Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T22:58:23.571Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

from Section 2 - Mental disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2016

By
Rory Sheehan ,
Lucy Fodor-Wynne  and
Angela Hassiotis
Edited by
Colin Hemmings  and
Nick Bouras
Colin Hemmings
Affiliation:
Albion Place Medical Centre
Nick Bouras
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities , pp. 65 - 77
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Advokat, C.D., Mayville, E.A., Matson, J.L. (2000). Side effect profiles of atypical antipsychotics, typical antipsychotics, or no psychotropic medications in persons with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21(1), 75–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allott, K.A., Francey, S.M., Velligan, D.I. (2013). Improving functional outcome using compensatory strategies in comorbid intellectual disability and psychosis: a case study. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 16(1), 50–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Diabetes Association. (2004). Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(2), 596–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonacci, D.J. and De Groot, C.M. (2000). Clozapine treatment in a population of adults with mental retardation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(1), 22–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balogh, R., Ouellette-Kuntz, H., Bourne, L., Lunsky, Y., Colantonio, A. (2008). Organising health care services for persons with an intellectual disability. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 4, CD007492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamburg, J.W., Cherry, K.E., Matson, J.L., Penn, D. (2001). Assessment of schizophrenia in persons with severe and profound mental retardation using the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II). Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 13(4), 319–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassett, A.S., Costaina, G., Funga, W.L.A., et al. (2010). Clinically detectable copy number variations in a Canadian catchment population of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(15), 1005–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boer, H., Holland, A., Whittington, J., et al. (2002). Psychotic illness in people with Prader Willi syndrome due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy. Lancet, 359(9301), 135–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonnici, H.M., William, T., Moorhead, J., et al. (2007). Pre-frontal lobe gyrification index in schizophrenia, mental retardation and comorbid groups: an automated study. Neuroimage, 35(2), 648–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botto, L.D., May, K., Fernhoff, P.M., et al. (2003). A population-based study of the 22q11. 2 deletion: phenotype, incidence, and contribution to major birth defects in the population. Pediatrics, 112(1), 101–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouras, N., Martin, G., Leese, M., et al. (2004). Schizophrenia‐spectrum psychoses in people with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(6), 548–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckles, J., Luckasson, R., Keefe, E. (2013). A systematic review of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability, 2003–2010. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 6(3), 181–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaplin, R., Barley, M., Cooper, S.J., et al. (2006). The impact of intellectual functioning on symptoms and service use in schizophrenia. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(4), 288–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaplin, E., Gilvarry, C., Tsakanikos, E. (2011). Recreational substance use patterns and co-morbid psychopathology in adults with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2981–2986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cherry, K.E., Penn, D., Matson, J.L., et al. (2000). Characteristics of schizophrenia among persons with severe or profound mental retardation. Psychiatric Services, 51(7), 922–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chien, W.T, Leung, S.F., Yeung, F.K.K., et al.(2013). Current approaches to treatments for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, Part II: psychosocial interventions and patient-focused perspectives in psychiatric care. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, D.J., Cumella, S., Corbett, J., et al. (1994). Use of ICD-10 research diagnostic criteria to categorise psychiatric and behavioural abnormalities among people with learning disabilities: the West Midlands field trial. Mental Handicap Research, 7(4), 273–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochran, D.M., Dvir, Y., Frazier, J.A. (2013). “Autism-plus” spectrum disorders: intersection with psychosis and the schizophrenia spectrum. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22(4), 609–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, S.A. and Underwood, M.T. (1994). The use of clozapine in a mentally retarded and aggressive population. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(10), 440–444.Google Scholar
Collacott, R.A., Cooper, S.-A., McGrother, C. (1992). Differential rates of psychiatric disorders in adults with Down’s syndrome compared with other mentally handicapped adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161(5), 671–674.Google Scholar
Connor, D.F. and Posever, T.A. (1998). A brief review of atypical antipsychotics in individuals with developmental disability. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 1, 93–101.Google Scholar
Cooper, S-A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., et al. (2007). Psychosis and adults with intellectual disabilities. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(7), 530–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, S-A., Smiley, E., Jackson, A., et al. (2009). Adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, incidence and remission of aggressive behaviour and related factors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(3), 217–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, H. and Bouras, N. (2006). Assessment of mental health problems in people with intellectual disabilities. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 43(4), 241.Google ScholarPubMed
Cowley, A., Newton, J., Sturmey, P., et al. (2005). Psychiatric inpatient admissions of adults with intellectual disabilities: predictive factors. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 110(3), 216–225.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowley, V., Rose, J., Smith, J., et al. (2008). Psycho-educational groups for people with a dual diagnosis of psychosis and mild intellectual disability: a preliminary study. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 12(1), 25–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Kuijper, G., Hoekstra, P., Visser, F., et al. (2010). Use of antipsychotic drugs in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) in the Netherlands: prevalence and reasons for prescription. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(7), 659–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deb, S., Thomas, M., Bright, C. (2001). Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. 1: prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community‐based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45(6), 495–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deprey, L. and Ozonoff, S. (2008). Assessment of comorbid psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorders. In Sam, G. and Ozonoff, S. (eds.), Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Devapriam, J., Anand, A., Raju, L.B., et al. (2009). Monitoring for metabolic syndrome in adults with intellectual disability on atypical antipsychotic drugs. British Journal of Development Disabilities, 55(108), 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doody, G.A., Johnstone, E.C., Sanderson, T.L., et al. (1998). “Pfropfschizophrenie”revisited. Schizophrenia in people with mild learning disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(2), 145–153.Google Scholar
