. Fratoni, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Chelsa S. Wogsland, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, Anthony J. Rothschild, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
  • Edited by Daryl Fujii, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Iqbal Ahmed, University of Hawaii, Manoa
  • Book: The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders
  • Online publication: 06 January 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543784.010
Available formats
×