Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T10:28:35.141Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Structural Holes Capstone, Cautions, and Enthusiasms

from III - Later Foundations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2021

Mario L. Small
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Brea L. Perry
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Bernice Pescosolido
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Edward B. Smith
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
Get access

Summary

Adjunct to the preceding excerpt from Structural Holes, this chapter’s goal is to provide a capstone summarizing where we are on Structural Holes’ subject of network brokerage, and my cautions and enthusiasms concerning directions in which things are going. I focus on core ideas and results rather than on literature.1 In the capstone, I discuss the information breadth, timing, and arbitrage advantages of network brokers, and returns to those advantages contingent on a broker’s social standing. Research linking network structure with success has been a first generation of work.

Type
Chapter
Information
Personal Networks
Classic Readings and New Directions in Egocentric Analysis
, pp. 384 - 416
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aral, Sinan, and Marshall, Van Alstyne. 2011. “The Diversity-Bandwidth Trade-Off.American Journal of Sociology 117(1): 90171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asch, Solomon E. 1951. “Effects of Group Pressure Upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgments,” pp. 177–90 in Groups, Leadership and Men, edited by Guetzkow, Harold. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.Google Scholar
Asch, Solomon E. 1952. Social Psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Baker, Wayne E. 2019. “Emotional Energy, Relational Energy, and Organizational Energy: Toward a Multilevel Model.Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 6: 373–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkey, Karen. 1991. “Rebellious Alliances: The State and Peasant Unrest in Early Seventeenth Century France and the Ottoman Empire.American Sociological Review 56(6): 699715.Google Scholar
Barr, Abigail, Ensminger, Jean, and Johnson, Jeffrey C.. 2009. “Social Networks and Trust in Cross-Cultural Economic Experiments,” pp. 6590 in Whom Can We Trust?, edited by Cook, Karen S., Levi, Margaret, and Hardin, Russell. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Batjargal, Bat, Hitt, Michael A., Tsui, Anne S., Arregle, Jean-Luc, Webb, Justin W., and Miller, Toyah L.. 2013. “Institutional Polycentrism, Entrepreneurs’ Social Networks, and New Venture Growth.Academy of Management Journal 56(4): 1024–49.Google Scholar
Bergere, Marie-Clarie. 1989. The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie 1911–1937. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bian, Yanjie. 1997. “Bringing Strong Ties Back In: Indirect Ties, Network Bridges, and Job Searches in China.American Sociological Review 62(3): 366–85.Google Scholar
Bian, Yanjie. 2019. Guanxi, How China Works. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bolman, Lee G., and Deal, Terrence E.. 1991. Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Bono, Joyce E., Glomb, Thresa M., Shen, Winny, Kim, Eugene, and Koch, Amanda J.. 2013. “Building Positive Resources: Effects of Positive Events and Positive Reflection on Work Stress and Health.Academy of Management Journal 56(6): 1601–27.Google Scholar
Borgatti, Stephen P. 2002. NetDraw. Boston, MA: Analytic Technologies.Google Scholar
Borgatti, Stephen P., and Halgin, Daniel S.. 2011. “On Network Theory.Organization Science 22(5): 1168–81.Google Scholar
Brashears, Matthew E. 2013. “Humans Use Compression Heuristics to Improve the Recall of Social Networks.Nature Scientific Reports 3: 1513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brashears, Matthew E., and Quintane, Eric. 2018. “The Weakness of Tie Strength.Social Networks 55: 104–15.Google Scholar
