Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T17:28:23.770Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Oral Epithelial Neoplasms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 June 2017

Robert O. Greer ,
Robert E. Marx ,
Sherif Said  and
Lori D. Prok
By
Robert O. Greer  and
Sherif Said
Robert O. Greer
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Denver
Robert E. Marx
Affiliation:
University of Miami
Sherif Said
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Denver
Lori D. Prok
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Denver
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Pediatric Head and Neck Pathology , pp. 128 - 141
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Das, S, Das, AK. A review of pediatric oral biopsies from surgical pathology service in a dental school. Pediatr Dent, 1993, 15: 419–428.Google Scholar
Sousa, FB, Etges, A, Correa, L, et al. Pediatric oral lesions: a 15 year review from Sao Paolo, Brazil. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2002, 26: 413–418.Google Scholar
Al Khateeb, T, Hamasha, AA, Almarsri, NM. Oral and maxillofacial tumors in North Jordanian children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis over 10 years. Internat J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2003, 32: 78–83.Google Scholar
Eversole, LR. Papillary lesions of the oral cavity: relationship to human papillomaviruses. J Calif Dent Assoc, 2000, 28: 922–927.Google Scholar
Yoshpe, NS. Oral and laryngeal papilloma: a pediatric manifestation of sexually transmitted disease? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 1995, 31: 77–83.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Purabnen, M, Yliskoski, M, Saarikoski, S, et al. Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from infected mothers to their newborn babies and persistence of the virus in childhood. Am J Obst Gynecol, 1996, 174: 694–699.Google Scholar
Abbey, LM, Page, DG, Sawyer, DR. The clinical and histopathological features of a series of 464 oral squamous cell papillomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1980, 49: 419–428.Google Scholar
Syrjanen, S, Puranen, M. Human papillomavirus infections in children: the potential role for maternal transmission. Critical Rev Oral Biol Med, 2000, 11: 259–274.Google Scholar
Dorankula, SP, Ramani, P, Premkumar, P, et al. Verruciform xanthoma of the oral cavity. J Clin Diagn Res, 2013, 7: 1799–1801.Google Scholar
Bhalerao, S, Bhat, P, Chhabra, R, et al. Verruciform xanthoma of the buccal mucosa. Contemp Clin Dent, 2012, 3: 257–259.Google Scholar
Phillipsen, HP, Reichart, PA, Takata, T, et al. Verruciform xanthoma – biological profile of 282 oral lesions based on a literature survey with nine new cases. Japan Oral Oncol, 2003, 39: 325–336.Google Scholar
Skully, C. Challenges in predicting which oral mucosal potentially malignant diseases will progress to neoplasia. Oral Dis, 2014, 20: 1–5.Google Scholar
Boy, SC. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia of the oral mucosa – a brief overview. SADJ, 2012, 67: 558–560.Google Scholar
Grajewski, S, Quarcoo, D, Uibel, S. A scientometric analysis of leukoplakia and erythroplakia. Laryng Orhgn Otologic, 2012, 89: 210–215.Google Scholar
Pindborg, JJ, Renstrup, G, Poulsen, HE, et al. Studies in oral leukoplakias: five clinical and histologic signs of malignancy. Acta Odontol Scand, 1963, 21: 407–414.Google Scholar
Mashberg, A, Meyers, H. Anatomical site and size of 222 early asymptomatic oral squamous cell carcinomas: a continuing prospective study of oral cancer. Cancer, 1976, 37: 2149–2155.Google Scholar
Rhodus, NL, Ferr, AR, Patel, K. Oral cancer: leukoplakia, premalignancy, and squamous cell carcinoma. Dent Clin North Am, 2014, 58: 315–340.Google Scholar
Skordumova, O, Muraev, AA, Volodine, EV, et al. Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa: classification, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment. Vopr Onkol, 2013, 59: 548–554.Google Scholar
Hansen, JL, Olsen, JA, Silverman, S. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long term study. Oral Surg, 1985, 60: 285–290.Google Scholar
Shroyer, KR, Greer, RO. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA by in situ DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction in premalignant oral lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1991, 77: 708–713.Google Scholar
Shear, M, Pindborg, JJ. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer, 1980, 46: 1855–1862.Google Scholar
Gillenwater, AM, Vigneswaran, N, Fatani, H, et al. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity. Adv Anat Pathol, 2013, 20: 416–423.Google Scholar
