Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T23:52:58.874Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Concepts and Processes of Self-Regulation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2015

Gabriele Oettingen
Affiliation:
New York University
Peter M. Gollwitzer
Affiliation:
New York University
Get access

Summary

Author Note

Gabriele Oettingen, Psychology Department, New York University and Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany; Peter M. Gollwitzer, Psychology Department, New York University and Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany.

Correspondence concerning this chapter should be addressed to Gabriele Oettingen, Psychology Department, New York University, 6 Washington Pl., New York, NY 10003, USA, E-mail: gabriele.oettingen@nyu.edu

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aarts, H., Dijksterhuis, A. P., & Midden, C. (1999). To plan or not to plan? Goal achievement or interrupting the performance of mundane behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 971979.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Achtziger, A., Bayer, U. C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2012). Committing to implementation intentions: Attention and memory effects for selected situational cues. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 287300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Achtziger, A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2008). Implementation intentions and shielding goal striving from unwanted thoughts and feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 381393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adriaanse, M. A., De Ridder, D. T. D., & De Wit, J. B. F. (2009). Finding the critical cue: Implementation intentions to change one's diet work best when tailored to personally relevant reasons for unhealthy eating. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 6071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adriaanse, M. A., Oettingen, G., Gollwitzer, P. M., Hennes, E. P., de Ridder, D. T. D., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2010). When planning is not enough: Fighting unhealthy snacking habits by mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII). European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 12771293. doi:10.1002/ejsp.730CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adriaanse, M. A., van Oosten, J. M., de Ridder, D. T., de Wit, J. B., & Evers, C. (2011). Planning what not to eat: Ironic effects of implementation intentions negating unhealthy habits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 6981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, C. J., Rowe, R., Arden, M. A., & Harris, P. R. (2014). A brief psychological intervention that reduces adolescent alcohol consumption. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 546550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (2006). Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 164180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Chai, A. L., Barndollar, K., & Trötschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 10141027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2010). Motivation. In Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 268316). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bayer, U. C., Achtziger, A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2009). Responding to subliminal cues: Do if-then plans facilitate action preparation and initiation without conscious intent? Social Cognition, 27, 183201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, U. C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2007). Boosting scholastic test scores by willpower: The role of implementation intentions. Self and Identity, 6, 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, U. C., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Achtziger, A. (2010). Staying on track: Planned goal striving is protected from disruptive internal states. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 505514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78, 246263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandstätter, V., Lengfelder, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2001). Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 946960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H. Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K., et al. (2011). Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 1499815003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, D. S., Schüz, N., Xie, G. R., & Lippke, S. (2013). Planning skills moderate the intention-planning cognitions-behaviour relation: A longitudinal study on physical activity in Chinese adolescents. Research in Sports Medicine: An International Journal, 21, 1223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conner, M. T., & Higgins, A. (2010). Long-term effects of implementation intentions on prevention of smoking uptake among adolescents: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 29, 529538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijksterhuis, A., & Aarts, H. (2010). Goals, attention and (un)consciousness. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 467490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duckworth, A. L. (2009). (Over and) beyond high-stakes testing. American Psychologist, 64, 279280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2013). Self-regulation and school success. In Sokol, B. W., Grouzet, F. M. E., & Müller, U. (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 208230). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, A. L., Grant, H., Loew, B., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011). Self-regulation strategies improve self-discipline in adolescents: Benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions. Educational Psychology, 31, 1726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T. A., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2013). From fantasy to action: Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) improves academic performance in children. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4,745753.Google ScholarPubMed
Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P., & Tsukayama, E. (2012). What No Child Left Behind leaves behind: The roles of IQ and self-control in predicting standardized achievement test scores and report card grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 439451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, E. (1934). Emotion: An example of the need for reorientation in psychology. Psychological Review, 41, 184198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishbach, A., Dhar, R., & Zhang, Y. (2006). Subgoals as substitutes or complements: The role of goal accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 232242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fishbach, A., Shah, J. Y., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). Emotional transfer in goal systems. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 723738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo, I. S., Keil, A., McCulloch, K. C., Rockstroh, B., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2009). Strategic automation of emotion regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gawrilow, C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2008). Implementation intentions facilitate response inhibition in children with ADHD. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 261280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawrilow, C., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2011a). If-then plans benefit executive functions in children with ADHD. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 616646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawrilow, C., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2011b). If-then plans benefit delay of gratification performance in children with and without ADHD. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 442455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawrilow, C., Morgenroth, K., Schultz, R., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013). Mental contrasting with implementation intentions enhances self-regulation of goal pursuit in schoolchildren at risk for ADHD. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 134145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, S. J., Gollwitzer, P. M., Cohen, A. L., Oettingen, G., & Burgess, P. W. (2009). Separable brain systems supporting cued versus self-initiated realization of delayed intentions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 905915.Google ScholarPubMed