Duggan, L. and Brylewski, J. (2004). Antipsychotic medication versus placebo for people with both schizophrenia and learning disability. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD000030.Google Scholar
Fatemi, S.H. and Folsom, T.D. (2009). The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, revisited. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(3), 528–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C., et al. (eds.) (2007). Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability: A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Fodstad, J.C., Bamburg, J.W., Matson, J.L., et al. (2010). Tardive dyskinesia and intellectual disability: an examination of demographics and topography in adults with dual diagnosis and atypical antipsychotic use. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(3), 750–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frighi, V., Stephenson, M.T., Morovat, A., et al. (2011). Safety of antipsychotics in people with intellectual disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(4), 289–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R., Nopoulos, P., Arndt, S., et al. (2002). Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(7), 1183–1189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassiotis, A., Gazizova, A., Akinlonu, L., et al. (2011). Psychiatric morbidity in prisoners with intellectual disabilities: analysis of prison survey data for England and Wales. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(2), 156–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatton, C., Haddock, G., Taylor, J.L., et al. (2005). The reliability and validity of general psychotic rating scales with people with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities: an empirical investigation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(7), 490–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemmings, C.P. (2008). Community services for people with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21(5), 459–462.Google Scholar
Hemmings, C.P., Underwood, L.A., Bouras, N. (2009). Services in the community for adults with psychosis and intellectual disabilities: a Delphi consultation of professionals’ views. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(7), 677–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemmings, C.P., Bouras, N., Craig, T. (2014). How should community mental health of intellectual disability services evolve? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(9), 8624–8631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess‐Röver, J., Critchton, J., Byrne, K., et al. (1999). Case report: diagnosis and treatment of a severe psychotic illness in a man with dual severe sensory impairments caused by the presence of Usher syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43(5), 428–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, A., Shifman, S., Rivlin, N., et al. (2005). A survey of the 22q11 microdeletion in a large cohort of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 73(2), 263–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulbert‐Williams, L., Hastings, R., Owen, D.M., et al. (2014). Exposure to life events as a risk factor for psychological problems in adults with intellectual disabilities: a longitudinal design. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(1), 48–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurley, A.D. (2012). Treatment of erotomania using cognitive behavioural psychotherapy approaches. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 6(2), 76–81.Google Scholar
Irazábal, M., Marsà, F., García, M., et al. (2012). Family burden related to clinical and functional variables of people with intellectual disability with and without a mental disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(3), 796–803.Google Scholar
Jääskeläinen, E., Juola, P., Hirvonen, N., et al. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 1363–1372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, J.M. (1992). Clinical efficacy of clozapine in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: an overview. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160(17), 41–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, C.-I., Hung, W.J., Lin, L.P., et al. (2011). A retrospective population-based data analyses of inpatient care use and medical expenditure in people with intellectual disability co-occurring schizophrenia. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(3), 1226–1231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mantry, D., Cooper, S-A., Smiley, E., et al. (2008). The prevalence and incidence of mental ill‐health in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(2), 141–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, K. and Ferris, J. (2012). Utilising behavioural family therapy (BFT) to help support the system around a person with intellectual disability and complex mental health needs: a case study. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 16(2), 109–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, G., Costello, H., Leese, M., et al. (2005). An exploratory study of assertive community treatment for people with intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders: conceptual, clinical, and service issues. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(7), 516–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matson, J.L., Mayville, E.A., Bielecki, J.A., et al. (1998). Reliability of the Matson evaluation of drug side effects scale (MEDS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19(6), 501–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meadows, G., Turner, T., Campbell, L., et al. (1991). Assessing schizophrenia in adults with mental retardation. A comparative study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158(1), 103–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melville, C.A. (2003). A critique of the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC‐LD) chapter on non‐affective psychotic disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(Suppl.1), 16–25.Google Scholar
Moore, T.H.M., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., et al. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet, 370(9584), 319–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moorhead, T.W.J., Stanfield, A., Spencer, M., et al. (2009). Progressive temporal lobe grey matter loss in adolescents with schizotypal traits and mild intellectual impairment. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174(2), 105–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, V.A., Leonard, H., Bourke, J., et al. (2008). Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: population-based study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(5), 364–372.Google Scholar