Bagan, JV, Jimenez-Soriano, , Diaz-Fernandez, JM, et al. Malignant transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia to oral squamous cell carcinoma: a series of 55 cases. Oral Oncol, 2011, 47: 732–735.Google Scholar
Christen, AG, Swanson, BZ, Glover, Ed, et al. Smokeless tobacco: the folklore and social history of snuffing, sneezing, dipping and chewing. J Am Dent Assoc, 1982, 105: 821–829.Google Scholar
Christen, AG. The case against smokeless tobacco: five facts for the health professional to consider. J Am Dent Assoc, 1980, 101: 464–469.Google Scholar
Wahlberg, I, Ringberger, T. Smokeless tobacco. In: Davis, DL, Nielsen, MT, editors. Tobacco: Production, Chemistry and Technology. Oxford (United Kingdom): Blackwell Science, 1999, 452–460.Google Scholar
Rodu, B. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: a review of the risks and determinant. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 2004, 15: 252–263.Google Scholar
Christen, AG, Armstrong, WR, McDaniel, RK. Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown and tooth loss in a snuff dipper. J Am Dent Assoc, 1979, 98: 584–586.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Poulson, TC, Boone, ME. Smokeless tobacco associated oral changes in juvenile, adult and geriatric patients: clinical and histomorphologic features. Gerodontics, 1986, 2: 87–98.Google Scholar
Squier, CA. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: a cause for concern? CA Cancer J Clin, 1984, 34: 242–247.Google Scholar
Grady, D, Greene, J, Daniels, TE, et al. Oral mucosal lesions found in smokeless tobacco users. J Am Dent Assoc, 1990, 121: 117–123.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Poulson, TC. Oral tissue alterations associated with the use of smokeless tobacco by teenagers. Part I. Clinical findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1983, 56: 275–284.Google Scholar
Pindborg, JJ, Renstrup, G. Studies in oral leukoplakia. I. The influence of snuff on the connective tissue of the oral mucosa. Preliminary report. Acta Pathol Micro-Biol Scand, 1962, 55: 412–414.Google Scholar
Hirsch, JM, Livian, G, Edwards, S, et al. Tobacco habits among teenagers in the city of Gõteborg, Sweden and possible association with dental caries. Swed Dent J, 1991, 15: 117–123.Google Scholar
Bill, TJ, Reddy, VR, Ries, KL, Gampper, TJ, Hoard, MA. Adolescent gingival squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2001, 91: 682–685.Google Scholar
Thompson, L, Castle, J, Heffner, DK. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases (abstract), Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 1999, 88: 204.Google Scholar
Atula, S, Grenman, R, Laippala, P, Syrjänen, . Cancer of the tongue in patients younger than 40 years. Arch Laryngol Head Neck Surg, 1996, 122: 1313–1319.Google Scholar
Sarkaria, JN, Harari, PM. Oral tongue cancer in young adults less than 40 years of age: rationale for aggressive therapy. Head Neck, 1994, 16: 107–111.Google Scholar
Tsukuda, M, Ooishi, K, Mochimatsu, I, Sato, H. Head and neck carcinomas in patients under the age of forty years. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1993, 84: 748–752.Google Scholar
Lund, VJ, Howard, DJ. Head and neck cancer in the young: a prognostic conundrum? J Laryngol Otol, 1990, 104: 544–548.Google Scholar
Keukens, F, van Voorst Vader, PC, Panders, AK, et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum: squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Acta Derm Venereol, 1989, 69: 530–531.Google Scholar
Earle, AS, Park, CH, Viastou, . Oral squamous cell carcinoma in children. Ann Plast Surg, 1988, 20: 148–152.Google Scholar
Sacks, HG, Holly, R, Blum, B, Joy, ED. Case 58: maxillary alveolar mass in a 13-year old boy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1985, 43: 958–963.Google Scholar
Son, YH, Kapp, DS. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in a younger population. Cancer, 55: 1985, 441–444.Google Scholar
Newman, AN, Rice, DH, Ossoff, RH, Sisson, GA. Carcinoma of the tongue in persons younger than 30 years of age. Arch Otolaryngol, 1983, 109: 302–304.Google Scholar
McGregor, GI, David, N, Robins, RE. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and lower oral cavity in patients under 40 years of age. Am J Surg, 1983, 146: 88–92.Google Scholar
Yagi, K, Ali, AEL G, Abbas, KEL D, Prabhu, SR. Carcinoma of the tongue in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum, Int J Oral Surg, 1981, 10: 73–76.Google Scholar
Harper, JI, Copeman, PW. Carcinoma of the tongue in a boy with xeroderma pigmentosum. Clin Exp Dermatol, 1981, 6: 601–604.Google Scholar
