Abrams, D. and Hogg, M. A.. 1987. Language attitudes, frames of reference, and social identity: A Scottish dimension. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 6.3: 201–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abrams, J. R., Barker, V., and Giles, H.. 2009. An examination of the validity of the Subjective Vitality Questionnaire. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 30.1: 59–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adam, R. 2016. Unimodal bilingualism in the Deaf community: Language contact between two sign languages in Australia and the United Kingdom. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University College London.Google Scholar

Adams, Z. 2019. The relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes to British accents in enhancing the persuasiveness of children’s oral health campaigns. Linguistics Vanguard 5.s1: 20180008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adelung, J. C. 1781. Deutsche Sprachlehre. Zum Gebrauche der Schulen in den Königl. Preuß. Landen. Berlin: Christian Friedrich Voß und Sohn.Google Scholar

Agheyisi, R. and Fishman, J. A.. 1970. Language attitude studies: A brief survey of methodological approaches. Anthropological Linguistics 12.5: 137–157.Google Scholar

Agresti, A. 2010. Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ajzen, I. 1988. Attitudes, Personality and Behaviour. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar

Algom, D., Chajut, E., and Lev, S.. 2004. A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133.3: 323–338.Google Scholar

Allgemeine Schulordnung, für die deutschen Normal- Haupt- und Trivialschulen in sämmtlichen Kaiserl. Königl. Erbländern d. d. Wien den 6ten December 1774. Vienna: Johann Thomas Edlen von Trattner. National Archives of Austria: AVA Unterricht StHK Teil 1, K. 87.Google Scholar

Allport, G. W. 1935. Attitudes. In Murchison, C., ed. Handbook of Social Psychology. Worchester: Clark University Press, 798–844.Google Scholar

Allport, G. W. and Cantril, H.. 1934. Judging personality from voice. Journal of Social Psychology 5.1: 37–55.Google Scholar

Álvarez‐Mosquera, P. 2017. The use of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) for sociolinguistic purposes in South Africa. Language Matters 48.2: 69–90.Google Scholar

Anderson, T. K. and Toribio, A. J.. 2007. Attitudes towards lexical borrowing and intra-sentential code-switching among Spanish-English bilinguals. Spanish in Context 4.2: 217–240.Google Scholar

Anderwald, L. 2016. Language between Description and Prescription: Verbs and Verb Categories in Nineteenth-Century Grammars of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Androutsopoulos, J. 2011. Language change and digital media: A review of conceptions and evidence. In Kristiansen, T. and Coupland, N., eds. Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe. Oslo: Novus, 145–161.Google Scholar

Angouri, J. 2018. Quantitative, qualitative, mixed or holistic research? Combining methods in linguistic research. In Litosseliti, L., ed. Research Methods in Linguistics. 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 35–56.Google Scholar

Angus, D. and Gallois, C.. 2018. New methodological approaches to intergroup communication. In Giles, H. and Harwood, J., eds. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Intergroup Communication. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 163–179.Google Scholar

Anisfeld, M., Bogo, N., and Lambert, W. E.. 1962. Evaluational reactions to accented English speech. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 65.4: 223–231.Google Scholar

Anthony, L. and Hardaker, C.. 2020. FireAnt (Version 2.0.2). Tokyo: Waseda University. www.laurenceanthony.net/software/fireant.Google Scholar

Appel, R. and Muysken, P.. 1987. Language Contact and Bilingualism. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar

Årman, H. 2011. Ett attitydexperiment med språkpolitiska konsekvenser. Språk och stil 21: 204–209.Google Scholar

Arredondo, M. M. and Gelman, S. A.. 2019. Do varieties of Spanish influence U.S. Spanish–English bilingual children’s friendship judgments? Child Development 90.2: 655–671.Google Scholar

Arredondo, M. M., Hu, X.-S., Satterfield, T., Riobóo, A. T., Gelman, S. A., and Kovelman, I.. 2019a. Bilingual effects on lexical selection: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Brain and Language 195: ref. no. 104640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arredondo, M. M., Hu, X.-S., Seifert, E., Satterfield, T., and Kovelman, I.. 2019b. Bilingual exposure enhances left IFG specialization for language in children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22.4: 783–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aslin, R. N. 2007. What’s in a look? Developmental Science 10.1: 48–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Atagi, N. and Sandhofer, C. M.. 2019. Early language environments predict aspects of explicit language awareness development. Language Learning 70.2: 464–505.Google Scholar

Atkinson, D. and Kelly-Holmes, H.. 2016. Exploring language attitudes and ideologies in university students’ discussion of Irish in a context of increasing language diversity. Language and Intercultural Communication 16.2: 199–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Audacity Team. 2020. Audacity®: Free Audio Editor and Recorder. www.audacityteam.org.Google Scholar

Auer, A., Peersman, C., Pickl, S., Rutten, G., and Vosters, R.. 2015. Historical sociolinguistics: The field and its future. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1.1: 1–12.Google Scholar

Auer, P. and Schmidt, J. E.. 2010. Language and Space: Theories and Methods. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Ayres-Bennett, W. 2004. Sociolinguistic Variation in Seventeenth-Century France: Methodology and Case Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ayres-Bennett, W. 2006. Reading the Remarqueurs: Changing perceptions of ‘classic’ texts. Historiographia Linguistica 33.3: 263–302.Google Scholar

Ayres-Bennett, W. and Bellamy, J.. 2021. Introduction. In Ayres-Bennett, W. and Bellamy, J., eds. Handbook of Language Standardization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayres-Bennett, W. and Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I.. 2016. Prescriptivism in a comparative perspective: The case of France and England. In Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. and Percy, C., eds. Prescription and Tradition in Language: Establishing Standards across Time and Space. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 105–120.Google Scholar

Babcock, R. D. 2015. Rhetorical argument, folk linguistics, and content-oriented discourse analysis: A follow-up study. Ampersand 2: 61–69.Google Scholar

Babel, M. 2010. Dialect divergence and convergence in New Zealand English. Language in Society 39.4: 437–456.Google Scholar

Babel, M. 2012. Evidence for phonetic and social selectivity in spontaneous phonetic imitation. Journal of Phonetics 40.1: 177–189.Google Scholar

Babel, M., Senior, B., and Bishop, S.. 2019. Do social preferences matter in lexical retuning? Laboratory Phonology 10.1: 4.Google Scholar

Bain, R. 1928. An attitude on attitude research. American Journal of Sociology 33.6: 940–957.Google Scholar

Baker, C. 1992. Attitudes and Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Ball, P. 1983. Stereotypes of Anglo-Saxon and non-Anglo-Saxon accents: Some exploratory Australian studies with the matched-guise technique. Language Sciences 5.2: 163–183.Google Scholar

Ballinger, S., Brouillard, M., Ahooja, A., Kircher, R., Polka, L., and Byers-Heinlein, K.. 2020. Intersections of official and family language policy in Quebec. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. Online ahead of print: 10.1080/01434632.2020.1752699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bamberg, M. 1997. Positioning between structure and performance. Journal of Narrative and Life History 7.1–4: 335–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bamman, D., Eisenstein, J., and Schnoebelen, T.. 2014. Gender identity and lexical variation in social media. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18.2: 135–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banaji, M. R. and Heiphetz, L.. 2010. Attitudes. In Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., and Lindzey, G., eds. The Handbook of Social Psychology. 5th ed. Oxford: Wiley, 353–393.Google Scholar

Bar-Anan, Y. and Nosek, B. A.. 2014. A comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures. Behavior Research Methods 46.3: 668–688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baranowski, M. 2017. Class matters: The sociolinguistics of goose and goat in Manchester English. Language Variation and Change 29.3: 301–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barbour, R. 2007. Doing Focus Groups. London: SAGE.Google Scholar