Moss, S., Patel, P., Prosser, H. (1993). Psychiatric morbidity in older people with moderate and severe learning disability. I: Development and reliability of the patient interview (PAS-ADD). British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 471–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, S., Prosser, H., Goldberg, D. (1996). Validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis of the psychiatric assessment schedule for adults with developmental disability (PAS-ADD). British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(3), 359–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014). Psychosis and Schizophrenia in Adults: Treatment and Management. NICE Guideline [CG178]. At: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178/chapter/recommendationsGoogle Scholar
Newcomer, J.W. (2007). Metabolic considerations in the use of antipsychotic medications: a review of recent evidence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(1), 20–27.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Dwyer, J.M. (1997). Schizophrenia in people with intellectual disability: the role of pregnancy and birth complications. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41(3), 238–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliver, P.C., Piachaud, J., Done, J., et al. (2002). Difficulties in conducting a randomized controlled trial of health service interventions in intellectual disability: implications for evidence‐based practice. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46(4), 340–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ousley, O.Y., Smearman, E., Fernandez-Carriba, S., et al. (2013). Axis I psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents and young adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. European Psychiatry, 28(7), 417–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M.J., O’Donovan, M.C., Thapar, A., et al. (2011). Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(3), 173–175.Google Scholar
Perälä, J., Suvisaari, J., Saarni, S.I., et al. (2007). Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(1), 19–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pharoah, F., Mari, J.J., Rathbone, J., et al. (2010). Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD000088.Google Scholar
Pickard, M. and Paschos, D. (2005). Pseudohallucinations in people with intellectual disabilities: two case reports. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 8(3), 91–93.Google Scholar
Raja, M. and Azzoni, A. (2010). Autistic spectrum disorders and schizophrenia in the adult psychiatric setting: diagnosis and comorbidity. Psychiatria Danubina, 22(4), 514–521.Google ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001). Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Sanderson, T.L., Best, J.J.K., Doody, G.A., et al. (1999). Neuroanatomy of comorbid schizophrenia and learning disability: a controlled study. Lancet, 354(9193), 1867–1871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, M., Debbané, M., Bassett, A.S., et al. (2014). Psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: results from the International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(6), 627–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shprintzen, R.J. (2008). Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome: 30 Years of study. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 14(1), 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, A.N., Matson, J.L., Hill, B.D., et al. (2010). The use of clozapine among individuals with intellectual disability: a review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(6), 1135–1141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinnema, M., Boer, H., Collin, P., et al. (2011). Psychiatric illness in a cohort of adults with Prader–Willi syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(5), 1729–1735.Google Scholar
Soni, S., Whittington, A., Holland, A.J., et al. (2008). The phenomenology and diagnosis of psychiatric illness in people with Prader–Willi syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 38(10), 1505–1514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiller, M.J., Costello, H., Bramley, A., et al. (2007). Consumption of mental health services by people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20(5), 430–438.Google Scholar
Starling, J. and Dossetor, D. (2009). Pervasive developmental disorders and psychosis. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11(3), 190–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steen, R.G., Mull, C., McClure, R., et al. (2006). Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia. Systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(6), 510–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, L.I. and Test, M.A. (1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment: I. Conceptual model, treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(4), 392–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sussmann, J.E., McIntosh, A.M., Lawrie, S.M., et al. (2009). Obstetric complications and mild to moderate intellectual disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(3), 224–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teeluckdharry, S., Sharma, S., O’Rourke, E., et al. (2013). Monitoring metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics in people with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 17(3), 223–235.Google Scholar
Thalayasingam, S., Alexander, R.T., Singh, I. (2004). The use of clozapine in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(6), 572–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsakanikos, E., Bouras, N., Costello, H., et al. (2007). Multiple exposure to life events and clinical psychopathology in adults with intellectual disability. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(1), 24–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsakanikos, E., McCarthy, J., Kravariti, E., et al. (2010). The role of ethnicity in clinical psychopathology and care pathways of adults with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 410–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Os, J., Rutten, B.P.F., Poulton, R. (2008). Gene–environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1066–1082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldeck, T., Wyszynski, B., Medalia, A. (2001). The relationship between Usher’s syndrome and psychosis with Capgras syndrome. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64(3), 248–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, R., (2009). Recovery from schizophrenia and the recovery model. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(4), 374–380.Google Scholar
Welch, K.A., Lawrie, S.M., Muir, W., et al. (2011). Systematic review of the clinical presentation of schizophrenia in intellectual disability. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(2), 246–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, P., Chant, D., Edwards, N., et al. (2005). Prevalence of intellectual disability and comorbid mental illness in an Australian community sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(5), 395–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×