Krolls, SO, Hoffman, S. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral soft tissues: a statistical analysis of 14,253 cases by age, sex, and race of patients. J Am Dent Assoc, 1976, 92: 571–574.Google Scholar
Byers, RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Am J Surg, 1975, 130: 475–478.Google Scholar
Weitkunat, R, Sanders, E, Lee, PN, et al. Meta-analysis of the relation between European and American smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. BMC Public Health, 2007, 15: 334–354.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Hoernig, G, Shroyer, KR. Telomerase expression in precancerous oral verrucous leukoplakia. Int J Oral Biol, 1999, 24: 1–5.Google Scholar
Palefsky, JM, Greenspan, JS, Daniels, TE. Interaction between smokeless tobacco-related carcinogens and human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of oral cancer and dysplasia. In: National Institutes of Health Monograph 2, Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective. Bethesda (MD): NIH Publication, No. 93-3461; 1993, 175–182, Chapter 3.Google Scholar
Greer, RO. Oral manifestations of smokeless tobacco use. Eusterman, VD Meyers, A, eds Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2011, 44: 31–56.Google Scholar
Hashibe, M, Brenan, P, Shu-chun, C, et al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the intermitronal head and neck epidemiology consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009, 18: 541–550.Google Scholar
Gale, N, Zidar, N, Poljak, M, et al. Current views and perspectives on classification of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the head and neck. Head and Neck Pathol, 2014, 16–23.Google Scholar
Edwards, PC. The natural history of oral epithelial dysplasia: perspective on Dost et al. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2014, 117: 262–266.Google Scholar
Nobusawa, A, Sano, T, Negishi, A. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of cytokeratins 13, 14 and 17 in oral epithelial dysplasia including orthokeratotic dysplasia. Pathol Int, 2014, 64: 200–207.Google Scholar
Dost, F, LeCao, KA, Ford, PJ. A retrospective analysis of clinical features of oral malignant and potentially malignant disorders with and without oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2013, 116: 725–733.Google Scholar
Arnaoutakis, D, Bishop, J, Westra, W, et al. Recurrence patterns and management of oral cavity premalignant lesions. Oral Oncol, 2013, 49: 814–817.Google Scholar
Christensen, A, Kristensen, E, Thekildsen, MH, et al. Ten year retrospective study of head and neck carcinoma in situ. Incidence, treatment and clinical outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2013, 116: 174–178.Google Scholar
Arsenic, R, Kurrer, MO. Differentiated dysplasia is a frequent precursor or associated lesion in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx. Virchous Arch, 2013, 462: 609–617.Google Scholar
Morris, LB, Ganly, I. Outcomes of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients. Oral Oncol, 2010, 46: 292–296.Google Scholar
Bill, TJ, Reddy, VR, Ries, KL, et al. Adolescent gingival squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2001, 91: 682–685.Google Scholar
Byers, RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Am J Surg, 1975, 130: 475–478.Google Scholar
Earle, AS, Park, CH, Vlastou, C. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in children. Ann Plast Surg, 1988, 20: 148–152.Google Scholar
Shroyer, KR, Greer, RO, Frankhouser, CA, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus in oral verrucous carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol, 1993, 6: 669–672.Google Scholar
Liu, O, Zhang, H, Wang, Y, et al. Stereology study of oral verrucous carcinoma. J Bunon, 2012, 17: 343–349.Google Scholar
Alkan, A, Bulut, E, Gunhan, O. Oral verrucous carcinoma: a study of 12 cases. Eur J Dent, 2012, 4: 202–207.Google Scholar
Ackerman, LV. Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Surgery, 1948, 23: 670–678.Google Scholar
Das, S, Das, AK. A review of pediatric oral biopsies from surgical pathology service in a dental school. Pediatr Dent, 1993, 15: 419–428.Google Scholar
Sousa, FB, Etges, A, Correa, L, et al. Pediatric oral lesions: a 15 year review from Sao Paolo, Brazil. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2002, 26: 413–418.Google Scholar
Al Khateeb, T, Hamasha, AA, Almarsri, NM. Oral and maxillofacial tumors in North Jordanian children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis over 10 years. Internat J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2003, 32: 78–83.Google Scholar