Burger, Martijn J., and Buskens, Vincent. 2009. “Social Context and Network Formation: An Experimental Study.Social Networks 31(1): 6375.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1980. “Autonomy in a Social Topology.American Journal of Sociology 85(4): 892925.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1982. Toward a Structural Theory of Action: Network Models of Social Structure, Perception, and Action. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1984. “Network Items and the General Social Survey.Social Networks 6: 293339.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1997. “The Contingent Value of Social Capital.Administrative Science Quarterly 42(2): 339–65.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1998. “The Gender of Social Capital.Rationality and Society 10(1): 546.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1999. “The Social Capital of Opinion Leaders.Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 566: 3754.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2000. “The Network Structure of Social Capital.Research in Organizational Behavior 22: 345423.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2002. “Bridge Decay.Social Networks 24: 333–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2004. “Structural Holes and Good Ideas.American Journal of Sociology, 110(2): 349–99.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2005. Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2010. Neighbor Networks: Competitive Advantage Local and Personal. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2012. “Network-Related Personality and the Agency Question: Multirole Evidence from a Virtual World.American Journal of Sociology 118(3): 543–91.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2017. “Social Network and Temporal Discounting.Network Science 5(4): 411–40.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2018. “Life Course and Network Advantage in Organizations: Peak and Transitional Ages,” pp. 6787 in Social Networks and the Life Course, edited by Alwin, Duane F., Felmlee, Diane H., and Kreager, Derek A.. Basel: Springer.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2019a. “Network Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs: Density, Hierarchy, and Success in China and the West.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 43(1): 1950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2019b. “The Networks and Success of Female Entrepreneurs in China.Social Networks 58: 3749.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. and Bat Batjargal. 2019. “Comparative Network Research in China.Management and Organization Review 15(1): 329.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., Bian, Yanjie, Song, Lijun, and Lin, Nan. 2019. Social Capital, Social Support, and Stratification: An Analysis of the Sociology of Nan Lin. London: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Soda, Giuseppe. 2017. “Social Origins of Great Strategies.Strategy Science 2(4): 226–33.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Merluzzi, Jennifer. 2014. “Embedded Brokerage: Hubs versus Locals,” pp. 161–77 in Contemporary Perspectives on Organizational Social Networks, edited by Brass, Daniel J., Labianca, Giuseppe, Mehra, Ajay, Halgin, Dan S., and Borgatti, Stephen P.. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Merluzzi, Jennifer. 2016. “Network Oscillation.Academy of Management Discoveries 2(4): 368–91.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Burzynska., Katarzyna 2017. “Chinese Entrepreneurs, Social Networks, and Guanxi.Management and Organization Review 13(2): 221–60.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., Reagans, Ray E., and Volvovsky, Hagay C.. 2021. “Network Brokerage and the Perception of Leadership.” Social Networks 65:3350.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Wang, Song. 2019. “Network Brokers and Bad Behavior.” Paper presented at annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Opper, Sonja. 2017. “Early Network Events in the Later Success of Chinese Entrepreneurs.Management and Organization Review 13(3): 497537.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Opper, Sonja. 2019. “What is Guanxi?” Working paper, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Opper, Sonja. 2020. “Political Connection and Disconnection: Still a Success Factor for Chinese Entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 44(6): 1199–228.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., Opper, Sonja, and Holm, Haken J.. In Press. “Cooperation Beyond the Network.” Organization Science.Google Scholar
