Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-fqc5m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T22:32:33.156Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Prioritarianism and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2022

Matthew D. Adler
Affiliation:
Duke University, North Carolina
Ole F. Norheim
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Bergen, Norway
Get access

Summary

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced countries to make difficult ethical choices, e.g., how to balance public health and socioeconomic activity and whom to prioritize in allocating vaccines or other scarce medical resources. We discuss the implications of benefit-cost analysis, utilitarianism, and prioritarianism in evaluating COVID-19-related policies. The relative regressivity of COVID-19 burdens and control policy costs determines whether increased sensitivity to distribution supports more or less aggressive control policies. Utilitarianism and prioritarianism, in that order, increasingly favor income redistribution mechanisms compared with benefit-cost analysis. The concern for the worse-off implies that prioritarianism is more likely than utilitarianism or benefit-cost analysis to target young and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals in the allocation of scarce vaccine doses.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, D., Chernozhukov, V., Werning, I., and Whinston, M.D. (2020). “Optimal Targeted Lockdowns in a Multi-Group SIR Model.” NBER Working Paper n. 27102. Available at www.nber.org/papers/w27102.pdfGoogle Scholar
Adam, D. (2020). “The Limits of R.” Nature, 583: 346348. Available at www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02009-wGoogle Scholar
Adler, M.D. (2019). Measuring Social Welfare. An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adler, M.D. (2020). “What Should We Spend to Save Lives in a Pandemic? A Critique of the Value of Statistical Life.” Duke Law School Public Law and Legal Theory Series No. 2020-40. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3636550Google Scholar
Adler, M.D., Bradley, R., Ferranna, M., Fleurbaey, M., Hammitt, J.K., and Voorhoeve, A. (2020). Assessing the Well-Being Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Three Policy Types: Suppression, Control, and Uncontrolled Spread.” T20 Policy Brief. Available at www.g20-insights.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/assessing-the-wellbeing-impacts-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-and-three-policy-types-suppression-control-and-uncontrolled-spread-1606214930.pdfGoogle Scholar
Adler, M.D., Ferranna, M., Hammitt, J.K., and Treich, N. (2021). “Fair Innings? The Utilitarian and Prioritarian Value of Risk Reduction Over a Whole Lifetime.” Journal of Health Economics, 75: 102412. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102412.Google Scholar
Alvarez, F., Argente, D., Lippi, F. (2020). “A Simple Planning Problem for COVID-19 Lockdown.” NBER Working Paper n. 26981. Available at www.nber.org/papers/w26981.pdfGoogle Scholar
Andrew, A., Cattan, A., Costa Dias, M., et al.(2020). “Inequalities in Children’s Experiences of Home Learning during the COVID-19 Lockdown in England.” Fiscal Studies, 41: 653683. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12240Google Scholar
Armitage, R., and Nellums, L.B. (2020). “COVID-19 and the Consequences of Isolating the Elderly.The Lancet, Public Health, 5: E256. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468–2667(20)30061-XGoogle Scholar
Avent, R. (2020). “COVID-19 Leaves a Legacy of Increased Inequality.” The Economist, November 17, 2020.Google Scholar
Bloom, D.E., Cadarette, D., and Ferranna, M. (2021). “The Value of Vaccination in the Age of COVID-19.” American Journal of Public Health, 111: 10491054. Available at https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, D.E., Cadarette, D., Ferranna, M., Hyer, R.N., and Tortorice, D.L. (2021). “How New Models of Vaccine Development for COVID-19 Have Helped Address an Epic Public Health Crisis.” Health Affairs, 40: 18. Available at https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02012Google Scholar
Bloom, D.E., Cadarette, D., Ferranna, M., and Seligman, B. (2020). “A Matter of Life and Death.” Finance and Development. Available at https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2020/04/allocating-scarce-medical-resources-during-the-COVID19-pandemic-bloom.htmGoogle Scholar