Barbour, R. and Morgan, D. L., eds. 2017. A New Era in Focus Group Research: Challenges, Innovation and Practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bargh, J. 2006. What have we been priming all these years? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of nonconscious social behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology 36.2: 147–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baron, A. S. and Banaji, M. R.. 2006. The development of implicit attitudes: Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science 17.1: 53–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bashiruddin, A. 2013. Reflections on translating qualitative research data: Experiences from Pakistan. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 23.3: 357–367.Google Scholar

Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S.. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67.1: 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauman, H.-D. L. and Murray, J.. 2017. Sign languages. In Garcia, O., Flores, N., and Spotti, M., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 243–260.Google Scholar

Bayard, D., Weatherall, A., Gallois, C., and Pittam, J.. 2001. Pax Americana? Accent attitudinal evaluations in New Zealand, Australia, and America. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5.1: 22–49.Google Scholar

Beal, J. C. 2012. ‘Á la mode de Paris’: Linguistic patriotism and francophobia in 18th-century Britain. In Percy, C. and Davidson, M. C., eds. The Languages of Nation: Attitudes and Norms. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 141–154.Google Scholar

Beal, J. C. 2019. Enregisterment and historical sociolinguistics. In Jansen, S. and Siebers, L., eds. Processes of Change: Studies in Late Modern and Present-Day English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 7–24.Google Scholar

Beckett, C. and Clegg, S.. 2007. Qualitative data from a postal questionnaire: Questioning the presumption of the value of presence. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 10.4: 307–317.Google Scholar

Begus, K., Gliga, T., and Southgate, V.. 2016. Infants’ preferences for native speakers are associated with an expectation of information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, November 1, 113.44: 12397–12402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bell, A. and Garrett, P., eds. 1998. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Bellamy, J. 2012. Language Attitudes in England and Austria: A Sociolinguistic Investigation into Perceptions of High and Low-Prestige Varieties in Manchester and Vienna. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar

Bender, E. M. 2005. On the boundaries of linguistic competence: Matched-guise experiments as evidence of knowledge of grammar. Lingua 115.11: 1579–1598.Google Scholar

Berk-Seligson, S. 1984. Subjective reactions to phonological variation in Costa Rican Spanish. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 13: 415–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berl, R. E. W., Samarasinghe, A. N., Jordan, F. M., and Gavin, M. C.. 2020. The Position-Reputation-Information (PRI) scale of individual prestige. PLoS ONE 15.6: e0234428.Google Scholar

Bermeitinger, C. 2015. Priming. In Jin, Z., ed. Exploring Implicit Cognition: Learning, Memory, and Social-Cognitive Processes. Hershey: Information Science Reference, 16–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernard, A. 2008. Les repercussions sociales et politiques de la loi 101. In Plourde, M. and Georgeault, P., eds. Le français au Québec: 400 ans d’histoire et de vie. Montreal: Fides, 360–368.Google Scholar

Beukeboom, C. J. 2014. Mechanisms of linguistic bias: How words reflect and maintain stereotypic expectancies. In Laszlo, J., Forgas, J., and Vincze, O., eds. Social Cognition and Communication. New York: Psychology Press, 313–330.Google Scholar

Bishop, H., Coupland, N., and Garrett, P.. 2005. Conceptual accent evaluation: Thirty years of accent prejudice in the UK. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia: International Journal of Linguistics 37.1: 131–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blackledge, A. and Creese, A.. 2010. Multilingualism. London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Blommaert, J., ed. 1999. Language Ideological Debates. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Blommaert, J. 2005. Discourse. A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar

Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M., and Robson, K.. 2001. Focus Groups in Social Research. London: SAGE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bock-Côté, M. 2014. ‘Bonjour/Hi?’ http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2014/02/25/bonjour/hi.Google Scholar

Bodenhausen, G. V., Kang, S. K., and Peery, D.. 2012. Social categorization and the perception of social groups. In Fiske, S. T. and Macrae, C. N., eds. The SAGE Handbook of Social Cognition. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 311–329.Google Scholar

Boersma, P. and Weenink, D.. 2020. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer. Version 6.1.09. http://www.praat.org/.Google Scholar

Bohner, G. 2001. Attitudes. In Hewstone, M. and Stroebe, W., eds. Introduction to Social Psychology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 239–282.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourgeade, P. 1991. Chroniques du français quotidien. Paris: Belfond.Google Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y. 1984. Cross-cultural communication in Montreal: Two field studies since Bill 101. International Journal for the Sociology of Language 46: 33–47.Google Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y. 2001. Reversing language shift in Quebec. In Fishman, J. A., ed. Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 101–141.Google Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y. and Giles, H.. 1976. The language of cooperation in Wales: A field study. Language Sciences. 42: 13–16.Google Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y. and Maass, A.. 2005. Linguistic prejudice and stereotypes. In Ammon, U., Dittmar, N., Mattheier, K. J., and Trudgill, P., eds. Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1587–1601.Google Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H., and Lambert, W. E.. 1975. Social consequences of accommodating one’s style of speech: A cross-national investigation. Linguistics 13.166: 55–71.Google Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H., and Rosenthal, D.. 1981. Notes on the construction of a subjective vitality questionnaire for ethnolinguistic groups. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 2.2: 145–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H., and Tajfel, H.. 1973. Language as a determinant of Welsh identity. European Journal of Social Psychology 3.4: 447–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y., Montaruli, E., and Amiot, C. E.. 2007. Language planning and French–English bilingual communication: Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997. International Journal for the Sociology of Language 185: 187–224.Google Scholar

Bourhis, R. Y., Sachdev, I., Ehala, M., and Giles, H.. 2019. Assessing 40 years of group vitality research and future directions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 38.4: 409–422.Google Scholar

Bradac, J. J. 1990. Language attitudes and impression formation. In Giles, H. and Robinson, W. P., eds. Handbook of Language and Social Psychology. Chichester: Wiley, 387–412.Google Scholar

Bradac, J. J. and Wisegarver, R.. 1984. Ascribed status, lexical diversity, and accent: Determinants of perceived status, solidarity, and control of speech style. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 3.4: 239–255.Google Scholar

Brannen, J. and Pattman, R.. 2005. Work-family matters in the workplace: The use of focus groups in a study of a UK social services department. Qualitative Research 5.4: 523–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braun, V. and Clarke, V.. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3.2: 77–101.Google Scholar

Breckler, S. J. 1984. Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47.6: 1191–1205.Google Scholar

Briggs, C. L. 1986. Learning How to Ask: A Sociolinguistic Appraisal of the Role of the Interview in Social Science Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

British Sign Language Corpus Project. 2018. https://bslcorpusproject.org.Google Scholar

Brown, C. and Cichocki, W.. 1995. Listeners’ reactions to four French accents: A study of gender as a variable in linguistic attitudes. Linguistica Atlantica 17: 45–62.Google Scholar

Brown, J. D. 2009. Open-response items in questionnaires. In Heigham, J. and Croker, R. A., eds. Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics: A Practical Introduction. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 200–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, T. A. 2006. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Brugge, D., Edgar, T., George, K., Heung, J., and Laws, M. B.. 2009. Beyond literacy and numeracy in patient provider communication: Focus groups suggest roles for empowerment, provider attitude and language. BMC Public Health 9.354.Google Scholar

Bryman, A. 2004. Triangulation. In Lewis-Beck, M. S., Bryman, A., and Futing Liao, T., eds. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 1142–1143.Google Scholar

Bryman, A. 2007. Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1.1: 8–22.Google Scholar

Buchstaller, I. 2006. Social stereotypes, personality traits and regional perception displaced: Attitudes towards the ‘new’ quotatives in the U.K. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10.3: 362–381.Google Scholar

Burns, S., Matthews, P. A., and Nolan-Conroy, E.. 2001. Language attitudes. In Lucas, C., ed. The Sociolinguistics of Sign Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 181–216.Google Scholar

Busch, B. 2012. The linguistic repertoire revisited. Applied Linguistics 33.5: 503–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Busch, B. 2018. The language portrait in multilingualism research: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Working Papers in Urban Language and Literacies 236: 1–13.Google Scholar