Vincent, Buskens, and Arnout, van de Rijt. 2008. “Dynamics of Networks if Everyone Strives for Structural Holes.American Journal of Sociology 114(2): 371407.Google Scholar
Carnabuci, Gianluca, and Quintane, Eric. 2018. “Does Bridging Structural Holes Increase Innovative Performance? Evidence from a Field Experiment.” Paper presented at 8th Intra-Organizational Networks Conference, University of Kentucky, 7 April.Google Scholar
Centola, Damon, and Macy, Michael. 2007. “Complex Contagions and the Weakness of Long Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 113(3): 702–34.Google Scholar
Chen, Hongzhi, Tasselli, Stefano, Mehra, Ajay, and Bogatti, Stephen P.. 2020. “Network Dynamics and Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda.” Working Paper, University of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Clement, Julien, Shipilov, Andrew, and Galunic, Charles. 2018. “Brokerage as a Public Good: The Externalities of Network Hubs for Different Formal Roles in Creative Organizations.Administrative Science Quarterly 63(2): 251–86.Google Scholar
Coleman, James S. 1957. Community Conflict. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, James S. 1958. “Relational Analysis: The Study of Social Organizations with Survey Methods.Human Organization 17(4): 2836.Google Scholar
Coleman, James S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.American Journal of Sociology 94(S): S95S120.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 1993. “Emotional Energy as the Common Denominator of Rational Action.Rationality and Society 5(2): 203–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Randall. 2004. Interaction Ritual Chains. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 2020. Charisma: The Micro Sociology of Power and Influence. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cook, Karen S., and Emerson, Richard M.. 1978. “Power, Equity and Commitment in Exchange Networks.American Sociological Review 43(2): 712–39.Google Scholar
Cook, Karen S., Emerson, Richard M., Gilmore, Mary R., and Yamagishi., Toshio 1983. “The Distribution of Power in Exchange Networks: Theory and Experimental Results.” American Journal of Sociology 89(5): 275305.Google Scholar
Cross, Rob, Baker, Wayne, and Parker, Andrew. 2003. “What Creates Energy in Organizations?Sloan Management Review 44(4): 51–6.Google Scholar
DeSoto, Clinton B. 1960. “Learning a Social Structure.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60(3): 417–21.Google Scholar
deVaan, Mathijs, Vedres, Balazs, and Stark, David. 2015. “Game Changer: The Topology of Creativity.American Journal of Sociology 120(4): 1144–94.Google Scholar
Diesner, Jana, Frantz, Terrill L., and Carley, Kathleen M.. 2006. “Communication Networks from the Enron Email Corpus: ‘It’s Always About the People. Enron Is No Different.’” Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory 11(3): 201–28.Google Scholar
Dweck, Carol S. 2006. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Everett, Martin, and Borgatti, Stephen P.. 2005. “Ego Network Betweenness.Social Networks 27: 31–8.Google Scholar
Fang, Ruotian, Landis, Blaine, Zhen Zhang, Marc H. Anderson, Jason D. Shaw, and Martin Kilduff, . 2015. “Integrating Personality and Social Networks: A Meta-Analysis of Personality, Network Position, and Work Outcome in Organizations.Organization Science 26(4): 1243–60.Google Scholar
Feld, Scott L. 1981. “The Focused Organization of Social Ties.American Journal of Sociology 86(5): 1015–35.Google Scholar
Fernandez-Mateo, Isabel. 2007. “Who Pays the Price of Brokerage? Transferring Constraint Through Price Setting in the Staffing Sector.American Sociological Review 72(2): 291317.Google Scholar
Festinger, Leon, Schachter, Stanley, and Back., Kurt W. 1950. Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Finlay, William, and Coverdill, James E.. 2002. Headhunters. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, Claude S. 1982. To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fleming, Lee, and Waguespack, David M.. 2007. “Brokerage, Boundary Spanning, and Leadership in Open Innovation Communities.Organization Science 18(2): 165–80.Google Scholar
Fleming, Lee, and Marx, Matt. 2006. “Managing Creativity in Small Worlds.California Management Review 48(4): 627.Google Scholar
Fleming, Lee, Mingo, Santiago, and Chen, David. 2007. “Collaborative Brokerage, Generative Creativity, and Creative Success.Administrative Science Quarterly 52(4): 443–75.Google Scholar