Bloom, D.E., Fan, V.Y., and Sevilla, JP. (2018). “The Broad Socioeconomic Benefits of Vaccination.Science Translational Medicine, 10: eaaj2345. Available at and https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaj2345CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloom, D.E., Kuhn, M., and Prettner, K. (forthcoming 2022). “Modern Infectious Diseases: Macroeconomic Impacts and Policy Responses.” Journal of Economic Literature.Google Scholar
Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., and Xu, X. (2020). “COVID-19 and Inequalities.” Fiscal Studies, 41: 291319. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890/12232.Google Scholar
Bridle, B.W., and Sharif, S. (2020). “Why Vaccines Are Less Effective in the Elderly, and What It Means for COVID-19.” The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/why-vaccines-are-less-effective-in-the-elderly-and-what-it-means-for-covid-19-141971Google Scholar
Brown, C.S., and Ravallion, M. (2020). “Inequality and the Coronavirus: Socioeconomic Covariates of Behavioral Responses and Viral Outcomes Across US Counties.” NBER Working Paper n. 27549. Available at https://doi.org/10.3386/w27549Google Scholar
Brown, C.S., Ravallion, M., van de Walle, D. (2020). “Can the World’s Poor Protect Themselves from the New Coronavirus?” NBER Working Paper n. 27200. Available at www.nber.org/papers/w27200.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bubar, K.M., Kissler, S.M., Lipsitch, M., Cobey, S., Grad, Y.H., and Larremore, D.B. (2021). “Model-Informed COVID-19 Vaccine Prioritization Strategies by Age and Serostatus.” Science, eabe6959. Available at https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe6959Google Scholar
Buckner, J.H., Chowell, G., and Springborn, M.R. (2020). “Dynamic Prioritization of COVID-19 Vaccines When Social Distancing Is Limited for Essential Workers.” medRxiv. Available at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.22.20199174Google Scholar
Cash, R., and Patel, V. (2020). “Has COVID-19 Subverted Global Health?The Lancet, 395: 16871688. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31089-8Google Scholar
Chetty, R., Stepner, M., Abraham, S., et al. (2016). “The Association between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 315: 17501766. Available at https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4226Google Scholar
Chow, N., Fleming-Dutra, K., Gierke, R., et al. (2020). “Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019—United States, February 12–March 28, 2020.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 69: 382386. Available at https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e2Google Scholar
Cutler, D.M., and Summers, L.H. (2020). “The COVID-19 Pandemic and the $16 Trillion Virus.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 324: 1495-1496. Available at https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19759Google Scholar
Dingel, J.I., Neiman, B. (2020) How many jobs can be done at home?, Journal of Public Economics, 189: 104235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichenbaum, M.S., Rebelo, S., and Trabandt, M. (2020). “The Macroeconomics of Epidemics.” NBER Working Paper n. 26882. Available at www.nber.org/papers/w26882.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emanuel, E.J., Persad, G., Kern, A., et al. (2020a). “An Ethical Framework for Global Vaccine Allocation.” Science, 369: 13091312. Available at https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe2803CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emanuel, E.J., Persad, G., Upshur, R., et al. (2020b). “Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of COVID-19.” New England Journal of Medicine, 382: 20492055. Available at https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsb2005114Google Scholar
Emanuel, E.J., and Wertheimer, A. (2006). “Who Should Get Influenza Vaccine When Not All Can?Science, 312: 854855. Available at https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125347Google Scholar
Farboodi, M., Jarosch, G., and Shimer, R. (2020). “Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic.” NBER Working Paper n. 27059. Available at www.nber.org/papers/w27059.pdfGoogle Scholar
Favero, C.A., Ichino, A., and Rustichini, A. (2020). “Restarting the Economy while Saving Lives under COVID-19.” Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3580626Google Scholar
Ferguson, N.M., Laydon, , and D., Nedjati-Gilani, G., et al. (2020). “Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID-19 Mortality and Healthcare Demand.” Imperial College, London, Working Paper. Available at https://doi.org/10.25561/77482Google Scholar