Bush, C. N. 1967. Some acoustic parameters of speech and their relationship to the perception of dialect difference. TESOL Quarterly 1.3: 20–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Butler, J., Floccia, C., Goslin, J., and Panneton, R.. 2011. Infants’ discrimination of familiar and unfamiliar accents in speech. Infancy 16.4: 392–417.Google Scholar

Buttelmann, D., Zmyj, N., Daum, M., and Carpenter, M.. 2013. Selective imitation of in-group over out-group members in 14-month-old infants. Child Development 84.2: 422–428.Google Scholar

Butters, R. R. 1991. Review of Dennis Preston, Perceptual Dialectology. Language in Society 20.2: 294–299.Google Scholar

Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., and Munafò, M. R.. 2013. Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14: 365–376.Google Scholar

Byers-Heinlein, K., Behrend, D. A., Said, L. M., Girgis, H., and Poulin-Dubois, D.. 2017. Monolingual and bilingual children’s social preferences for monolingual and bilingual speakers. Developmental Science 20.4: e12392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Byun, K. S., de Vos, C., Bradford, A., Zeshan, U., and Levinson, S. C.. 2018. First encounters: Repair sequences in cross-signing. Topics in Cognitive Science 10.2: 314–334.Google Scholar

Caillaud, S. and Flick, U.. 2017. Focus groups in triangulation contexts. In Barbour, R. S. and Morgan, D. L., eds. A New Era in Focus Group Research: Challenges, Innovation and Practices. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 155–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Callan, V. J., Gallois, C., and Forbes, P. A.. 1983. Evaluative reactions to accented English: Ethnicity, sex role, and context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 14.4: 407–426.Google Scholar

Calton, C. 2020. The impact of student and teacher ASL ideologies on the use of English in the ASL classroom. In Kusters, A., Green, E. M., Moriarty, E., and Snoddon, K., eds. Sign Language Ideologies in Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter/Ishara Press, 111–128.Google Scholar

Campbell-Kibler, K. 2006. Listener perceptions of sociolinguistic variables: The case of (ING). Unpublished PhD dissertation, Stanford University. http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kbck/KCK_diss_tocs.html.Google Scholar

Campbell-Kibler, K. 2007. Accent, (ING), and the social logic of listener perceptions. American Speech 82.1: 32–64.Google Scholar

Campbell-Kibler, K. 2011. The sociolinguistic variant as a carrier of social meaning. Language Variation and Change 22.3: 423–441.Google Scholar

Campbell-Kibler, K. 2012. The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua 122.7: 753–763.Google Scholar

Campbell-Kibler, K. 2013a. Language attitude surveys: Speaker evaluation studies. In Mallinson, C., Childs, B., and van Herk, G., eds. Data Collection in Sociolinguistics: Methods and Applications. New York: Routledge, 142–146.Google Scholar

Campbell-Kibler, K. 2013b. Connecting attitudes and language behavior via implicit sociolinguistic cognition. In Kristiansen, T. and Grondelaers, S., eds. Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies. Oslo: Novus, 307–329.Google Scholar

Campbell-Kibler, K. and Torelli, A.. 2012. Tracking enregisterment through online social media. Presented at Regional Varieties, Language Shift and Linguistic Identities, Birmingham, 12–15 September.Google Scholar

Cantos, P. 2012. The use of linguistic corpora for the study of linguistic variation and change: Types and computational applications. In Hernández-Campoy, J. M. and Conde-Silvestre, J. C., eds. The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 99–122.Google Scholar

Cardona, S. 1980. Defensa de La Enseñanza Del Lenguaje. Boletín de La Academia Puertorriqueña de La Lengua Española 8.1: 5–16.Google Scholar

Cargile, A. C. 1997. Attitudes toward Chinese-accented speech: An investigation in two contexts. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16.4: 434–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cargile, A. C. 2000. Evaluations of employment suitability: Does accent always matter? Journal of Employment Counseling 37.3: 165–177.Google Scholar

Cargile, A. C. and Bradac, J. J.. 2001. Attitudes toward language: A review of speaker-evaluation research and a general process model. In Gudykunst, W. B., ed. Communication Yearbook 25. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 347–382.Google Scholar

Cargile, A. C. and Giles, H.. 1997. Understanding language attitudes: Exploring listener affect and identity. Language and Communication 17.3: 195–217.Google Scholar

Cargile, A. C. and Giles, H.. 1998. Language attitudes toward varieties of English: An American-Japanese context. Journal of Applied Communication Research 26.3: 338–356.Google Scholar

Cargile, A. C., Takai, J., and Rodríguez, J. I.. 2006. Attitudes toward African–American Vernacular English: A US export to Japan? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 27.6: 443–456.Google Scholar

Cargile, A. C., Giles, H., Ryan, E. B., and Bradac, J. J.. 1994. Language attitudes as a social process: A conceptual model and new directions. Language and Communication 14.3: 211–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carlson, H. K. and McHenry, M. A.. 2006. Effect of accent and dialect on employability. Journal of Employment Counseling 43.2: 70–81.Google Scholar

Carmichael, K. 2016. Place-linked expectations and listener awareness of regional accents. In Babel, A., ed. Awareness and Control in Sociolinguistic Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 152–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carr, T. H., McCauley, C., Sperber, R. D., and Parmelee, C. M.. 1982. Words, pictures, and priming: On semantic activation, conscious identification, and the automaticity of information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8.6: 757–777.Google Scholar

Carranza, M. and Ryan, E. B.. 1975. Evaluative reactions of bilingual Anglo- and Mexican American adolescents towards speakers of English and Spanish. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 6: 83–104.Google Scholar

Carrie, E. 2017. ‘British is professional, American is urban’: Attitudes towards English reference accents in Spain. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 27.2: 427–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carrie, E. and Drummond, R.. n.d. The Accentism Project. http://www.accentism.org/.Google Scholar

Carrie, E. and McKenzie, R. M.. 2018. American or British? L2 speakers’ recognition and evaluations of accent features in English. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 39.4: 313–328.Google Scholar

Casesnoves Ferrer, R. and Sankoff, D.. 2003. Identity as the primary determinant of language choice in Valencia. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7.1: 50–64.Google Scholar

Castillo-Montoya, M. 2016. Preparing for interview research: The interview protocol refinement framework. Qualitative Report 21.5: 811–831.Google Scholar

Cavallaro, F., Sielhamer, M. F., Yee, H. Y., and Chin, N. B.. 2018. Attitudes to Mandarin Chinese varieties in Singapore. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 28.2: 195–225.Google Scholar

Cellard, J. 1979. La vie du langage: Chroniques 1971–1975, Le Monde. Paris: Le Robert.Google Scholar

Chakrani, B. 2015. Arabic interdialectal encounters: Investigating the influence of attitudes on language accommodation. Language and Communication 41: 17–27.Google Scholar

Chan, E., Ybarra, O., and Schwarz, N.. 2006. Reversing the affective congruency effect: The role of target word frequency of occurrence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42.3: 365–372.Google Scholar

Chappell, W. 2016. On the social perception of intervocalic /s/ voicing in Costa Rican Spanish. Language Variation and Change 28.3: 357–378.Google Scholar

Cheshire, J. and Fox, S.. 2016. From sociolinguistic research to English language teaching. In Corrigan, K. P. and Mearns, A., eds. Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 265–290.Google Scholar

Chevalier, B. A. M., Watson, B. M., Barras, M. A., and Cottrell, W. N.. 2017. Investigating strategies used by hospital pharmacists to effectively communicate with patients during medication counselling. Health Expectations 20.5: 1121–1132.Google Scholar

Chioti, M. 2019. The effect of priming on accent attitudes: An examination of their affective and cognitive bases. Presented at UK Language Variation and Change 12, London, 3–5 September.Google Scholar