Foster, Jacob G., Rzhetsky, Andrey, and Evans, James A.. 2015. “Tradition and Innovation in Scientists’ Research Strategies.American Sociological Review 80(5): 875908.Google Scholar
Freeman, Linton C. 1977. “A Set of Measures of Centrality Based on Betweenness.Sociometry 40(1): 3541.Google Scholar
Freeman, Linton C. 1992Filling in the Blanks: A Theory of Cognitive Categories and the Structure of Social Affiliation.Social Psychology Quarterly 55(2): 118–27.Google Scholar
Furnari, Santi, and Rolbina, Marianna. 2018. “Brokerage Styles and Interaction Rituals in Creative Projects: Toward an Interactionist Perspective.Research in the Sociology of Organizations 55: 1745.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Amir, Sameer Srivastava, V. Manian, Govind, Monroe, William, and Potts, Christopher. 2016. “Fitting In or Standing Out? The Tradeoffs of Structural and Cultural Embeddedness.American Sociological Review 81(6): 1190–222.Google Scholar
Gouldner, Alvin W. 1957. “Cosmopolitans and Locals: Toward an Analysis of Latent Social Roles.Administrative Science Quarterly 2(3): 281306.Google Scholar
Sanjeev, Goyal, and Vega-Redondo., Fernando 2007. “Structural Holes in Social Networks.Journal of Economic Theory 137(1): 460–92.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–80.Google Scholar
Halevy, Nir, Halali, Eliran, and Zlatev, Julian. 2019. “Brokerage and Brokering: An Integrative Review and Organizing Framework for Third Party Influence.Academy of Management Annals 13: 215–39.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. 1937. “Economics and Knowledge.Economica 4(13): 3354.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. 1945. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.American Economic Review 35(4): 519–30.Google Scholar
Jackson, Matthew O., Rogers, Brian W., and Zenou, Yves. 2017. “The Economic Consequences of Social-Network Structure.Journal of Economic Literature 55(1): 4995.Google Scholar
Jang, Sujin. 2017. “Cultural Brokerage and Creative Performance in Multicultural Teams.Organization Science 29(6): 9931009.Google Scholar
Janicik, Gregory A., and Larrick, Richard P.. 2005. “Social Network Schemas and the Learning of Incomplete Networks.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88(2): 348–64.Google Scholar
Katz, Elihu, and Lazarsfeld, Paul F.. 1955. Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Kellogg, Katherine C. 2014. “Brokerage Professions and Implementing Reform in an Age of Experts.American Sociological Review 79(5): 912–41.Google Scholar
Kemper, Theodore D. 1993. “Reason in Emotions or Emotions in Reason.Rationality and Society 5(2): 275–82.Google Scholar
Kilduff, Martin, and Lee, Jung Won. 2018. “David Obstfeld: Getting New Things Done.Administrative Science Quarterly 63(2): NP26–NP29.Google Scholar
Kleinbaum, Adam M. 2012. “Organizational Misfits and the Origins of Brokerage in Intrafirm Networks.Administrative Science Quarterly 57(3): 407–52.Google Scholar
Kleinbaum, Adam M., Jordan, Alexander H., and Audia, Pino G.. 2015. “An Altercentric Perspective on the Origins of Brokerage in Social Networks: How Perceived Empathy Moderates the Self-Monitoring Effect.Organization Science 26(4): 1226–42.Google Scholar
Kleinbaum, Adam M., and Stuart, Toby E.. 2014. “Inside the Black Box of the Corporate Staff: Social Networks and the Implementation of Corporate Strategy.Strategic Management Journal 35(1): 2447.Google Scholar
Jon, Kleinberg, Suri, Siddharth, Tardos, Éva, and Wexler, Tom. 2008. “Strategic Network Formation with Structural Soles.” Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce.Google Scholar
Kwon, Seok-Woo, Emanuela Rondi, Daniel Z. Levin, Afredo De Massis, and Dan Brass. 2020. “Network Brokerage: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda.Journal of Management 46(6): 1092–120.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 2008. “A Cautious Prometheus? A Few Steps toward a Philosophy of Design (with special attention to Peter Sloterdijk).” Keynote lecture for the Networks of Design meeting of the Design History Society, Falmouth, UK. www.bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/112-DESIGN-CORNWALL-GB.pdfGoogle Scholar