Eversole, LR. Papillary lesions of the oral cavity: relationship to human papillomaviruses. J Calif Dent Assoc, 2000, 28: 922–927.Google Scholar
Yoshpe, NS. Oral and laryngeal papilloma: a pediatric manifestation of sexually transmitted disease? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 1995, 31: 77–83.Google Scholar
Purabnen, M, Yliskoski, M, Saarikoski, S, et al. Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from infected mothers to their newborn babies and persistence of the virus in childhood. Am J Obst Gynecol, 1996, 174: 694–699.Google Scholar
Abbey, LM, Page, DG, Sawyer, DR. The clinical and histopathological features of a series of 464 oral squamous cell papillomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1980, 49: 419–428.Google Scholar
Syrjanen, S, Puranen, M. Human papillomavirus infections in children: the potential role for maternal transmission. Critical Rev Oral Biol Med, 2000, 11: 259–274.Google Scholar
Dorankula, SP, Ramani, P, Premkumar, P, et al. Verruciform xanthoma of the oral cavity. J Clin Diagn Res, 2013, 7: 1799–1801.Google Scholar
Bhalerao, S, Bhat, P, Chhabra, R, et al. Verruciform xanthoma of the buccal mucosa. Contemp Clin Dent, 2012, 3: 257–259.Google Scholar
Phillipsen, HP, Reichart, PA, Takata, T, et al. Verruciform xanthoma – biological profile of 282 oral lesions based on a literature survey with nine new cases. Japan Oral Oncol, 2003, 39: 325–336.Google Scholar
Skully, C. Challenges in predicting which oral mucosal potentially malignant diseases will progress to neoplasia. Oral Dis, 2014, 20: 1–5.Google Scholar
Boy, SC. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia of the oral mucosa – a brief overview. SADJ, 2012, 67: 558–560.Google Scholar
Grajewski, S, Quarcoo, D, Uibel, S. A scientometric analysis of leukoplakia and erythroplakia. Laryng Orhgn Otologic, 2012, 89: 210–215.Google Scholar
Pindborg, JJ, Renstrup, G, Poulsen, HE, et al. Studies in oral leukoplakias: five clinical and histologic signs of malignancy. Acta Odontol Scand, 1963, 21: 407–414.Google Scholar
Mashberg, A, Meyers, H. Anatomical site and size of 222 early asymptomatic oral squamous cell carcinomas: a continuing prospective study of oral cancer. Cancer, 1976, 37: 2149–2155.Google Scholar
Rhodus, NL, Ferr, AR, Patel, K. Oral cancer: leukoplakia, premalignancy, and squamous cell carcinoma. Dent Clin North Am, 2014, 58: 315–340.Google Scholar
Skordumova, O, Muraev, AA, Volodine, EV, et al. Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa: classification, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment. Vopr Onkol, 2013, 59: 548–554.Google Scholar
Hansen, JL, Olsen, JA, Silverman, S. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long term study. Oral Surg, 1985, 60: 285–290.Google Scholar
Shroyer, KR, Greer, RO. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA by in situ DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction in premalignant oral lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1991, 77: 708–713.Google Scholar
Shear, M, Pindborg, JJ. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer, 1980, 46: 1855–1862.Google Scholar
Gillenwater, AM, Vigneswaran, N, Fatani, H, et al. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity. Adv Anat Pathol, 2013, 20: 416–423.Google Scholar
Bagan, JV, Jimenez-Soriano, , Diaz-Fernandez, JM, et al. Malignant transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia to oral squamous cell carcinoma: a series of 55 cases. Oral Oncol, 2011, 47: 732–735.Google Scholar
Christen, AG, Swanson, BZ, Glover, Ed, et al. Smokeless tobacco: the folklore and social history of snuffing, sneezing, dipping and chewing. J Am Dent Assoc, 1982, 105: 821–829.Google Scholar
Christen, AG. The case against smokeless tobacco: five facts for the health professional to consider. J Am Dent Assoc, 1980, 101: 464–469.Google Scholar
Wahlberg, I, Ringberger, T. Smokeless tobacco. In: Davis, DL, Nielsen, MT, editors. Tobacco: Production, Chemistry and Technology. Oxford (United Kingdom): Blackwell Science, 1999, 452–460.Google Scholar
Rodu, B. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: a review of the risks and determinant. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 2004, 15: 252–263.Google Scholar
Christen, AG, Armstrong, WR, McDaniel, RK. Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown and tooth loss in a snuff dipper. J Am Dent Assoc, 1979, 98: 584–586.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Poulson, TC, Boone, ME. Smokeless tobacco associated oral changes in juvenile, adult and geriatric patients: clinical and histomorphologic features. Gerodontics, 1986, 2: 87–98.Google Scholar