Cho, J. Y. and Lee, E.-H.. 2014. Reducing confusion about grounded theory and qualitative content analysis: Similarities and differences. The Qualitative Report 19.64: 1–20.Google Scholar

Christensen, R. H. B. 2015. Ordinal-regression models for ordinal data. R Package Version 2015.Google Scholar

Christensen, R. H. B. and Brockhoff, P. B.. 2013. Analysis of sensory ratings data with cumulative link models. Journal de La Société Française de Statistique 154.3: 58–79.Google Scholar

Cieri, C. 2011. Making a field recording. In Di Paolo, M. and Yaeger-Dror, M., eds. Sociophonetics: A Student’s Guide. Abingdon: Routledge, 24–35.Google Scholar

Clachar, A. 1997. Resistance to the English language in Puerto Rico: Toward a theory of language and intergroup distinctiveness. Linguistics and Education 9.1: 69–98.Google Scholar

Clopper, C. G. and Pisoni, D. B.. 2004. Some acoustic cues for the perceptual categorization of American English regional dialects. Journal of Phonetics 32.1: 111–140.Google Scholar

Clopper, C. G. and Walker, A.. 2017. Effects of lexical competition and dialect exposure on phonological priming. Language and Speech 60.1: 85–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Codó, E. 2008. Interviews and questionnaires. In Wei, L. and Moyer, M. G., eds. The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism. Malden: Blackwell, 158–176.Google Scholar

Cohen, L. and Manion, L.. 1994. Research Methods in Education. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cohen, M. 1950. Regards sur la langue française. Paris: Sedes.Google Scholar

Collins, A. M. and Loftus, E. F.. 1975. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82.6: 407–428.Google Scholar

Conama, J. B. 2020. 35 years and counting! An ethnographic analysis of sign language ideologies within the Irish Sign Language recognition campaign. In Kusters, A., Green, E. M., Moriarty, E., and Snoddon, K., eds. Sign Language Ideologies in Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter/Ishara Press, 265–286.Google Scholar

Conde-Silvestre, J. C. and Hernández-Campoy, J. M.. 2012. Introduction. In Hernández-Campoy, J. M. and Conde-Silvestre, J. C., eds. The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 1–8.Google Scholar

Cook, G. 2011. Discourse analysis. In Simpson, J., ed. The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Abingdon: Routledge, 431–444.Google Scholar

Cook, S., Fallon, N., Wright, H., Thomas, A., Giesbrecht, T., Field, M., and Stancak, A.. 2015. Pleasant and unpleasant odors influence hedonic evaluations of human faces: An event-related potential study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9: 661.Google Scholar

Cooper, A. 2015. Signed language sovereignties in Viet Nam: Deaf community responses to ASL-based tourism. In Friedner, M. and Kusters, A., eds. It’s a Small World: International Deaf Spaces and Encounters. Washington: Gallaudet University Press, 95–111.Google Scholar

Cooper, R. L. 1975. Introduction to language attitudes II. Special issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 6: 5–9.Google Scholar

Cooper, R. L. 1989. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Corriveau, K. H., Kinzler, K. D., and Harris, P. L.. 2013. Accuracy trumps accent in children’s endorsement of object labels. Developmental Psychology 49.3: 470–479.Google Scholar

Cotter, C. 2003. Prescription and practice: Motivations behind change in news discourse. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 4.1: 45–74.Google Scholar

Couper-Kuhlen, E. and Selting, M.. 2017. Interactional Linguistics: Studying Language in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Coupland, N. 2014. Sociolinguistic change, vernacularization and broadcast British media. In Androutsopoulos, J., ed. Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 67–96.Google Scholar

Coupland, N. and Bishop, H.. 2007. Ideologised values for British accents. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11.1: 74–93.Google Scholar

Cramer, J. 2010. The effect of borders on the linguistic production and perception of regional identity in Louisville, Kentucky. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/18426/Cramer_Jennifer.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar

Cramer, J. 2016. Rural vs. urban: Perception and production of identity in a border city. In Cramer, J. and Montgomery, C., eds. Cityscapes and Perceptual Dialectology: Global Perspectives on Non-Linguists’ Knowledge of the Dialect Landscape. Boston: de Gruyter, 27–53.Google Scholar

Cramer, J. 2018. The emic and etic in perceptual dialectology. In Evans, B. E., Benson, E. J., and Stanford, J. N., eds. Language Regard: Methods, Variation and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 62–81.Google Scholar

Cramer, J. and Montgomery, C., eds. 2016. Cityscapes and Perceptual Dialectology: Global Perspectives on Non-Linguists’ Knowledge of the Dialect Landscape. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Crasborn, O. 2015. Transcription and notation methods. In Orfanidou, E., Woll, B., and Morgan, G., eds. Research Methods in Sign Language Studies. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 74–88.Google Scholar

Creber, C. and Giles, H.. 1983. Social context and language attitudes: The role of formality–informality of the setting. Language Sciences 5.2: 155–161.Google Scholar

Creel, S. C. 2018. Accent detection and social cognition: Evidence of protracted learning. Developmental Science 21.2: e12524.Google Scholar

Creswell, J. W. and Plano Clark, V. L.. 2010. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.Google Scholar

Cristia, A., Minagawa-Kawai, Y., Egorova, N., Gervain, J., Filippin, L., Cabrol, D., and Dupoux, E.. 2014. Neural correlates of infant accent discrimination: An FNIRS study. Developmental Science 17.4: 628–635.Google Scholar

Cronbach, L. J. 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16: 297–334.Google Scholar

Cukor-Avila, P., Jeon, L., Rector, P. C., Tiwari, C., and Shelton, Z.. 2012. ‘Texas – it’s like a whole nuther country’: Mapping Texans’ perceptions of dialect variation in the Lone Star State. Texas Linguistics Forum 55: 10–19.Google Scholar

Cutler, C. 2016. ‘Ets jast ma booooooooooooo’: Social meanings of Scottish accents on YouTube. In Squires, L., ed. English in Computer-Mediated Communication: Variation, Representation, and Change. Berlin: de Gruyter, 69–101.Google Scholar

Cutler, C. 2019. Metapragmatic comments and orthographic performances of a New York accent on YouTube. World Englishes 39.1: 36–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., and Meltzoff, A. N.. 2011. Measuring implicit attitudes of 4-year-olds: The preschool Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 109.2: 187–200.Google Scholar

Dahlgreen, W. 2014. Brummie is the least attractive reference (YouGov survey). https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2014/12/09/accent-map2.Google Scholar

Dailey-O’Cain, J. 1997. Geographic and socio-political influences on language ideology and attitudes towards language in post-unification Germany. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, Michigan.Google Scholar

Dailey-O’Cain, J. 2000. The sociolinguistic distribution of and attitudes toward focuser like and quotative like. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4.1: 60–80.Google Scholar

Dailey-O’Cain, J. and Liebscher, G.. 2011. Language attitudes, migrant identities and space. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 212: 91–133.Google Scholar

Dailey, R. M., Giles, H., and Jansma, L. L.. 2005. Language attitudes in an Anglo-Hispanic context: The role of the linguistic landscape. Language and Communication 25.1: 27–38.Google Scholar

Danet, B. and Herring, S., eds. 2003. The Multilingual Internet: Language, Culture and Communication in Instant Messaging, Email and Chat. Special issue of Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 9.1. https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/issue/9/1.Google Scholar

Dautel, J. B. and Kinzler, K. D.. 2017. Once a French speaker, always a French speaker? Bilingual children’s thinking about the stability of language. Cognitive Science 42.S1: 287–302.Google Scholar

Davies, B. and Harré, R.. 1990. Positioning: The discursive production of selves. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 20.1: 43–63.Google Scholar

Davies, M. 2002–. English Corpora. https://www.english-corpora.org/.Google Scholar

Day, R. R. 1980. The development of linguistic attitudes and preferences. TESOL Quarterly 14.1: 27–37.Google Scholar