Gollwitzer, A., Oettingen, G., Kirby, T. A., Duckworth, A. L., & Mayer, D. (2011). Mental contrasting facilitates academic performance in school children. Motivation and Emotion, 35, 403412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1990). Action phases and mind-sets. In Higgins, E. T. & Sorrentino, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 5392). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1993). Goal achievement: The role of intentions. European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 141185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (2012). Mindset theory of action phases. In Van Lange, P., Kruglanski, A. W., & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 526545). London: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (2014). Weakness of the will: Is a quick fix possible? Motivation and Emotion, 38, 305322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V. (1997). Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 186199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2011). Planning promotes goal striving. In Vohs, K. D. & Baumeister, R. F. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 162185). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Schaal, B. (1998). Metacognition in action: The importance of implementation intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 124136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., Sheeran, P., Trötschel, R., & Webb, T. (2011). Self-regulation of behavioral priming effects. Psychological Science, 22, 901907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajiagha, A. P., & Saffari, M. (2012). Predictors of tooth brushing behavior in Iranian adolescents: An application of the planned behavior theory. The Journal of the Islamic Dental Association of IRAN, 24, 159164.Google Scholar
Hall, P. A., Zehr, C., Ng, M., & Zanna, M. P. (2012). Implementation intentions for physical activity in supportive and unsupportive environmental conditions: An examination of intention-behavior consistency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 432436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, M. D., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2007). Implementation intentions and disengagement from a failing course of action. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 20, 81102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houssais, S., Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2013). Using mental contrasting with implementation intentions to self-regulate insecurity-based behaviors in relationships. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 224233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. The Century Psychology Series. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Johannessen, K. B., Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2012). Mental contrasting of a dieting wish improves self-reported health behavior. Psychology & Health, 27, 4358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kappes, A., & Oettingen, G. (2014). The emergence of goal pursuit: Mental contrasting connects future and reality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 54, 2539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kappes, A., Oettingen, G., & Pak, H. (2012). Mental contrasting and the self-regulation of responding to negative feedback. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 845857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kappes, A., Wendt, M., Reinelt, T., & Oettingen, G. (2013). Mental contrasting changes the meaning of reality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 797810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karimi-Shahanjarini, A., Rashidian, A., Omidvar, N., & Majdzadeh, R. (2013). Interventions on snacking behavior in Iranian adolescent girls: A cluster randomized trial. American Journal of Health Promotion, 27, 152161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawada, C., Oettingen, G., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). The projection of implicit and explicit goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 545559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirk, D., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Carnevale, P. J. (2011). Self-regulation in ultimatum bargaining: Goals and plans help accepting unfair but profitable offers. Social Cognition, 29, 528546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, D., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011). Mental contrasting promotes integrative bargaining. International Journal of Conflict Management, 22, 324341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, D., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013). Promoting integrative bargaining: Mental contrasting with implementation intentions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 24, 148165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loft, M. H., & Cameron, L. D. (2013). Using mental imagery to deliver self-regulation techniques to improve sleep behaviors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 260272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Louro, M. J., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2007). Dynamics of multiple-goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 174193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, J., Sheeran, P., Slade, P., Wright, A., & Dibble, T. (2009). Implementation intention formation reduces consultations for emergency contraception and pregnancy testing among teenage women. Health Psychology, 28, 762769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClelland, D. C. (1985). Human motivation. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman and Co.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 8190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendoza, S. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Amodio, D. M. (2010). Reducing the expression of implicit stereotypes: Reflexive control through implementation intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 512523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, W. (1974). Processes in delay of gratification. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (7th ed., pp. 249292). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mischel, W., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1970). Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 329337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, W., & Patterson, C. (1978). Effective plans for self-control in children. In Collins, W. (Ed.), Minnesota symposium on child psychology (11th ed., pp. 199230). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 687696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nease, A., Mudgett, B. O., & Quiñones, M. A. (1999). Relationships among feedback sign, self-efficacy, and acceptance of feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 806814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G. (2000). Expectancy effects on behavior depend on self-regulatory thought. Social Cognition, 18, 101129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G. (2012). Future thought and behaviour change. European Review of Social Psychology, 23, 163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G. (2014). Rethinking positive thinking: Inside the new science of motivation. New York: Current/Penguin Random House.Google Scholar
Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2010). Strategies of setting and implementing goals: Mental contrasting and implementation intentions. In Maddux, J. E. & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology (pp. 114135). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Oettingen, G., Grant, H., Smith, P. K., Skinner, M., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2006). Nonconscious goal pursuit: Acting in an explanatory vacuum. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 668675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G., Hönig, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2000). Effective self-regulation of goal attainment. International Journal of Educational Research, 33, 705732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G., Marquardt, M. K., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2012). Mental contrasting turns positive feedback on creative potential into successful performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 990996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2002). The motivating function of thinking about the future: Expectations versus fantasies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 11981212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oettingen, G., Mayer, D., & Brinkmann, B. (2010). Mental contrasting of future and reality: Managing the demands of everyday life in health care professionals. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9, 138144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G., Mayer, D., Sevincer, A. T., Stephens, E. J., Pak, H.-J., & Hagenah, M. (2009). Mental contrasting and goal commitment: The mediating role of energization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 608622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oettingen, G., Mayer, D., & Thorpe, J. (2010). Self-regulation of commitment to reduce cigarette consumption: Mental contrasting of future with reality. Psychology and Health, 25, 961977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oettingen, G., Pak, H.-J., & Schnetter, K. (2001). Self-regulation of goal-setting: Turning free fantasies about the future into binding goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 736753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papies, E. K., Aarts, H., & de Vries, N. K. (2009). Planning is for doing: Implementation intentions go beyond the mere creation of goal-directed associations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 11481151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks-Stamm, E. J., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2007). Action control by implementation intentions: Effective cue detection and efficient response initiation. Social Cognition, 25, 248266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks-Stamm, E. J., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2010). Making sense of one's actions in an explanatory vacuum: The interpretation of nonconscious goal striving. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 531542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 11021114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivis, A., & Sheeran, P. (2013). Automatic risk behavior: Direct effects of drinker stereotypes on drinking behavior. Health Psychology, 32, 571580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (2009). Memory as a self-protective mechanism. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 10551068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sevincer, A. T., Busatta, P. D., & Oettingen, G. (2014). Mental contrasting and transfer of energization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 139152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sevincer, A. T., & Oettingen, G. (2013). Spontaneous mental contrasting and selective goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 12401254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, J. Y., Friedman, R., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002). Forgetting all else: On the antecedents and consequences of goal shielding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 12611280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheeran, P., Harris, P., Vaughan, J., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P.M. (2013). Gone exercising: Mental contrasting promotes physical activity among overweight, middle-aged, low-SES fishermen. Health Psychology, 32, 802809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheeran, P., Webb, T. L., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2005). The interplay between goal intentions and implementation intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 8798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, C., Cole, S., Gollwitzer, P. M., Oettingen, G., & Balcetis, E. (2013). Effects of implementation intentions on anxiety, perceived proximity, and motor performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 623635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, B. D., & Payne, B. K. (2008). Bringing automatic stereotyping under control: Implementation intentions as efficient means of thought control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 13321345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolman, E. (1932). Purposive behavior in animals and men. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Trötschel, R., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2007). Implementation intentions and the willful pursuit of prosocial goals in negotiations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 579598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varley, R., Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2011). Making self-help more helpful: A randomized controlled trial of the impact of augmenting self-help materials with implementation intentions in promoting the effective self-management of anxiety symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 123128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veeroo, H. J., Cunningham, S. J., Newton, J. T., & Ravess, H. C. (2014). Motivation and compliance with intraoral elastics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 146, 3339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2003). Can implementation intentions help to overcome ego-depletion? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 279286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2007). How do implementation intentions promote goal attainment? A test of component processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 295302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2008). Mechanisms of implementation intention effects: The role of goal intentions, self-efficacy, and accessibility of plan components. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 373395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, T. L., Sheeran, P., Totterdell, P., Miles, E., Mansell, W., & Baker, S. (2012). Using implementation intentions to overcome the effect of mood on risky behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51, 330345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wieber, F., von Suchodoletz, A., Heikamp, T., Trommsdorff, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011). If-then planning helps school-aged children to ignore attractive distractions. Social Psychology, 42, 3947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigfield, A., Tonks, S., Klauda, S. L., & Wenzel, K. R. (2009). Expectancy-value theory. In Wenzel, K. R. & Wigfield, A. (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 5576). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114, 843863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Abraham, C., Sheeran, P., Norman, P., Conner, M., de Vries, N., & Otten, W. (1999). When good intentions are not enough: Modelling post-intention cognitive correlates of condom use. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 25912612. doi:10.1111/j.1559–1816.1999.tb00127.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179211. doi:10.1016/0749–5978(91)90020-TCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471499. doi:10.1348/014466601164939CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behaviors. Psychological Review, 64, 359372. doi:10.1037h0043445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1989). The degree of intention formation as a moderator of the attitude-behavior relationship. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 266279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conner, M., Sheeran, P., Norman, P., & Armitage, C. J. (2000). Temporal stability as a moderator of relationships in the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 469493. doi:10.1348/014466600164598CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1993). The measurement of flow in everyday life: Towards a theory of emergent motivation. In Jacobs, J. (Ed.), Developmental perspectives on motivation (pp. 5797). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Duckworth, A. L. (2011). The significance of self-control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 26392640. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019725108CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duckworth, A. L., Grant, H., Loew, B., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011). Self-regulation strategies improve self-discipline in adolescents: benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions. Educational Psychology, 31, 1726. doi:10.1080/01443410.2010.506003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T. A., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2013). From fantasy to action: Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) improves academic performance in children. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 745753. doi:10.1177/1948550613476307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T., Tsukayama, E., Berstein, H., & Ericsson, K. (2011). Deliberate practice spells success: Why grittier competitors triumph at the National Spelling Bee. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 174181. doi:10.1177/1948550610385872CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. (2009). Who am I and what am I going to do with my life? Personal and collective identities as motivators of action. Educational Psychologist, 44, 7889. doi:10.1080/00461520902832368CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. S. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 135172. doi:0.1111/j.1471–6402.1987.tb00781.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. S., & Midgley, C. M. (1989). Stage/environment fit: Developmentally appropriate classrooms for early adolescents. In Ames, R. E. & Ames, C. (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: Goals and cognitions (Vol. 3, pp. 139186). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (5th ed., Vol. IV, pp. 10171095). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Eccles (Parsons), J. S. et al. (1983). Expectancies, values and academic behaviors. In Spence, J. (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motivation (pp. 75146). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishers.Google Scholar
Fredricks, J. A., Alfeld-Liro, C. J., Hruda, L. Z., Eccles, J. S., Patrick, H., & Ryan, A. M. (2002). A qualitative exploration of adolescents’ commitment to athletics and the arts. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17, 6897. doi:10.1177/0743558402171004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493503. doi:10.1037/0003–066X.54.7.493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Kirchhof, O. (1998). The willful pursuit of identity. In Heckhausen, J. & Dweck, C. S. (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life span (pp. 389423). New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527869.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2011). Planning promotes goal striving. In Vohs, K. D. & Baumeister, R. F. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 162185). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69119. doi:10.1016/S0065–2601(06)38002–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hesse-Biber, S., Kinder, I. S., Dupis, P. R., Dupis, A., & Tornabene, E. (1994). HyperResearch: A content analysis tool for the qualitative researcher. Randolph, MA: Researchware, Inc.Google Scholar
Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006). The four phase model of interest development. Educational Psychologist, 41, 111127. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, D. M., Peterson, J. B., Lee, A., & Pihl, R. O. (2007). Prefrontal cognitive ability, intelligence, Big Five personality and the prediction of advanced academic and workplace performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 298319. doi:10.1037/0022–3514.93.2.298CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirk, D., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013). Promoting integrative bargaining: Mental contrasting with implementation intentions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 24, 148165. doi:10.1108/10444061311316771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (1995). America's youth in crisis: Challenges and options for programs and policies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, D. C. (1985). How motives, skills, and values determine what people do. American Psychologist, 40, 812825. doi:10.1037/0003–066X.40.7.812CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The construction of meaning through vital engagement. In Keyes, C. & Haidt, J. (Eds.), Flourishing (pp. 83104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.Google Scholar
Oettingen, G. (2000). Expectancy effects on behavior depend on self-regulatory thought. Social Cognition, 18, 101129. doi:10.1521/soco.2000.18.2.101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G. (2012). Future thought and behaviour change. European Review of Social Psychology, 23, 163. doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.643698CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2002). The motivating function of thinking about the future: Expectations versus fantasies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 11981212. doi:10.1037/0022–3514.83.5.1198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oettingen, G., Mayer, D., & Thorpe, J. S. (2010). Promotion and prevention fantasies and the self-regulation of goal commitment to reduce cigarette consumption. Psychology & Health, 25, 961977. doi:10.1080/08870440903079448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G., Mayer, D., Thorpe, J. S., Janetzke, H., & Lorenz, S. (2005). Turning fantasies about positive and negative futures into self-improvement goals. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 236266. doi:10.1007/s11031–006–9016-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G., Pak, H., & Schnetter, K. (2001). Self-regulation of goal setting: Turning free fantasies about the future into binding goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 736753. doi:10.1037/0022–3514.80.5.736CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oettingen, G., Wittchen, M., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013). Regulating goal pursuit through Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions. In Locke, E. A. & Latham, G. P. (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 523548). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pieters, R. G. M., & Verplanken, B. (1995). Intention-behavior consistency: Effects of consideration set size, involvement and need for cognition. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 531543. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420250505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 6878. doi:10.1037/0003–066X.55.1.68CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12, 136. doi:10.1080/14792772143000003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Using implementation intentions to increase attendance for cervical cancer screening. Health Psychology, 19, 283289. doi:10.1037/0278–6133.19.3.283CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheeran, P., Orbell, S., & Trafimow, D. (1999). Does the temporal stability of behavioral intentions moderate intention-behavior and past behavior-future behavior relations? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 724734. doi:10.1177/0146167299025006007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 6974. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2007). How do implementation intentions promote goal attainment? A test of component processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 295302. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2008). Mechanisms of implementation intention effects: The role of intention, self-efficacy, and accessibility of plan components. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 373395. doi:10.1348/014466607×267010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297333. Doi: 10.1037/h0040934CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H. (2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 1930. doi:10.1037/0893–164X.18.1.19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Belsky, J., Fearon, R. M. P., & Bell, B. (2007). Parenting, attention and externalizing problems: Testing mediation longitudinally, repeatedly and reciprocally. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 12331242. doi:10.1111/j.14697610.2007.01807.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hirshfeld, D. R., & Faraone, S. V. (1990). Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 2126. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810130023004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, C., Peters, R., & Granger, D. (2004). Physiological and neuropsychological correlates of Approach/Withdrawal tendencies in preschool: Further examination of the behavioral inhibition System/Behavioral activation system scales for young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 45, 113124. doi:10.1002/dev.20022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridgett, D. J., Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., McKay, T., Iddins, E., et al. (2009). Maternal and contextual influences and the effect of temperament development during infancy on parenting in toddlerhood. Infant Behavior & Development, 32, 103116. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.10.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carver, C. S. (2005). Impulse and constraint: Perspectives from personality psychology, convergence with theory in other areas, and potential for integration. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 312333. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319333. doi: 10.1037/00223514.67.2.319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Somerville, L. H. (2011). Braking and accelerating of the adolescent brain. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 2133. doi: 10.1111/j.15327795.2010.00712.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., & Bem, D. J. (1988). Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children. Developmental Psychology, 24, 824831. doi: 10.1037/00121649.24.6.824CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child Development, 66, 486498. doi: 10.2307/1131592CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, H., Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., & Sexton, H. R. (2011). Child effortful control as a mediator of parenting practices on externalizing behavior: Evidence for a sex-differentiated pathway across the transition from preschool to school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 7181. doi: 10.1007/s10802-010-9437-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2010). The common neural basis of exerting neural self-control in multiple domains. In Hassin, R. R., Oscher, K. N., & Trope, Y. (Eds.), Self control in society, mind, and brain (pp. 141160). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 87127. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crone, E. A., Somsen, R. J. M., Zanolie, K., & Van der Molen, M. W. (2006). A heart rate analysis of developmental change in feedback processing and rule shifting from childhood to early adulthood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 95, 99116. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2006.03.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, J. N., Kliewer, W., & Garner, P. W. (2009). Emotion socialization, child emotion understanding and regulation, and adjustment in urban African American families: Differential associations across child gender. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 261283. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000157CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 633652. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001375CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duckworth, A. L., Grant, H., Loew, B., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011). Self-regulation strategies improve self-discipline in adolescents: Benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions. Educational Psychology, 31, 1726. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2010.506003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T. A., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2013). From fantasy to action: Mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII) improves academic performance in children. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 745753. doi: 10.1177/1948550613476307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., & Tsukayama, E. (2012). What No Child Left Behind leaves behind: The roles of IQ and self-control in predicting standardized achievement test scores and report card grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 439451. doi: 10.1037/a0026280CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duckworth, A. L., Tsukayama, E., & May, H. (2010). Establishing causality using longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling: An illustration predicting achievement from self-control. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 311317. doi: 10.1177/1948550609359707CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Chang, L., Ma, Y., & Huang, X. (2009). Relations of parenting style to Chinese children's effortful control, ego resilience, and maladjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 455477. doi:10.1017/S095457940900025XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241273. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Edwards, A., Spinrad, T. L., Sallquist, J., Eggum, N. D., & Reiser, M. (2013). Are effortful and reactive control unique constructs in young children? Developmental Psychology, 49, 20822094. doi: 10.1037/a0031745CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: Longitudinal relations to quality of children's social functioning. Child Development, 70, 513534. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Spinrad, T. L., Gershoff, E. T., Valiente, C., et al. (2008). Understanding mother-adolescent conflict discussions: Concurrent and across-time prediction from youths' dispositions and parenting. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 73, 1180. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2008.00470.xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Sulik, M., & Spinrad, T. L. (2014). Effortful control and its socioemotional consequences. In Gross, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 157172). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., & Morris, A. S. (2002). Children's emotion-related regulation. In Fox, R. V. (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 189229). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 495525. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131208CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., Silva, K. M., Reiser, M., et al. (2010). Relations among maternal socialization, effortful control, and maladjustment in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 507525. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000246CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A., et al. (2004). The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children's resiliency and adjustment. Child Development, 75, 2546. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00652.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Morris, A. S. (2002). Regulation, resiliency, and quality of social functioning. Self and Identity. Special Issue: Self and identity, 1, 121128. doi: 10.1080/152988602317319294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Self-regulation and school readiness. Early Education & Development, 21, 681698. doi: 10.1080/10409289.2010.497451CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., et al. (2003). The relations of effortful control and ego control to children's resiliency and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39, 761776. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.761CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Spinrad, T. L., Cumberland, A., Liew, J., et al. (2009). Longitudinal relations of children's effortful control, impulsivity, and negative emotionality to their externalizing, internalizing, and co-occurring behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 45, 9881008. doi: 10.1037/a0016213CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Vaughan, J., & Hofer, C. (2009). Temperament, self-regulation, and peer social competence. In Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Laursen, B. (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 473489). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Vidmar, M., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., Edwards, A., Gaertner, B., & Kupfer, A. (2010). Mothers’ teaching strategies and children's effortful control: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 46, 12941308. doi: 10.1037/a0020236CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., & Zhou, Q. (in press). Conceptions of executive functioning and regulation: When and to what degree do they overlap? In Griffin, J. A., Freund, L. S., & McCardle, P. (Eds.), Executive function in preschool age children: Integrating measurement, neurodevelopment and translational research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children's effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76, 10551071. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00897.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleason, T. R., Gower, A. L., Hohmann, L. M., & Gleason, T. C. (2005). Temperament and friendship in preschool-aged children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 336344. doi: 10.1080/01650250544000116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, H. H., Pollak, S. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Developmental neuroscience perspectives on emotion regulation. Child Development Perspectives, 2, 132140. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00055.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gollwitzer, A., Oettingen, G., Kirby, T. A., Duckworth, A. L., & Mayer, D. (2011). Mental contrasting facilitates academic performance in school children. Motivation and Emotion, 35, 403412. doi: 10.1007/s11031-011-9222-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493503. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2011). Planning promotes goal striving. In Vohs, K. D. & Baumeister, R. F. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 162185). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69119. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handley, E. D., Chassin, L., Haller, M. M., Bountress, K. E., Dandreaux, D., & Beltran, I. (2011). Do executive and reactive disinhibition mediate the effects of familial substance use disorders on adolescent externalizing outcomes? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 528542. doi: 10.1037/a0024162CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, C., Eisenberg, N., & Reiser, M. (2010). The role of socialization, effortful control, and resiliency in French adolescents' social functioning. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 555582. doi: 0.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00550.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huey, S. J., & Weisz, J. R. (1997). Ego control, ego resiliency, and the five-factor model as predictors of behavioral and emotional problems in clinic-referred children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 404415. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.404CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen-Campbell, L., & Malcolm, K. T. (2007). The importance of conscientiousness in adolescent interpersonal relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 368383. doi: 10.1177/0146167206296104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kagan, J. (1998). Biology and the child. In Damon, W. (Series Ed.) and Eisenberg, N. (Vol. Ed.), Social, emotional and personality development. Vol. 3. Handbook of child psychology (pp. 177235). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kim, S., & Brody, G. H. (2005). Longitudinal pathways to psychological adjustment among black youth living in single-parent households. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 305313. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, K. M., & Chassin, L. (2004). Mediating and moderated effects of adolescent behavioral undercontrol and parenting in the prediction of drug use disorders in emerging adulthood. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 239249. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.18.3.239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, K. M., Lengua, L. J., & Monahan, K. C. (2012). Individual differences in the development of self-regulation during pre-adolescence: Connections to context and adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 5769. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9665-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lengua, L. J. (2006). Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children's transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42, 819832. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.819CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leon-Carrion, J., García-Orza, J., & Pérez-Santamaría, F. J. (2004). Development of the inhibitory component of the executive functions in children and adolescents. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114, 12911311. doi: 10.1080/00207450490476066CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luciana, M., & Collins, P. F. (2012). Incentive motivation, cognitive control, and the adolescent brain: Is it time for a paradigm shift? Child Development Perspectives, 6, 392399. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00252.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luciana, M., Wahlstrom, D., Porter, J. N., & Collins, P. F. (2012). Dopaminergic modulation of incentive motivation in adolescence: Age-related changes in signaling, individual differences, and implications for the development of self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 48, 844861. doi: 10.1037/a0027432CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martel, M. M., & Nigg, J. T. (2006). Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 11751183. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martel, M. M., Nigg, J. T., & Von Eye, A. (2009). How do trait dimensions map onto ADHD symptom domains? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 337348. doi: 10.1007/s10802-008-9255-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martel, M. M., Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., Jester, J. M., et al. (2007). Childhood and adolescent resiliency, regulation, and executive functioning in relation to adolescent problems and competence in a high-risk sample. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 541563. doi: 10.1017/S0954579407070265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNaughton, N., & Gray, J. A. (2000). Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 161176. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00344-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, W., & Ayduk, O. (2011). Willpower in a cognitive-affective processing system: The dynamics of delay of gratification. In Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 83105). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., & Mulvey, E. P. (2009). Trajectories of antisocial behavior and psychosocial maturity from adolescence to young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 45, 16541668. doi: 10.1037/a0015862CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muris, P., van der Pennen, E., Sigmond, R., & Mayer, B. (2008). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and aggression in non-clinical children: Relationships with self-report and performance-based measures of attention and effortful control. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 455467. doi: 10.1007/s10578-008-0101-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, B. C., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S., & Guthrie, I. K. (1999). Consistency and change in children's emotionality and regulation: A longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 413444.Google Scholar
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2003). Do children's attention processes mediate the link between family predictors and school readiness? Developmental Psychology, 39, 581593. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G. (2000). Expectancy effects on behavior depend on self-regulatory thought. Social Cognition, 18, 101129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G. (2012). Future thought and behaviour change. European Review of Social Psychology, 23, 163. doi: 10.1080/10463283.2011.643698CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2010). Strategies of setting and implementing goals: Mental contrasting and implementation intentions. In Maddux, J. E. & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology (pp. 114135). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Oldehinkel, A. J., Hartman, C. A., Ferdinand, R. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2007). Effortful control as modifier of the association between negative emotionality and adolescents’ mental health problems. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 523539. doi: 10.1017/S0954579407070253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1999). The neuroscience of personality. In John, O. P. & Pervin, L. A. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 277299). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Romano, E., Babchishin, L., Pagani, L. S., & Kohen, D. (2010). School readiness and later achievement: Replication and extension using a nationwide Canadian survey. Developmental Psychology, 46, 9951007. doi: 10.1037/a0018880CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In Damon, W. (Series Ed.) & Eisenberg, N. (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3. Social, emotional, personality development (6th ed., pp. 99166). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In Eisenberg, N. (Vol. Ed.) and Damon, W. & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3): Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 571645). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Fabes, R. A., Valiente, C., et al. (2006). The relations of temperamentally based control processes to children's social competence: A longitudinal study. Emotion, 6, 498510. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C. L., et al. (2007). Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers’ effortful control to children's adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43, 11701186. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1170CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Silva, K. M., Eggum, N. D., Reiser, M., et al. (2012). Longitudinal relations among maternal behaviors, effortful control and young children's committed compliance. Developmental Psychology, 48, 552566. doi: 10.1037/a0025898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, L., Albert, D., Cauffman, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2008). Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: Evidence for a dual systems model. Developmental Psychology, 44, 17641778. doi: 10.1037/a0012955CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O'Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., & Banich, M. (2009). Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Development, 80, 2844. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, Z. E., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Widaman, K. F. (2013). Longitudinal relations of intrusive parenting and effortful control to ego-resiliency during early childhood. Child Development, 84, 11451151. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12054CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urošević, S., Collins, P., Muetzel, R., Lim, K., & Luciana, M. (2012). Longitudinal changes in behavioral approach system sensitivity and brain structures involved in reward processing during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 48, 14881500. doi: 10.1037/a0027502CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Haugen, R., Spinrad, T. L., & Kupfer, A. (2013). Effortful control and impulsivity as concurrent and longitudinal predictors of academic achievement. Journal of Early Adolescence, 37, 946972. doi: 10.1177/0272431613477239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., Fabes, R. A., et al. (2003). The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children's externalizing problems: A longitudinal assessment. Journal of Personality, 71, 11711196. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.7106011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A., Losoya, S., & Liew, J. (2006). Relations among mothers’ expressivity, children's effortful control, and their problem behaviors: A four-year longitudinal study. Emotion, 6, 459472. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.459CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valiente, C., Lemery-Chalfant, K., & Castro, K. S. (2007). Children's effortful control and academic competence: Mediation through school liking. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 125. doi: 10.1353/mpq.2007.0006Google Scholar
Wieber, F., von Suchodoletz, A., Heikamp, T., Trommsdorff, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011). If-then planning helps school-aged children to ignore attractive distractions. Social Psychology, 42, 3947. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000041CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Bar-Haim, Y., Fox, N. A., Benson, B., Guyer, A. E., Williams, A., et al. (2009). Neural correlates of reward processing in adolescents with a history of inhibited temperament. Psychological Science, 20, 10091018. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02401.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self-regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children's executive functioning. Child Development, 81, 326339. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influenes in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 215222. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Breton, C. (2002). How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory. Infant and Child Development, 11, 7392. doi: 10.1002/icd.298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., et al. (2011). Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 1499815003. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1108561108CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, B. J., Trainor, R. J., Orendi, J. L., Schubert, A. B., Nystrom, L. E., et al. (1997). A developmental functional MRI Study of prefrontal activation during performance of a Go-No-Go task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 835847. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.835CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Checa, P., & Rueda, M. R. (2011). Behavioral and brain measures of executive attention and school competence in late childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36, 10181032. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2011.591857CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chronis-Tuscano, A., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Perez-Edgar, K., Henderson, H. A., et al. (2009). Stable behavioral inhibition during infancy and early childhood predicts the development of anxiety disorders in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 928935. doi: 10.1097/CHI.ob013e3181ae09dfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey, C. G., Yucel, M., & Allen, N. B. (2008). The emergence of depression in adolescence: Development of the prefrontal cortex and the representation of reward. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 119. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, T. A., O'Toole, L., & DeCicco, J. (2013). Emotion regulation from the perspective of developmental neuroscience: What, where, when, and why. In Barrett, K. (Ed.), The handbook of self-regulatory processes (pp. 135172). New York: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1991). Emotion and social information processing. In Garber, J. & Dodge, K. (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 159181). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donkers, F. C. L., & van Boxtel, G. J. M. (2004). The N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict monitoring not response inhibition. Brain and Cognition, 56, 165176. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.04.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Champion, C., & Ma, Y. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: An emerging construct. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 236259. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908629CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: Sharpening the definition. Child Development, 75, 334339. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00674.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, L. K., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2004). Individual differences in executive attention predict self-regulation and adolescent psychosocial behaviors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 337340. doi: 10.1196/annals.1308.041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eriksen, C. (1995). The flankers task and response competition: A useful tool for investigating a variety of cognitive problems. In Bundesen, C. & Shibuya, H. (Eds.), Visual selective attention (pp. 101118). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Ernst, M., & Fudge, J. L. (2009). A developmental neurobiological model of motivated behavior: Anatomy, connectivity and ontogeny of the triadic nodes. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 367382. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ernst, M., & Spear, L. (2009). Reward systems. In Haan, M. De & Gunnar, M. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental social neuroscience (pp. 324377). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Falkenstein, M., Hoormann, J., Christ, S., & Hohnsbein, J. (2000). ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: A tutorial. Biological Psychology, 51, 87107. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00031-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figner, B., Mackinlay, R. J., Wilkening, F., & Weber, E. U. (2009). Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: Age differences in risk taking in the Columbia card task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 709730. doi: 10.1037/a0014983Google ScholarPubMed
Folstein, J. R., & Van Petten, C. (2008). Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review. Psychophysiology, 45, 152170. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2002). Early intervention and the development of self-regulation. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 22, 307335. doi: 10.1080/07351692209348990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 725. doi: 10.1023/A:1023622324898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, N. A., Hane, A. A., & Pérez-Edgar, K. (2006). Psychophysiological methods for the study of developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 381426). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Calkins, S. D., & Schmidt, L. A. (2001). Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: Psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 121. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00262CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, P. J., & Morris, A. S. (2004). Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 5468. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2006). Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 68856892. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1062-06.2006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerardi-Caulton, G. (2000). Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 24–36 months of age. Developmental Science, 3, 397404. doi: 10.1111/1467-7687.00134CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., et al. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 81748179. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402680101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493503. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2011). Planning promotes goal striving. In Vohs, K. D. & Baumeister, R. F. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 162185). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Helfinstein, S. M., Benson, B., Pérez-Edgar, K., Bar-Haim, Y., Detloff, A., et al. (2011). Striatal responses to negative monetary outcomes differ between behaviorally inhibited and non-inhibited adolescents. Neuropsychologia, 49, 479485. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, H. A. (2010). Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive control and the regulation of shyness in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35, 177193. doi: 10.1080/87565640903526538CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, H. A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2015). Behavioral inhibition and developmental risk: A dual-processing perspective. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 207224. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J. (2008). Behavioral inhibition as a risk factor for psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 157179). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (2012). The biography of behavioral inhibition. In Zentner, M. & Shiner, R. L. (Eds.), Handbook of temperament (pp. 6982). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Kahn, V., & Towsley, S. (2007). The preservation of two infant temperaments into adolescence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 72, 175. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30163598Google ScholarPubMed
Kochanska, G., Murray, K., & Coy, K. C. (1997). Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: From toddler to early school age. Child Development, 68, 263277. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01939.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladouceur, C. D., Dahl, R. E., & Carter, C. S. (2007). Development of action monitoring through adolescence into adulthood: ERP and source localization. Developmental Science, 10, 874891. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00639.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liotti, M., Pliszka, S. R., Perez, R., Kothmann, D., & Woldorff, M. G. (2005). Abnormal brain activity related to performance monitoring and error detection in children with ADHD. Cortex, 41, 377388. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70274-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luna, B., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). The emergence of collaborative brain function: fMRI studies of the development of response inhibition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 296309. doi: 10.1196/annals.1308.035CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mangelsdorf, S., Gunnar, M., Kestenbaum, R., Lang, S., & Andreas, D. (1990). Infant proneness-to-distress temperament, maternal personality, and mother-infant attachment: Associations and goodness of fit. Child Development, 61, 820831. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02824.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martel, M. M., & Nigg, J. T. (2006). Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 11751183. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01629.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDermott, J. M., Pérez-Edgar, K, Henderson, H. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, NA. (2009). A history of childhood behavioral inhibition and enhanced response monitoring in adolescence are linked to clinical anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 445448. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.043CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933938. doi: 10.1126/science.2658056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nigg, J. T., Goldsmith, H. H., & Sachek, J. (2004). Temperament and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The development of a multiple pathway model. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 4253. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oettingen, G. (1999). Free fantasies about the future and the emergence of developmental goals. In Brandstadter, J. & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Action & self-developoment: Theory and research through the lifespan (pp. 315342). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Oettingen, G. (2012). Future thought and behavior change. European Review of Social Psychology, 23, 163. doi: 10.1080/10463283.2011.643698CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez-Edgar, K., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2010). Application of cognitive-neuroscience techniques to the study of anxiety-related processing biases in children. In Hadwin, J. & Field, A. (Eds.), Information processing biases in child and adolescent anxiety (pp. 183206). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez-Edgar, K., Bar-Haim, Y, McDermott, J. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Attention biases to threat and behavioral inhibition in early childhood shape adolescent social withdrawal. Emotion, 10, 349357. doi: 10.1037/a0018486CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérez-Edgar, K., & Fox, N. A. (2003). Individual differences in children's performance during an emotional Stroop task: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Brain and Cognition, 52, 3351. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00007-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérez-Edgar, K., McDermott, J. M., Korelitz, K., Degnan, K. A., Curby, T. W., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Patterns of sustained attention in infancy shape the developmental trajectory of social behavior from toddlerhood through adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46, 17231730. doi: 10.1037/a0021064CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérez-Edgar, K., Reeb-Sutherland, B. C., McDermott, J. M., White, L. K., Henderson, H. A., et al. (2011). Attention biases to threat link behavioral inhibition to social withdrawal over time in very young children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 885895. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9495-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 427441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 123. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2009). Toward a physical basis of attention and self-regulation. Physics of Life Reviews, 6, 103120. doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2009.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., & Voelker, P. (2012). Control networks and neuromodulators of early development. Developmental Psychology, 48, 827835. doi: 10.1037/a0025530CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Thomas-Thrapp, L. (1998). Functions of orienting in early infancy. In Lang, P. J. & Simons, R. F. (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 269288). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Prencipe, A., Kesek, A., Cohen, J., Lamm, C., Lewis, M. D., & Zelazo, P. D. (2011). Development of hot and cool executive function during the transition to adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 621637. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.09.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quevedo, K. M., Benning, S. D., Gunnar, M. R., & Dahl, R. E. (2009). The onset of puberty: Effects on the psychophysiology of defensive and appetitive motivation Development and Psychopathology, 21, 2745. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rathert, J., Fite, P. J., & Gaertner, A. E. (2011). Associations between effortful control, psychological control and proactive and reactive aggression. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 609621. doi: 10.1007/s10578-011-0236-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004). The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science, 306, 443447. doi: 10.1126/science.1100301CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosso, I., Young, A., Femia, L., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2004). Cognitive and emotional components of frontal lobe functioning in childhood and adolescence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 355362. doi: 10.1196/annals.1308.045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 207212. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00505.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. (2012). Advances in temperament: History, concepts, and measures. In Zentner, M. & Shiner, R. L. (Eds.), Handbook of temperament (pp. 320). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122135. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514,78.1.122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2007). Temperament. In Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 105176). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Rosicky, J. (1994). Orienting in normal and pathological development. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 635652. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400004715CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., & Rueda, M. R. (2005). The development of effortful control. In Mayr, U., Awh, E., & Keele, S. (Eds.), Developing individuality in the human brain: A tribute to Michael I. Posner (pp. 167188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Rueda, M. R. (2012). Effortful control. In Zentner, M. & Shiner, R. L. (Eds.), Handbook of temperament (pp. 145168). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Shulman, G. L., Astafiev, S. V., Franke, D., Pope, D. L. W., Snyder, A. Z., McAvoy, M. P., & Corbetta, M. (2009). Interaction of stimulus-driven reorienting and expectation in ventral and dorsal frontoparietal and basal ganglia-cortical networks. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 43924407. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5609-08.2009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Somerville, L. H., & Casey, B. J. (2010). Developmental neurobiology of cognitive control and motivational systems. Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 20, 236241. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spear, L. P. (2004). Adolescent brain development and animal models. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 2326. doi: 10.1196/annals.1308.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sportel, B. E., Nauta, M. H., de Hullu, E., de Jong, P. J., & Hartman, C. A. (2011). Behavioral inhibition and attentional control in adolescents: Robust relationships with anxiety and depression. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 149156. doi: 10.1007/s10826-010-9435-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28, 78106. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L., Dahl, R., Keating, D., Kupfer, D. J., Masten, A. S., & Pine, D. (2006). The study of developmental psychopathology in adolescence: Integrating affective neuroscience with the study of context. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Psychophysiological methods for the study of developmental psychopathology (pp. 710741). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643662. doi: 10.1037/h0054651CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taber-Thomas, B. C., & Pérez-Edgar, K. (in press). Brain development in emerging adulthood. In Arnett, J. (Ed.), Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood.Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Valiente, C., Lemery-Chalfant, K., Swanson, J., & Reiser, M. (2008). Prediction of children's academic competence from their effortful control, relationships, and classroom participation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 6777. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.100.1.67CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002). The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies. Physiology and Behavior, 77, 477482. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00930-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, L. K., McDermott, J. M., Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2011). Behavioral inhibition and anxiety: The moderating roles of inhibitory control and attention shifting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 735747. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9490-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, M. M., Nigg, J. T., Zucker, R. A., Puttler, L. I., Fitzgerald, H. E., et al. (2006). Behavioral control and resiliency in the onset of alcohol and illicit drug use: A prospective study from preschool to adolescence. Child Development, 77, 10161033. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00916.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yucel, M., Fornito, A., Youssef, G., Dwyer, D., Whittle, S., et al. (2012). Inhibitory control in young adolescents: The role of sex, intelligence, and temperament. Neuropsychology, 26, 347356. doi: 10.1037/a0027693CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zelazo, P. D., Qu, L., & Müller, U. (2005). Hot and cool aspects of executive function: Relations in early development. In Schneider, W., Schumann-Hengsteler, R., & Sodian, B. (Eds.), Young children's cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functioning, working memory, verbal ability, and theory of mind (pp. 7193). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×