Laumann, Edward O., Marsden, Peter V., and Prensky, David. 1983. “The Boundary Specification Problem in Network Analysis,” pp. 1835 in Applied Network Analysis, edited by Burt, Ronald S. and Minor, Michael J.. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Leavitt, Harold J. 1951. “Some Effects of Certain Patterns of Communications on Group Performance.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46(1): 3850.Google Scholar
Leifer, Eric M. 1988. “Interaction Preludes to Role Setting: Exploratory Local Action.American Sociological Review 53(6): 865–78.Google Scholar
Levin, Daniel Z., Walter, Jorge, and Murnighan, Keith. 2011. “Dormant Ties: The Value of Reconnecting.Organization Science 22(4): 923–39.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lingo, Elizabeth Long and O’Mahony, Siobhan. 2010. “Nexus Work: Brokerage on Creative Projects.Administrative Science Quarterly 55(1): 4781.Google Scholar
Lutter, Mark. 2015. “Do Women Suffer from Network Closure? The Moderating Effect of Social Capital on Gender Inequality in a Project-Based Labor Market, 1929 to 2010.American Sociological Review 80(2): 329–58.Google Scholar
MacCormack, Alan, Rusnak, John, and Baldwin, Carliss Y.. 2006. “Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code.Management Science 52(7): 1015–30.Google Scholar
Marsden, Peter V. 1987. “Core Discussion Networks of Americans.American Sociological Review 51(1): 122–31.Google Scholar
Marsden, Peter V. 2011. “Survey Methods for Network Data,” pp. 370–88 in Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis, edited by Scott, John and Carrington, Peter. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Masuda, Yuta J., Liu, Yuqing, Reddy, Sheila M. W., Frank, Kenneth A., Burford, Kyle, Fisher, Jonathan R. B., and Montambault, Jensen. 2018. “Innovation Diffusion within Large Environmental NGOs through Informal Network Agents.” Nature 1(4): 190–7.Google Scholar
McGloin, Jean Marie, and Piquero, Alex R.. 2010. “On the Relationship between Co-Offending Network Redundancy and Offending Versatility.Journal of Research in Crime and Deliquency 47(1): 6390.Google Scholar
Mehra, Ajay, Kilduff, Martin, and Brass, Daniel J.. 2001. “The Social Networks of High and Low Self-Monitors: Implications for Workplace Performance.Administrative Science Quarterly 46(1): 121–46.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1949. “Patterns of Influence: Local and Cosmopolitan Influentials,” pp. 441–74 in Social Theory and Social Structure, 3rd ed., edited by Merton, Robert K.. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Danny, Manfred, F. R. de Vries, Kets, and Toulouse, Jean-Marie. 1982. “Top Executive Locus of Control and Its Relationship to Strategy-Making, Structure, and Environment.Academy of Management Journal 25(2): 237–53.Google Scholar
Moody, James, McFarland, Daniel, and Skye, Bender-deMoll. 2005. “Dynamic Network Visualization.American Journal of Sociology 110(4): 1206–41.Google Scholar
Morselli, Carlo, and Tremblay, Pierre. 2004. “Criminal Achievement, Offender Networks and the Benefits of Low Self-Control.Criminology 42(2): 773804.Google Scholar
Morselli, Carlo, and Boivin, Rémi. 2017. “Introduction to the Special Issue on Crime and Networks.Social Networks 51: 12.Google Scholar
Obstfeld, David. 2005. “Social Networks, the Tertius Iungens Orientation, and Involvement in Innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly 50(1): 100–30.Google Scholar
Obstfeld, David. 2017. Getting New Things Done: Networks, Brokerage, and the Assembly of Innovation Action. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Opper, Sonja, and Burt, Ronald S.. In press. “Network Structure and Temporal Myopia.” Academy of Management Journal. doi.org/10.5465/amj.2019.1026Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., Opper, Sonja, and Holm, Haken J.. In Press. “Cooperation Beyond the Network.” Organization Science.Google Scholar
Pachucki, Mark A., and Breiger, Ronald L.. 2010. “Cultural Holes: Beyond Relationality in Social Networks and Culture.Annual Review of Sociology 36: 205–24.Google Scholar
Palmer, Ian and Dunford, Richard. 1996. “Reframing and Organizational Action: The Unexplored Link.Journal of Organizational Change Management 9(6): 1225.Google Scholar
Perry-Smith, Jill E. 2006. “Social Yet Creative: The Role of Social Relationships in Facilitating Individual Creativity.Academy of Management Journal 49(1): 85101.Google Scholar
Perry-Smith, Jill E., and Mannucci, Pier Vittorio. 2017. “From Creativity to Innovation: The Social Network Drivers of the Four Phases of the Idea Journey.Academy of Management Review 42(1): 5379.Google Scholar