De Costa, P. I. 2016. Ethics in Applied Linguistics Research: Language Researcher Narratives. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

De Fina, A. and Georgakopoulou, A.. 2012. Analyzing Narrative Discourse and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

De Houwer, A. 1999. Environmental factors in early bilingual development: The role of parental beliefs and attitudes. In Extra, G. and Verhoeven, L., eds. Bilingualism and Migration. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 75–96.Google Scholar

De Houwer, J. 2001. A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37.6: 443–451.Google Scholar

De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., and Hughes, S.. 2015. The relational responding task: Toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology 6: 319.Google Scholar

De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A., and Moors, A.. 2009. Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin 135.3: 347–368.Google Scholar

De la Zerda Flores, N. and Hopper, R.. 1975. Mexican American’s evaluations of spoken Spanish and English. Speech Monographs 42.2: 91–98.Google Scholar

De Meulder, M. 2019. ‘So, why do you sign?’: Deaf and hearing new signers, their motivation, and revitalisation policies for sign languages. Applied Linguistics Review 10.4: 705–724.Google Scholar

De Meulder, M. and Birnie, I.. 2020. Language diaries in the study of language use and language choice: The case of Flemish Sign Language and Scottish Gaelic. Language Awareness. 30.3: 217–233.Google Scholar

De Meulder, M. and Murray, J. J.. 2017. Buttering their bread on both sides? The recognition of sign languages and the aspirations of deaf communities. Language Problems and Language Planning 41.2: 136–158.Google Scholar

De Meulder, M. and Snoddon, K., eds. 2020. Ideologies in Sign Language Vitality and Revitalisation. Special issue of Language and Communication 74.Google Scholar

De Meulder, M., Kusters, A., and Napier, J.. 2022. Researching family language policy in multilingual deaf-hearing families: Using autoethnographic, visual, and narrative methods. In Wright, L. and Higgins, C., eds. Diversifying Family Language Policy. London: Bloomsbury, 165–189.Google Scholar

De Meulder, M., Murray, J. J., and McKee, R., eds. 2019. The Legal Recognition of Sign Languages. Advocacy and Outcomes Around the World. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

De Meulder, M., Kusters, A., Moriarty, E., and Murray, J. J.. 2019. Describe, don’t prescribe: The practice and politics of translanguaging in the context of deaf signers. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 40.10: 892–906.Google Scholar

Dearnley, E. 2016. Translators and their Prologues in Medieval England. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar

DeCasper, A. J. and Fifer, W. P.. 1980. Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers’ voices. Science 208.4448: 1174–1176.Google Scholar

DeJesus, J. M., Hwang, H. G., Dautel, J. B., and Kinzler, K. D.. 2017. Bilingual children’s social preferences hinge on accent. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 164: 178–191.Google Scholar

DeJesus, J. M., Hwang, H. G., Dautel, J. B., and Kinzler, K. D.. 2018. ‘American = English speaker’ before ‘American = White’: The development of children’s reasoning about nationality. Child Development 89.5: 1752–1767.Google Scholar

Dekker, R. 2002. Introduction. In Dekker, R., ed. Egodocuments and History. Autobiographical Writing in its Social Context since the Middle Ages. Hilversum: Verloren, 7–20.Google Scholar

Deumert, A. and Vandenbussche, W., eds. 2003. Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Dewaele, J.-M. 2009. Perception, attitude and motivation. In Cook, V. and Wei, L., eds. Language Teaching and Learning. London: Continuum, 163–192.Google Scholar

Dewaele, J.-M. 2013. Emotions in Multiple Languages. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Dewaele, J.-M. 2018. Online questionnaires. In Phakiti, A., De Costa, P., Plonsky, L., and Starfield, S., eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics Research Methodology. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 269–286.Google Scholar

Dewaele, J.-M. and McCloskey, J.. 2014. Attitudes towards foreign accents among adult multilingual language users. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36.3: 221–238.Google Scholar

Dewaele, J.-M. and Wei, L.. 2014. Attitudes towards code-switching among adult mono- and multilingual language users. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35.3: 235–251.Google Scholar

Dewaele, J.-M., Rolland, L., and Costa, B.. 2019. Planning and conducting ethical interviews: Power, language and emotions. In McKinley, J. and Rose, K., eds. The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge, 279–289.Google Scholar

Di Paolo, M. and Yaeger-Dror, M., eds. 2011. Sociophonetics: A Student’s Guide. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Díaz-Campos, M. and Killam, J.. 2012. Assessing language attitudes through a matched-guise experiment: The case of consonantal deletion in Venezuelan Spanish. Hispania 95.1: 83–102.Google Scholar

Dickinson, J. and Young, B.. 2003. A Short History of Quebec. Montreal/Kingston: McGill and Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar

Dixon, J. A., Mahoney, B., and Cocks, R.. 2002. Accents of guilt? Effects of regional accent, race, and crime type on attribution of guilt. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 21.2: 162–168.Google Scholar

Dollinger, S. 2015. The Written Questionnaire in Social Dialectology: History, Theory, Practices. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Domínguez-Rosado, B. 2015. The Unliking of Language and Puerto Rican Identity: New Trends in Sight. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar

Dorian, N. C. 1981. Language Death. The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Dorian, N. C. 1998. Western language ideologies and small-language prospects. In Grenoble, L. A. and Whaley, L. J., eds. Endangered Languages: Current Issues and Future Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–21.Google Scholar

Dörnyei, Z. 2003. Questionnaires in Second Language Research: Construction, Administration and Processing. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Dörnyei, Z. 2007. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dörnyei, Z. and Taguchi, T.. 2010. Questionnaires in Second Language Research: Construction, Administration, and Processing. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Doyen, S., Klein, O., Simons, D., and Cleeremans, A.. 2014. On the other side of the mirror: Priming in cognitive and social psychology. Social Cognition 32: 12–32.Google Scholar

Drager, K. 2018. Experimental Research Methods in Sociolinguistics. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Drager, K., Hay, J., and Walker, A.. 2010. Pronounced rivalries: Attitudes and speech production. Te Reo 53: 27–53.Google Scholar

Drager, K., Hardeman Guthrie, K., Schutz, R., and Chik, I.. 2021. Perceptions of style: A focus on fundamental frequency and perceived social characteristics. To appear in Hall-Lew, L., Moore, E., and Podesva, R. J., eds. Social Meaning and Linguistic Variation: Theorizing the Third Wave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 176–202.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M. 2016. Language attitudes as intergroup terrain. In Giles, H. and Maass, A., eds. Advances in Intergroup Communication. New York: Peter Lang, 51–66.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M. 2018. Language attitudes. In Giles, H. and Harwood, J., eds. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Intergroup Communication. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 179–192.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M. and Giles, H.. 2014. The reference frame effect: An intergroup perspective on language attitudes. Human Communication Research 40.1: 91–111.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M. and Giles, H.. 2016. I don’t like you because you’re hard to understand: The role of processing fluency on the language attitudes process. Human Communication Research 42.1: 396–420.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M. and Goatley-Soan, S.. 2020. Americans’ attitudes towards foreign accents: Evaluative hierarchies and underlying processes. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 43.2: 167–181.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M., Berglund, C., and Blauvelt, T. K.. 2018. Figuring out who’s who: The role of social categorization in the language attitudes process. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 37.1: 28–50.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M., Giles, H., and Watson, B. M.. 2013. Language ideologies and language attitudes: A foundational framework. In Giles, H. and Watson, B., eds. The Social Meanings of Language, Dialect and Accent: International Perspectives on Speech Styles. New York: Peter Lang, 1–25.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M., Fasoli, F., Cramer, J., and Rakić, T.. 2021. Toward a century of language attitudes research: Looking back and moving forward. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 40.1: 60–79.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M., Giles, H., Beck, A. C., and Tatum, N. T.. 2017. The fluency principle: Why foreign accent strength negatively biases language attitudes. Communication Monographs 84.3: 385–405.Google Scholar