Ferranna, M., Cadarette, D., and Bloom, D.E. (2021). “COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation: Modeling Health Outcomes and Equity Implications of Alternative Strategies.” Engineering 7(7): 924935. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.03.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontanet, A., and Cauchemez, S. (2020). “COVID-19 Herd Immunity: Where Are We?Nature Reviews Immunology, 20: 583584. Available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00451-5Google Scholar
Giordano, G., Blanchini, F., and Bruno, R., et al. (2020). “Modelling the COVID-19 Epidemic and Implementation of Population-Wide Interventions in Italy.” Nature Medicine26855860. Available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0883-7Google Scholar
Glover, A., Heathcote, J., Krueger, D., and Ríos-Rull, J.-V. (2020). “Health versus Wealth: On the Distributional Effects of Controlling a Pandemic.” NBER Working Paper No. 27046. Available at www.nber.org/papers/w27046.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gollier, C. (2020). “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Age-Specific Deconfinement Strategies.” COVID Economics, 24: 131.Google Scholar
Goodnough, A., and Hoffman, J. (2020). “The Elderly vs. Essential Workers: Who Should Get the Coronavirus Vaccine First?The New York Times, December 05, 2020. Available at www.nytimes.com/2020/12/05/health/covid-vaccine-first.htmlGoogle Scholar
Gopinath, G. (2020). “The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression.” Available at https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression/Google Scholar
Greenstone, M., and Nigam, V. (2020). “Does Social Distancing Matter?COVID Economics, 7: 123. Available at https://bfi.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/BFI_WP_202026.pdfGoogle Scholar
Guan, W., Liang, W., Zhao, Y., et al. (2020). “Comorbidity and Its Impact on 1590 Patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis.” European Respiratory Journal, 55: 20000547. Available at https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547-2020Google Scholar
Hafner, M., Yerushalmi, E., Fays, C., Dufresne, E., and Van Stolk, C. (2020). “COVID-19 and the Cost of Vaccine Nationalism.” RAND Europe Report. Available at https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA769-1Google Scholar
Hammitt, J.K. (2000). “Valuing Mortality Risk: Theory and Practice.” Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 13961400. Available at https://doi.org/10.1021/es990733nCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammitt, J.K. (2007). “Valuing Changes in Mortality Risk: Lives Saved versus Life Years Saved.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1: 228240. Available at https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rem015Google Scholar
Hammitt, J.K. (2020). “Valuing Mortality Risk in the Time of COVID-19.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 11: 126. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-020-09338-1Google Scholar
Hodgson, S.H., Mansatta, K., Mallett, G., Harris, V., Emary, K.R.W., and Pollard, A.J. (2020). “What Defines an Efficacious COVID-19 Vaccine? A Review of the Challenges Assessing the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2”. The Lancet, Infectious Diseases 21: E26E35. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473–3099(20)30773-8Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2020). World Economic Outlook, October 2020: A Long and Difficult Ascent. Available at www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/09/30/world-economic-outlook-october-2020Google Scholar
Ioannidis, J. (2020). “The Infection Fatality Rate of COVID-19 Inferred from Seroprevalence Data.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization (published online October 14, 2020). Available at www.who.int/bulletin/online_first/BLT.20.265892.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jit, M., Hutubessy, R., Png, M.E., et al. (2015). “The Broader Economic Impact of Vaccination: Reviewing and Appraising the Strength of Evidence.” BMC Medicine, 13: 209. Available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0446-9Google Scholar
JCVI (Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation). (2020). “Priority Groups for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccination: Advice from the JCVI. 2 December 2020.” Available at www.gov.uk/government/publications/priority-groups-for-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-advice-from-the-jcvi-2-december-2020/priority-groups-for-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-advice-from-the-jcvi-2-december-2020Google Scholar