Pisapia, John, Reyes-Guerra, Daniel, and Coukos-Semmel., Eleni 2005. “Developing the Leader’s Strategic Mindset: Establishing the Measures.Leadership Review 5: 4168.Google Scholar
Podolny, Joel M. 1993. “A Status-Based Model of Market Competition.American Journal of Sociology 98(4): 829–72.Google Scholar
Podolny, Joel M. 2001. “Networks as the Pipes and Prisms of the Market.American Journal of Sociology 107(1): 3360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podolny, Joel M. 2005. Status Signals: A Sociological Study of Market Competition. Oxford and Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Walter W., Pakalen, Kelley, and Whittington, Kjersten. 2012. “Organizations and Institutional Genesis,” pp. 434–65 in The Emergence of Organizations and Markets, edited by Padgett, John F. and Powell, Walter W.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Quintane, Eric, and Carnabuci, Gianluca. 2016. “How Do Brokers Broker? Tertius Gaudens, Tertius Iungens, and the Temporality of Structural Holes.Organization Science 27(6): 1343–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quintane, Eric, Umana Ruiz, Maria Camila, Lee, Jung Won, Lee, Sunyoung, and Kilduff, Martin. 2019. “Brokers Behaving Badly: How Divide Between Brokerage Leads to Burnout and Abusive Behavior.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Rahman, Hatim A., and Barley, Stephen R.. 2017. “Situated Redesign in Creative Occupations – An Ethnography of Architects.Academy of Management Discoveries 3(4): 404–24.Google Scholar
Rapoport, Anatol, and Horvath, William J.. 1961. “A Study of a Large Sociogram.Behavioral Science 6(4): 279–91.Google Scholar
Reagans, Ray, and Bill, McEvily. 2003. “Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer: The Effects of Cohesion and Range.Administrative Science Quarterly 48(2): 240–67.Google Scholar
Reagans Ray, E., and Zuckerman, Ezra W.. 2008. “Why Knowledge Does Not Equal Power: The Network Redundancy Trade-Off.Industrial and Corporate Change 17(5): 903–44.Google Scholar
Rider, Christopher I. 2009. “Constraints on the Control Benefits of Brokerage: A Study of Placement Agents in U.S. Venture Capital Fundraising.Administrative Science Quarterly 54(4): 575601.Google Scholar
Rietveld, Joost, Ploog, Joe N., and Nieborg, David B.. 2020. “Coevolution of Platform Dominance and Governance Strategies: Effects on Complementor Performance Outcomes.” Academy of Management Discoveries 6(3): 488513.Google Scholar
Rodan, Simon, and Galunic, Charles. 2004. “More than Network Structure: How Knowledge Heterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness.Strategic Management Journal 25(6): 541–62.Google Scholar
Rogan, Michelle, and Mors, Marie Louise. 2014. “A Network Perspective on Individual-Level Ambidexterity in Organizations.” Organization Science 25(6): 1860–77.Google Scholar
Rotter, Julian B. 1966. “Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement.” Psychological Monographs 80(1): 128.Google Scholar
Ryall Michael, D., and Sorenson, Olav. 2007. “Brokers and Competitive Advantage.Management Science 53(4): 566583.Google Scholar
Salganik, Matthew J., Dodds, Peter Sheridan, and Watts, Duncan J.. 2006. “Experimental Study of Inequality and Unpredictability in an Artificial Culture Market.Science 311(5762): 854–6.Google Scholar
Zuzana, Sasovova, Ajay Mehra, Stephen P. Borgatti, and Michaéla C. Schippers, . 2010. “Network Churn: The Effects of Self-Monitoring Personality on Brokerage Dynamics.Administrative Science Quarterly 55(4): 639–70.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1934 [1911]. The Theory of Economic Development, translated by Redvers Opie. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Selden, Mary, and Goodie, Adam S.. 2018. “Review of the Effects of Five Factor Model Personality Traits on Network Structures and Perceptions of Structure.” Social Networks 52: 8199.Google Scholar
Seligman, Martin E. P. 1992. Learned Optimism: How to Change your Mind and Your Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Shirado, Hirokazu, and Christakis, Nicholas A.. 2017. “Locally Noisy Autonomous Agents Improve Global Human Coordination in Network Experiments.Nature 545(7654): 370–4.Google Scholar