Dragojevic, M., Mastro, D., Giles, H., and Sink, A.. 2016. Silencing nonstandard speakers: A content analysis of accent portrayals on American primetime television. Language in Society 45.1: 59–85.Google Scholar

Drożdżowicz, A. 2021. Bringing back the voice: On the auditory objects of speech perception. Synthese 199: 661–687.Google Scholar

Drummond, R. and Carrie, E.. 2019. Manchester Voices. A research project into the accents, dialects and people of Greater Manchester. https://www.manchestervoices.org/.Google Scholar

Duchêne, A. and Heller, M., eds. 2012. Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S., and Banaji, M. R.. 2008. The development of implicit intergroup cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12.7: 248–253.Google Scholar

Durham, M. 2014. Thirty years later: Real-time change and stability in attitudes towards the dialect in Shetland. In Lawson, R., ed. Sociolinguistics in Scotland. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 296–318.Google Scholar

Durham, M. 2016. Changing attitudes towards the Welsh English accent: A view from Twitter. In Durham, M. and Morris, J., eds. Sociolinguistics in Wales. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 181–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eagly, A. H. and Chaiken, S.. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.Google Scholar

Eagly, A. H. and Chaiken, S.. 1998. Attitude structure and function. In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., and Lindzey, G., eds. The Handbook of Social Psychology. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 269–322.Google Scholar

Echeverria, B. 2005. Language attitudes in San Sebastian: The Basque vernacular as challenge to Spanish language hegemony. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26.3: 249–264.Google Scholar

Eckert, P. 1989. Jocks and Burnouts: Social identity in the High School. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar

Eckert, P. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87–100.Google Scholar

Eckert, P. 2014. Ethics in linguistic research. In Podesva, R. J. and Sharma, D., eds. Research Methods in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Edley, N. and Litosseliti, L.. 2010. Contemplating interviews and focus groups. In Litosseliti, L., ed. Research Methods in Linguistics. London: Continuum, 155–179.Google Scholar

Edwards, A. and Fuchs, R.. 2018. A cluster analysis of attitudes to English in Germany and the Netherlands. World Englishes 37.4: 653–667.Google Scholar

Edwards, D. and Potter, J.. 1992. Discursive Psychology. London: SAGE.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 1982. Language attitudes and their implications among English speakers. In Ryan, E. B. and Giles, H., eds. Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold, 20–33.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 1994. Multilingualism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 2013. Sociolinguistics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 2017. The sociology of language teaching and learning. In Hinkel, E., ed. Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Vol. 3. London: Routledge, 3–14.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 2020. History, philosophy and the social psychology of language. In Al-Hoorie, A. H. and MacIntyre, P. D., eds. Contemporary Language Motivation Theory: 60 Years Since Gardner and Lambert 1959. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 262–282.Google Scholar

Edwards, K. 1990. The interplay of affect and cognition in attitude formation and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59.2: 202–216.Google Scholar

Edwards, T. 2014. Language emergence in the Seattle DeafBlind community. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar

Eimer, M. and Schlaghecken, F.. 1998. Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24.6: 1737–1747.Google Scholar

Eisenstein, J. 2015. Systematic patterning in phonologically-motivated orthographic variation. Journal of Sociolinguistics 19.2: 161–188.Google Scholar

Eisenstein, J., O’Connor, B., Smith, N. A., and Xing, E. P.. 2014. Diffusion of lexical change in social media. PLoS ONE 9.11: e113114.Google Scholar

El-Dash, L. G. and Busnardo, J.. 2001. Brazilian attitudes toward English: Dimensions of status and solidarity. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 11.1: 57–74.Google Scholar

El-Dash, L. and Tucker, R.. 1975. Subjective reactions to various speech styles in Egypt. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 6.3: 33–54.Google Scholar

Engelbrecht, H. 1984. Geschichte des österreichischen Bildungswesens. Erziehung und Unterricht auf dem Boden Österreichs. Vol. 3: Von der frühen Aufklärung bis zum Vormärz. Vienna: Österreichischer Bundesverlag.Google Scholar

ESRI. 2011a. What is GIS? http://www.gis.com/content/what-gis.Google Scholar

ESRI. 2011b. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. Redlands: Environmental Systems Research Institute.Google Scholar

ESRI. 2019. ArcGIS online. Redlands: Environmental Systems Research Institute. https://www.arcgis.com/.Google Scholar

ESRI. 2020. Esri Support GIS Dictionary. https://support.esri.com/en/other-resources/gis-dictionary.Google Scholar

Esses, V. M. and Maio, G. R.. 2002. Expanding the assessment of attitude components and structure: The benefits of open-ended measures. European Review of Social Psychology 12.1: 71–101.Google Scholar

Estes, Z. and Adelman, J. S.. 2008. Automatic vigilance for negative words in lexical decision and naming: Comment on Larsen, Mercer, and Balota (2006). Emotion 8.4: 441–444.Google Scholar

Evans, B. E. 2013. Seattle to Spokane: Mapping perceptions of English in Washington State. Journal of English Linguistics 41.3: 268–291.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. 1995. Media Discourse. Arnold: London.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. 2013. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. 2014. Language and Power. 3rd ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N., Mulderrig, J., and Wodak, R.. 2011. Critical Discourse Analysis. In van Dijk, T. A., ed. Discourse Studies. A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: SAGE, 357–378.Google Scholar

Fan, S. P., Liberman, Z., Keysar, B., and Kinzler, K. D.. 2015. The exposure advantage: Early exposure to a multilingual environment promotes effective communication. Psychological Science 26.7: 1090–1097.Google Scholar

Fantz, R. L. 1964. Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention to familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science 146.3644: 668–670.Google Scholar

Fasold, R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Fasoli, F. and Maass, A.. 2019. The social costs of sounding gay: Voice-based impressions of adoption applicants. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 39.1: 112–131.Google Scholar

Faulstich, K. 2008. Konzepte des Hochdeutschen. Der Sprachnormierungsdiskurs im 18. Jahrhundert. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar

Fazio, R. H., Chen, J., McDonel, E. C., and Sherman, S. J.. 1982. Attitude accessibility, attitude–behavior consistency and the strength of the object–evaluation association. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 18.4: 339–357.Google Scholar

Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., and Kardes, F. R.. 1986. On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50.2: 229–238.Google Scholar

Fiedler, K. and Bluemke, M.. 2005. Faking the IAT: Aided and unaided response control on the Implicit Association Test. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 27.4: 307–316.Google Scholar

Field, A. 2009. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.Google Scholar

Field, A. and Hole, G.. 2003. How to Design and Report Experiments. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.Google Scholar

Fifer, W. P. and Moon, C.. 1989. Psychobiology of newborn auditory preferences. Seminars in Perinatology 13.5: 430–433.Google Scholar

Filipin, N. Z. 2015. Matched guise technique revisited: Zagreb case study. In Peti-Stanti, A., Stanojevi, M.-M., and Antunovi, G., eds. Language Varieties between Norms and Attitudes: South Slavic Perspectives. Proceedings from the 2013 CALS Conference. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 181–196.Google Scholar

Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I.. 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Fisher, W. M., Doddington, G. R., and Goudie-Marshall, K. M.. 1986. The DARPA speech recognition research database: Specifications and status. In Proceedings of the DARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, 12–20 February 1986, 93–99.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1969. Bilingual attitudes and behaviors. Language Sciences 5: 5–11.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1970. Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction. Rowley: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1976. The Sociology of Language. In Fishman, J. A., ed. Advances in the Sociology of Language. Vol. 1. Basic Concepts, Theories and Problems: Alternative Approaches. The Hague: Mouton, 217–404.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 2001. Why is it so hard to save a threatened language? In Fishman, J., ed. Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1–22.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. and Agheyisi, R.. 1970. Language attitude studies: A brief survey of methodological approaches. Anthropological Linguistics 12.5: 137–157.Google Scholar

Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., and Glick, P.. 2007. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11.2: 77–83.Google Scholar

Floccia, C., Butler, J., Girard, F., and Goslin, J.. 2009. Categorization of regional and foreign accent in 5- to 7-year-old British children. International Journal of Behavioral Development 33.4: 366–735.Google Scholar

Forgas, J. and Bower, G.. 1987. Mood effects of person-perception judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53.1: 53–60.Google Scholar

Forgas, J. and Moylan, S.. 1989. After the movies: Transient mood and social judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13.4: 467–477.Google Scholar

Forster, K. and Davis, C.. 1984. Repetition and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10.4: 680–698.Google Scholar

Fowler, C. A., Wolford, G., Slade, R., and Tassinary, L.. 1981. Lexical access with and without awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 110.3: 341–362.Google Scholar

Fowler, R. 1991. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Franz, N. K. 2011. The unfocused focus group: Benefit or bane? The Qualitative Report 16.5: 1380–1388.Google Scholar

Freire-Vidal, Y. and Graells-Garrido, E.. 2019. Characterization of local attitudes toward immigration using social media. In Companion Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 783–790.Google Scholar

Friese, M., Bluemke, M., and Wänke, M.. 2007. Predicting voting behavior with implicit attitude measures. Experimental Psychology 54.4: 247–255.Google Scholar

Frijhoff, W. 2015. Multilingualism and the challenge of frenchification in the early modern Dutch Republic. In Peersman, C., Rutten, G., and Vosters, R., eds. Past, Present and Future of a Language Border. Germanic-Romanic Encounters in the Low Countries. Berlin: De Gruyter, 115–140.Google Scholar

Frings, C., Amendt, A., and Spence, C.. 2011. When seeing doesn’t matter: Assessing the after-effects of tactile distractor processing in the blind and the sighted. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 37.4: 1174–1181.Google Scholar

Frings, C., Schneider, K. K., and Fox, E.. 2015. The negative priming paradigm: An update and implications for selective attention. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 22.6: 1577–1597.Google Scholar

Fuertes, J. N., Gottdiener, W., Martin, H., Gilbert, T. C., and Giles, H.. 2012. A meta-analysis of the effects of speakers’ accents on interpersonal evaluations. European Journal of Social Psychology 42.1: 120–133.Google Scholar

Fuller, J. M. 2018. Ideologies of language, bilingualism, and monolingualism. In De Houwer, A. and Ortega, L., eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 119–134.Google Scholar

Gaies, S. J. and Beebe, J. D.. 1991. The matched-guise technique for measuring attitudes and their implications of language education: A critical assessment. In Sadtono, E., ed. Language Acquisition and the Second/Foreign Language Classroom. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, 156–178.Google Scholar

Gal, S. 1979. Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Gal, S. and Irvine, J. T.. 2019. Signs of Difference: Language and Ideology in Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gal, S. and Woolard, K., eds. 2001. Languages and Publics: The Making of Authority, Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.Google Scholar

Gałecki, A. and Burzykowski, T.. 2013. Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using R: A Step-by-Step Approach. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Gallois, C. and Callan, V. J.. 1981. Personality impressions elicited by accented English speech. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 12.3: 347–359.Google Scholar

Gallois, C. and Giles, H.. 2015. Communication Accommodation Theory. In Tracy, K., Ilie, C., and Sandel, T., eds. The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction. Hoboken: Wiley, 159–176.Google Scholar

Gardner, R. C. 1982. Language attitudes and language learning. In Ryan, E. B. and Giles, H., eds. Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold, 132–147.Google Scholar

Gardner, R. C. and Lambert, W. E.. 1972. Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning. Rowley: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Gardner, R. C. and MacIntyre, P. D.. 1993. On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning 43.2: 157–194.Google Scholar

Garrett, P. 2004. Attitude measurements. In Ammon, U., Dittmar, N., Mattheier, K., and Trudgill, P., eds. Sociolinguistics. An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Vol. 1. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1251–1260.Google Scholar

Garrett, P. 2010. Attitudes to Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Garrett, P., Coupland, N., and Williams, A.. 2003. Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar

Garrett, P., Williams, A., and Evans, B.. 2005. Attitudinal data from New Zealand, Australia, the USA and the UK about each other’s Englishes: Recent changes? Or consequences of methodology? Multilingua 24.3: 211–235.Google Scholar

Gass, R. H. and Seiter, J. S.. 1999. Persuasion, Social Influence and Compliance Gaining. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar

Gawronski, B. and De Houwer, J.. 2014. Implicit measures in social and personality psychology. In Reis, H. T. and Judd, C. M., eds. Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 283–310.Google Scholar

Gawronski, B. and Hahn, A.. 2019. Implicit measures: Procedures, use, and interpretation. In Blanton, H., LaCroix, J., and Webster, G., eds. Measurement in Social Psychology. New York: Taylor and Francis, 29–55.Google Scholar

Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., and Banse, R.. 2011. Response interference tasks as indirect measures of automatic associations. In Klauer, K. C., Voss, A., and Stahl, C., eds. Cognitive Methods in Social Psychology. New York: Guilford, 78–123.Google Scholar

Gawronski, B., Peters, K. R., and LeBel, E. P.. 2008. What makes mental associations personal or extra-personal? Conceptual issues in the methodological debate about implicit attitude measures. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2.2: 1002–1023.Google Scholar

Gee, J. P. 1992. The Social Mind: Language, Ideology and Social Practice. New York: Bergin and Garvey.Google Scholar

Gee, J. P. 2011. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. 3rd ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Geer, J. G. 1988. What do open-ended questions measure? Public Opinion Quarterly 52.3: 365–367.Google Scholar

Geer, J. G. 1991. Do open-ended questions measure ‘salient’ issues? Public Opinion Quarterly 55.3: 360–370.Google Scholar

Geeraerts, D. 2008. Prototypes, stereotypes and semantic norms. In Kristiansen, G. and Dirven, R., ed. Cognitive Sociolinguistics: Language Variation, Cultural Models, Social Systems. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 21–44.Google Scholar

Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Gelman, S. A. 2003. The Essential Child: Origins of Essentialism in Everyday Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Generalitat de Catalunya, University of Perpignan and Conseil Départemental des Pyrénées-Orientales. 2015. Coneixements i usos lingüístics a la Catalunya del Nord. Principals resultats de l’Enquesta d’usos lingüístics a la Catalunya del Nord (EULCN) 2015. http://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/dadesestudis/altres/arxius/EULCN_2015_principals_resultats.pdf.Google Scholar

Genesee, F. and Bourhis, R. Y.. 1988. Evaluative reactions to language choice strategies: The role of sociocultural factors. Language and Communication 8.3–4: 229–250.Google Scholar

Genesee, F. and Holobow, N. E.. 1989. Change and stability in intergroup perceptions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 8.1: 17–38.Google Scholar

Georgakopoulou, A. and Spilioti, T., eds. 2015. The Routledge Handbook of Language and Digital Communication. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Georgiou, A. and Karatsareas, P.. Forthcoming. Teaching Greek in complementary schools in the UK: Policies and practices in the Greek Cypriot diaspora. In Ćalić, J. and Tarsoly, E., eds. Fashioning Language: The Politics of Teaching and Learning Languages. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar

Gerlach, F. W. 1758. Kurzgefasste Deutsche Sprachlehre, welche die allgemeinen Gründe, samt einem Verzeichnisse der Stammwörter, und vieler abstammenden und zusammengesetzten Wörter der deutschen Sprache in sich enthält; und aus Hochachtung der Muttersprache und der Wissenschaften herausgegeben worden […]. Vienna: Eva Maria Schilgin.Google Scholar

Gibbons, J. P. 1983. Attitudes towards languages and code-mixing in Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 4.2–3: 129–147.Google Scholar