Squier, CA. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: a cause for concern? CA Cancer J Clin, 1984, 34: 242–247.Google Scholar
Grady, D, Greene, J, Daniels, TE, et al. Oral mucosal lesions found in smokeless tobacco users. J Am Dent Assoc, 1990, 121: 117–123.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Poulson, TC. Oral tissue alterations associated with the use of smokeless tobacco by teenagers. Part I. Clinical findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1983, 56: 275–284.Google Scholar
Pindborg, JJ, Renstrup, G. Studies in oral leukoplakia. I. The influence of snuff on the connective tissue of the oral mucosa. Preliminary report. Acta Pathol Micro-Biol Scand, 1962, 55: 412–414.Google Scholar
Hirsch, JM, Livian, G, Edwards, S, et al. Tobacco habits among teenagers in the city of Gõteborg, Sweden and possible association with dental caries. Swed Dent J, 1991, 15: 117–123.Google Scholar
Bill, TJ, Reddy, VR, Ries, KL, Gampper, TJ, Hoard, MA. Adolescent gingival squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2001, 91: 682–685.Google Scholar
Thompson, L, Castle, J, Heffner, DK. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases (abstract), Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 1999, 88: 204.Google Scholar
Atula, S, Grenman, R, Laippala, P, Syrjänen, . Cancer of the tongue in patients younger than 40 years. Arch Laryngol Head Neck Surg, 1996, 122: 1313–1319.Google Scholar
Sarkaria, JN, Harari, PM. Oral tongue cancer in young adults less than 40 years of age: rationale for aggressive therapy. Head Neck, 1994, 16: 107–111.Google Scholar
Tsukuda, M, Ooishi, K, Mochimatsu, I, Sato, H. Head and neck carcinomas in patients under the age of forty years. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1993, 84: 748–752.Google Scholar
Lund, VJ, Howard, DJ. Head and neck cancer in the young: a prognostic conundrum? J Laryngol Otol, 1990, 104: 544–548.Google Scholar
Keukens, F, van Voorst Vader, PC, Panders, AK, et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum: squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Acta Derm Venereol, 1989, 69: 530–531.Google Scholar
Earle, AS, Park, CH, Viastou, . Oral squamous cell carcinoma in children. Ann Plast Surg, 1988, 20: 148–152.Google Scholar
Sacks, HG, Holly, R, Blum, B, Joy, ED. Case 58: maxillary alveolar mass in a 13-year old boy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1985, 43: 958–963.Google Scholar
Son, YH, Kapp, DS. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in a younger population. Cancer, 55: 1985, 441–444.Google Scholar
Newman, AN, Rice, DH, Ossoff, RH, Sisson, GA. Carcinoma of the tongue in persons younger than 30 years of age. Arch Otolaryngol, 1983, 109: 302–304.Google Scholar
McGregor, GI, David, N, Robins, RE. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and lower oral cavity in patients under 40 years of age. Am J Surg, 1983, 146: 88–92.Google Scholar
Yagi, K, Ali, AEL G, Abbas, KEL D, Prabhu, SR. Carcinoma of the tongue in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum, Int J Oral Surg, 1981, 10: 73–76.Google Scholar
Harper, JI, Copeman, PW. Carcinoma of the tongue in a boy with xeroderma pigmentosum. Clin Exp Dermatol, 1981, 6: 601–604.Google Scholar
Krolls, SO, Hoffman, S. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral soft tissues: a statistical analysis of 14,253 cases by age, sex, and race of patients. J Am Dent Assoc, 1976, 92: 571–574.Google Scholar
Byers, RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Am J Surg, 1975, 130: 475–478.Google Scholar
Weitkunat, R, Sanders, E, Lee, PN, et al. Meta-analysis of the relation between European and American smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. BMC Public Health, 2007, 15: 334–354.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Hoernig, G, Shroyer, KR. Telomerase expression in precancerous oral verrucous leukoplakia. Int J Oral Biol, 1999, 24: 1–5.Google Scholar
Palefsky, JM, Greenspan, JS, Daniels, TE. Interaction between smokeless tobacco-related carcinogens and human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of oral cancer and dysplasia. In: National Institutes of Health Monograph 2, Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective. Bethesda (MD): NIH Publication, No. 93-3461; 1993, 175–182, Chapter 3.Google Scholar
Greer, RO. Oral manifestations of smokeless tobacco use. Eusterman, VD Meyers, A, eds Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2011, 44: 31–56.Google Scholar