Jones, C.J., Philippon, T., and Venkateswaran, V. (2020). “Optimal Mitigation Policies in a Pandemic: Social Distancing and Working from Home.” NBER Working Paper No. 26984. Available at www.nber.org/papers/w26984.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kissler, S.M., Tedijanto, C., Goldstein, E., Grad, Y.H., and Lipsitch, M. (2020). “Projecting the Transmission Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the Postpandemic Period.Science, 368: 860868. Available at https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793Google Scholar
Kniesner, T.J., and Viscusi, W.K. (2019). “The Value of a Statistical Life.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance. Available at https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.138Google Scholar
Levin, A.T., Hanage, W.P., Owusu-Boaitey, N., Cochran, K.B., Walsh, A.P., and Meyerowitz-Katz, G. (2020). “Assessing the Age Specificity of Infection Fatality Rates for COVID-19: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Public Policy Implications.” European Journal of Epidemiology 35: 11231138. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654–020-00698-1Google Scholar
Mahoney, N. (2020). “Don’t Fall for the False Trade-offs of COVID-19 Policy.” Chicago Booth Review, (published online March 26, 2020). Available at https://review.chicagobooth.edu/economics/2020/article/don-t-fall-false-trade-offs-covid-19-policyGoogle Scholar
Mandavilli, A. (2020). “The Next Vaccine Challenge: Reassuring Older Americans.” The New York Times, December, 14, 2020. Available at www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/health/coronavirus-vaccine-elderly.htmlGoogle Scholar
McLaren, J. (2020). “Racial Disparity in COVID-19 Deaths: Seeking Economic Roots with Census data.” NBER Working Paper No. 27407. Available at https://doi.org/10.3386/w27407Google Scholar
Medlock, J., and Galvani, A.P. (2009). “Optimizing Influenza Vaccine Distribution.” Science, 325: 17051708. Available at https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175570Google Scholar
Nandi, A., Shet, A., Behrman, J.R., Black, M.M., Bloom, D.E., and Laxminarayan, R. (2019). “Anthropometric, Cognitive, and Schooling Benefits of Measles Vaccination: Longitudinal Cohort Analysis in Ethiopia, India, and Vietnam.” Vaccine, 37: 43364343. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.025Google Scholar
NASEM (National Academy of Sciences Engineering and Medicine) (2020). Framework for Equitable Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press.Google Scholar
NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) (2019). National Vital Statistics Reports, 68: 7. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_07-508.pdfGoogle Scholar
O’Driscoll, M., Ribeiro Dos Santos, G., Wang, L., et al. (2021). “Age-Specific Mortality and Immunity Patterns of SARS-CoV-2.” Nature, 590: 140145. Available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0Google Scholar
Peiris, M., Leung, G.M. (2020). “What Can We Expect from First-Generation COVID-19 Vaccines?The Lancet, 396: 14671469. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31976-0Google Scholar
Perez-Saez, J., Lauer, S.A., Kaiser, L., et al. (2020). “Serology-Informed Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Fatality Risk in Geneva, Switzerland.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases (published online July 14, 2020). Available at https://doi/org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30584-3Google Scholar
Quaas, M.F., Meya, J.N., Schenk, H., Bos, B., Drupp, M.A., and Requate, T. (2020). “The Social Cost of Contacts: Theory and Evidence for the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany.” CESifo Working Paper No. 8347. Available at www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp8347.pdfGoogle Scholar
Rheinberger, C.M., and Treich, N. (2017). “Attitudes Toward Catastrophe.” Environmental and Resource Economics, 67: 609636. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-016-0033-3Google Scholar
Roberts, S. (2020). “Flattening the Coronavirus Curve.” The New York Times, March 27, 2020. Available at www.nytimes.com/article/flatten-curve-coronavirus.htmlGoogle Scholar
Robinson, L. (2007). “How U.S. Government Agencies Value Mortality Risk Reductions.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1: 283299. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rem018Google Scholar
Rodríguez, J., Patón, M., and Acuña, J.M. (2020). “Prioritisation of Population Groups with the Most Interactions for COVID-19 Vaccination Can Substantially Reduce Total Fatalities.” medRxiv. Available at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.12.20211094Google Scholar
Schmidt, H., Gostin, L.O., and Williams, M.A. (2020). “Is It Lawful and Ethical to Prioritize Racial Minorities for COVID-19 Vaccines?Journal of American Medical Association, 324: 20232024. Available at https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.20571Google Scholar