Giddings, L. S. 2006. Mixed-methods research, positivism dressed in drag! Journal of Research in Nursing 11.3: 195–203.Google Scholar

Gijssels, T., Staum Casasanto, L., Jasmin, K., Hagoort, P., and Casasanto, D.. 2016. Speech accommodation without priming: The case of pitch. Discourse Processes 53.4: 233–251.Google Scholar

Giles, H. 1970. Evaluative reactions to accents. Educational Review 22.3: 211–227.Google Scholar

Giles, H. 1973. Accent mobility: A model and some data. Anthropological Linguistics 15.2: 87–105.Google Scholar

Giles, H. 1990. Social meanings of Welsh English. In Coupland, N., ed. English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 258–282.Google Scholar

Giles, H., ed. 2016. Communication Accommodation Theory: Negotiating Personal Relationships and Social Identities across Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Billings, A. C.. 2008. Assessing language attitudes: Speaker evaluation studies. In Davies, A. and Elder, C., eds. The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Malden: Blackwell, 187–209.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Bourhis, R. Y.. 1973. Dialect perception revisited. Quarterly Journal of Speech 59.3: 337–342.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Bourhis, R. Y.. 1976. Voice and racial categorization in Britain. Communication Monographs 43.2: 108–114.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Coupland, N.. 1991. Language: Contexts and Consequences. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Johnson, P.. 1987. Ethnolinguistic identity theory: A social psychological approach to language maintenance. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 68: 69–99.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Marlow, M. L.. 2011. Theorizing language attitudes: Existing frameworks, an integrative model, and new directions. Annals of the International Communication Association 35.1: 161–197.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Ogay, T.. 2007. Communication Accommodation Theory. In Whaley, B. B. and Samter, W., eds. Explaining Communication: Contemporary Theories and Exemplars. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 293–310.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Powesland, P. F.. 1975. Speech Style and Social Evaluation. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Ryan, E. B.. 1982. Prolegomena for developing a social psychological theory of language attitudes. In Ryan, E. B. and Giles, H., eds. Attitudes Towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold, 208–223.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Sassoon, C.. 1983. The effect of speakers’ accent, social class background and message style on British listeners’ social judgements. Language and Communication 3.3: 305–313.Google Scholar

Giles, H. and Watson, B., eds. 2013. The Social Meanings of Language, Dialect and Accent: International Perspectives on Speech Styles. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., and Davies, A.. 1979. Prestige speech styles: The imposed norm and inherent value hypotheses. In McCormack, W. C. and Wurm, S. A., eds. Language and Society: Anthropological Issues. The Hague: Mouton, 589–596.Google Scholar

Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., and Taylor, D. M.. 1977. Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In Giles, H., ed. Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press, 307–348.Google Scholar

Giles, H., Wilson, P., and Conway, A.. 1981. Accent and lexical diversity as determinants of impression formation and perceived employment suitability. Language Sciences 3.1: 91–103.Google Scholar

Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., Trudgill, P., and Lewis, A.. 1974. The imposed norm hypothesis: A validation. Quarterly Journal of Speech 60.4: 405–410.Google Scholar

Giles, H., Williams, A., Mackie, D. M., and Rosselli, F.. 1995. Reactions to Anglo- and Hispanic-American-accented speakers: Affect, identity, persuasion, and the English-only controversy. Language and Communication 15.2: 107–120.Google Scholar

Giles, H., Coupland, N., Henwood, K., Harriman, J., and Coupland, J.. 1990. The social meaning of RP: An intergenerational perspective. In Ramsaran, S., ed. Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A. C. Gimson. London: Routledge, 191–211.Google Scholar

Gillham, B. 2008. Developing a Questionnaire. 2nd ed. London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Ginzburg, J. 2012. The Interactive Stance: Meaning for Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Girard, F., Floccia, C., and Goslin, J.. 2008. Perception and awareness of accents in young children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 26.3: 409–433.Google Scholar

Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L.. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Hawthorne: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Glaser, J. and Banaji, M. R.. 1999. When fair is foul and foul is fair: Reverse priming in automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.4: 669–687.Google Scholar

Glashouwer, K. A., Smulders, F. T. Y., De Jong, P. J., Roefs, A., and Wiers, R. W. H. J.. 2013. Measuring automatic associations: Validation of algorithms for the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in a laboratory setting. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 44.1: 105–113.Google Scholar

Gluszek, A. and Dovidio, J. F.. 2010. The way they speak: A social psychological perspective on the stigma of nonnative accents in communication. Personality and Social Psychology Review 14.2: 214–237.Google Scholar

Goatley-Soan, S. and Baldwin, J. R.. 2018. Words apart: A study of attitudes toward varieties of South African English accents in a United States employment scenario. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 37.6: 692–705.Google Scholar

Godden, D. R. and Baddeley, A. D.. 1975. Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology 66.3: 325–331.Google Scholar

Goffman, E. 1974. Frame Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Goldinger, S. D., Luce, P. A., Pisoni, D. B., and Marcario, J. K.. 1992. Form-based priming in spoken word recognition: The roles of competition and bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18.6: 1211–1238.Google Scholar

Gooskens, C., Hilton, N. H., and Schüppert, A.. 2016. Is Swedish more beautiful than Danish? A matched-guise investigation. Nooit Het Noorden Kwijt, 165–182.Google Scholar

Gosling, S. D. and Mason, W.. 2015. Internet research in psychology. Annual Review of Psychology 66: 877–902.Google Scholar

Gottsched, J. C. 1762. Vollständigere und Neuerläuterte Deutsche Sprachkunst. Nach den Mustern der besten Schriftsteller des vorigen und itzigen Jahrhunderts abgefasset, und bei dieser fünften Auflage merklich verbessert. Leipzig: Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf und Sohn.Google Scholar

Gould, P. and White, R.. 1986. Mental Maps. 2nd ed. Boston: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Green, E. M. 2014. The nature of signs: Nepal’s deaf society, local sign and the production of communicative sociality. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar

Greenbaum, T. L. 1998. The Handbook for Focus Group Research. London: SAGE.Google Scholar

Greene, J. C. 2008. Is mixed methods social inquiry a distinctive methodology? Journal of Mixed Methods Research 2.1: 7–22.Google Scholar

Greenwald, A. G. and Banaji, M. R.. 1995. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review 102.1: 4–27.Google Scholar

Greenwald, A. G, Draine, C., and Abrams, R. L.. 1996. Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science 273.5282: 1699–1702.Google Scholar

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., and Schwartz, J. L. K.. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74.6: 1464–1480.Google Scholar

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., and Banaji, M. R.. 2003. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Attitudes and Social Cognition 85.2: 197–216.Google Scholar

Gregg, A. P. and Klymowsky, J.. 2013. The Implicit Association Test in market research: Potentials and pitfalls. Psychology and Marketing 30.7: 588–601.Google Scholar

Grieve, J., Nini, A., and Guo, D.. 2018 Mapping lexical innovation on American social media. Journal of English Linguistics 46.4: 293–319.Google Scholar

Grieve, J., Montgomery, C., Nini, A., Murakami, A., and Guo, D.. 2019. Mapping lexical dialect variation in British English using Twitter. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2: 11.Google Scholar

Griffin, E. A. 2009. A First Look at Communication Theory. Boston: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Griffin, G. 2013. Discourse analysis. In Griffin, G., ed. Research Methods for English Studies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 93–112.Google Scholar

Grillo, R. D. 1989. Dominant Languages: Languages and Hierarchy in Britain and France. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Grondelaers, S. 2013. Attitude measurements in the Low Countries. In Hinskens, F. L. M. P. and Taeldeman, J., eds. Language and Space. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation: Dutch. Berlin: de Gruyter, 568–602.Google Scholar

Grondelaers, S. and Kristiansen, T.. 2013. On the need to access deep evaluations when searching for the motor of standard language change. In Kristiansen, T. and Grondelaers, S., eds. Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies. Oslo: Novus, 9–52.Google Scholar