Simmel, Georg. 1955 [1922]. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Small, Mario Luis. 2009. Unanticipated Gains: Origins of Network Inequality in Everyday Life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Small, Mario Luis. 2017. Someone to Talk To. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Edward B., Menon, Tanya, and Thompson, Leigh. 2012. “Status Differences in the Cognitive Activation of Social Networks.Organization Science 23(1): 6782.Google Scholar
Soda, Giuseppe, Tortoriello, Marco, and Iorio, Alessandro. 2018. “Harvesting Value from Brokerage: Individual Strategic Orientation, Structural Holes, and Performance.Academy of Management Journal 61(3): 896918.Google Scholar
Soda, Giuseppe, Mannucci, Pier V., and Burt, Ronald S.. In press. “Networks, Creativity, and Time: Staying Creative Through Brokerage and Network Rejuvenation.” Academy of Management Journal.Google Scholar
Sorenson, Olav, and Stuart, Toby E.. 2008. “Bringing the Context Back In: Settings and the Search for Syndicate Partners in Venture Capital Investment Networks.Administrative Science Quarterly 53(2): 266–94.Google Scholar
Stigler, George J. 1961. “The Economics of Information.Journal of Political Economy 69(3): 213–25.Google Scholar
Stovel, Katherine, and Shaw, Lynette. 2012. “Brokerage.Annual Review of Sociology 38: 139–58.Google Scholar
Stuart, Toby E., and Sorenson, Olav. 2007. “Strategic Networks and Entrepreneurial Ventures.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1: 211–27.Google Scholar
Tasselli, Stefano, and Kilduff, Martin. 2021. “Network Agency.” Academy of Management Annals 15(1): 68110.Google Scholar
Tasselli, Stefano, Kilduff, Martin, and Menges, Jochen I.. 2015. “The Microfoundations of Organizational Social Networks: A Review and Agenda for Future Research.” Journal of Management 41(5): 1361–87.Google Scholar
Tasselli, Stefano, Zappa, Paola, and Lomi, Alessandro. 2020. “Bridging Cultural Holes in Organizations: The Dynamic Structure of Social Networks and Organizational Vocabularies Within and Across Subunits.” Organization Science 31(5): 1292–312.Google Scholar
Tillman, Robert, and Indergaard, Michael. 1999. “Field of Schemes: Health Insurance Fraud in the Small Business Sector.Social Problems 46(4): 572–90.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable Inequality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tortoriello, Marco, and Krackhardt, David. 2010. “Activating Cross-Boundary Knowledge: The Role of Simmelian Ties in the Generation of Innovations.” Academy of Management Journal 53(1): 167–81.Google Scholar
Tortoriello, Marco, Reagans, Ray, and Bill, McEvily. 2012. “Bridging the Knowledge Gap: The Influence of Strong Ties, Network Cohesion, and Network Range on the Transfer Between Organization Units.Organization Science 23(4): 1024–39.Google Scholar
Uzzi, Brian. 1996. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect.” American Sociological Review 61(4): 674–98.Google Scholar
Vissa, Balagopal. 2012. “Agency in Action: Entrepreneurs’ Network Style and Initiation of Economic Exchange.Organization Science 23(2): 492510.Google Scholar
Von Hippel, Eric. 1994. “Sticky Information and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation.Management Science 40(4): 429–39.Google Scholar
Watts, Duncan J., and Strogatz, Steven H.. 1998. “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small-World’ Networks.Nature 393(6684): 440–2.Google Scholar
Weiner, Eric. 2016. The Geography of Genius. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Wuchty, Stefan, and Uzzi, Brian. 2011. “Human Communication Dynamics in Digital Footsteps: A Study of the Agreement between Self-Reported Ties and Email Networks.Plos One 6(11): e26972.Google Scholar
Xiao, Zhixing, and Tsui, Anne S. 2007. “When Brokers May Not Work: The Cultural Contingency of Social Capital in Chinese High-Tech Firms.Administrative Science Quarterly 52(1): 131.Google Scholar
Akbar, Zaheer, and Soda, Giuseppe. 2009. “Network Evolution: The Origins of Structural Holes.Administrative Science Quarterly 54(1): 131.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jing, Tang, Jie, Juanzi, Li, Liu, Yang, and Xing, Chunxiao. 2015. “Who Influenced You? Predicting Retweet via Social Influence Locality.ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 9(3): Article 25. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2700398Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×