Seligman, B., Ferranna, M., and Bloom, D.E. (2021). “Social Determinants of Mortality from COVID-19: A Simulation Study Using NHANES.” PLOS Medicine, 18: e1003490. Available at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003490Google Scholar
Streek, H., Schulte, B., and Kümmerer, B.M., et al. (2020). “Infection Fatality Rate of SARS-CoV-2 in a Super-Spreading Event in Germany.” Nature Communications, 11: 5829. Available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19509-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subbaraman, N. (2020). “How to Address the Coronavirus’s Outsized Toll of People of Colour.” Nature, 581: 366367. Available at https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01470-xGoogle Scholar
Thunström, L., Newbold, S.C., Finnoff, D., Ashworth, M., and Shogren, J.F. (2020). “The Benefits and Costs of Using Social Distancing to Flatten the Curve for COVID-19.” Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 11: 179195. Available at https://doi.org/10.1017/bca.2020.12Google Scholar
Toner, E., Barnill, A., Krubiner, C., and Bernstein, J. (2020). “Interim Framework for COVID-19 Allocation and Distribution in the United States.” The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Baltimore, MD. Available at www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2020/200819-vaccine-allocation.pdf.Google Scholar
Toxvaerd, F. (2020). “Equilibrium Social Distancing.” Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 2021. Available at www.econ.cam.ac.uk/research-files/repec/cam/pdf/cwpe2021.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). (2020). “Managing COVID-19: How the Pandemic Disrupts Global Value Chains.” Available at https://iap.unido.org/articles/managing-covid-19-how-pandemic-disrupts-global-value-chainsGoogle Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (2020). “Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Selected Age Groups by Sex for the United States: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (NC-EST2019-AGESEX).” Available at: https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-kits/2020/population-estimates-detailed.htmlGoogle Scholar
Verity, R., Okell, L.C., Dorigatti, I., et al. (2020). “Estimates of the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Model-Based Analysis.” The Lancet, Infectious Diseases, 20: 669677. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viner, R.M., Mytton, O.T., Bonell, C., et al. (2021). “Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children and Adolescents Compared with Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of American Medical Association, Pediatrics, 175: 143156. Available athttps://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.4573Google Scholar
Viscusi, W.K. (2018). Pricing Lives: Guideposts for a Safer Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vogel, G. (2020). “Sweden’s Gamble.” Science, 370: 159163. Available at https://doi.org//10.1126/science.370.6513.159Google Scholar
Warfel, J.M., Zimmerman, L.I., and Merkel, T.J. (2014). “Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Protect Against Disease but Fail to Prevent Infection and Transmission in a Nonhuman Primate Model.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 111: 787792. Available at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.13146888110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHO (World Health Organization). (2020). “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report, 46.” Available at www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200306-sitrep-46-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn%3d96b04adf_4Google Scholar
Wu, X., Nethery, R.C., Sabath, B.M., Braun, D., Dominici, F. (2020). “Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.Science Advances, 6: eabd4049. Available at https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adb4049Google Scholar
Yang, W., Kandula, S., Huynh, M., et al. (2020). “Estimating the Infection-Fatality Risk of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City During the Spring 2020 Pandemic Wave: A Model-Based Analysis.” The Lancet, Infectious Diseases, 21: 203212. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473–3099(20)30769-6Google Scholar
Yglesias, M. (2020). “Flattening the Curve isn’t Good Enough.” Vox (published online May 6, 2020). Available at www.vox.com/2020/5/6/21241058/coronavirus-mitigation-suppression-flatten-the-curveGoogle Scholar
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., et al. (2020). “Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” Lancet, 395: 10541062. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×