Hashibe, M, Brenan, P, Shu-chun, C, et al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the intermitronal head and neck epidemiology consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009, 18: 541–550.Google Scholar
Gale, N, Zidar, N, Poljak, M, et al. Current views and perspectives on classification of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the head and neck. Head and Neck Pathol, 2014, 16–23.Google Scholar
Edwards, PC. The natural history of oral epithelial dysplasia: perspective on Dost et al. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2014, 117: 262–266.Google Scholar
Nobusawa, A, Sano, T, Negishi, A. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of cytokeratins 13, 14 and 17 in oral epithelial dysplasia including orthokeratotic dysplasia. Pathol Int, 2014, 64: 200–207.Google Scholar
Dost, F, LeCao, KA, Ford, PJ. A retrospective analysis of clinical features of oral malignant and potentially malignant disorders with and without oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2013, 116: 725–733.Google Scholar
Arnaoutakis, D, Bishop, J, Westra, W, et al. Recurrence patterns and management of oral cavity premalignant lesions. Oral Oncol, 2013, 49: 814–817.Google Scholar
Christensen, A, Kristensen, E, Thekildsen, MH, et al. Ten year retrospective study of head and neck carcinoma in situ. Incidence, treatment and clinical outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2013, 116: 174–178.Google Scholar
Arsenic, R, Kurrer, MO. Differentiated dysplasia is a frequent precursor or associated lesion in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx. Virchous Arch, 2013, 462: 609–617.Google Scholar
Morris, LB, Ganly, I. Outcomes of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients. Oral Oncol, 2010, 46: 292–296.Google Scholar
Bill, TJ, Reddy, VR, Ries, KL, et al. Adolescent gingival squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2001, 91: 682–685.Google Scholar
Byers, RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Am J Surg, 1975, 130: 475–478.Google Scholar
Earle, AS, Park, CH, Vlastou, C. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in children. Ann Plast Surg, 1988, 20: 148–152.Google Scholar
Shroyer, KR, Greer, RO, Frankhouser, CA, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus in oral verrucous carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol, 1993, 6: 669–672.Google Scholar
Liu, O, Zhang, H, Wang, Y, et al. Stereology study of oral verrucous carcinoma. J Bunon, 2012, 17: 343–349.Google Scholar
Alkan, A, Bulut, E, Gunhan, O. Oral verrucous carcinoma: a study of 12 cases. Eur J Dent, 2012, 4: 202–207.Google Scholar
Ackerman, LV. Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Surgery, 1948, 23: 670–678.Google Scholar
Das, S, Das, AK. A review of pediatric oral biopsies from surgical pathology service in a dental school. Pediatr Dent, 1993, 15: 419–428.Google Scholar
Sousa, FB, Etges, A, Correa, L, et al. Pediatric oral lesions: a 15 year review from Sao Paolo, Brazil. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2002, 26: 413–418.Google Scholar
Al Khateeb, T, Hamasha, AA, Almarsri, NM. Oral and maxillofacial tumors in North Jordanian children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis over 10 years. Internat J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2003, 32: 78–83.Google Scholar
Eversole, LR. Papillary lesions of the oral cavity: relationship to human papillomaviruses. J Calif Dent Assoc, 2000, 28: 922–927.Google Scholar
Yoshpe, NS. Oral and laryngeal papilloma: a pediatric manifestation of sexually transmitted disease? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 1995, 31: 77–83.Google Scholar
Purabnen, M, Yliskoski, M, Saarikoski, S, et al. Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from infected mothers to their newborn babies and persistence of the virus in childhood. Am J Obst Gynecol, 1996, 174: 694–699.Google Scholar
Abbey, LM, Page, DG, Sawyer, DR. The clinical and histopathological features of a series of 464 oral squamous cell papillomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1980, 49: 419–428.Google Scholar
Syrjanen, S, Puranen, M. Human papillomavirus infections in children: the potential role for maternal transmission. Critical Rev Oral Biol Med, 2000, 11: 259–274.Google Scholar
Dorankula, SP, Ramani, P, Premkumar, P, et al. Verruciform xanthoma of the oral cavity. J Clin Diagn Res, 2013, 7: 1799–1801.Google Scholar
Bhalerao, S, Bhat, P, Chhabra, R, et al. Verruciform xanthoma of the buccal mucosa. Contemp Clin Dent, 2012, 3: 257–259.Google Scholar
Phillipsen, HP, Reichart, PA, Takata, T, et al. Verruciform xanthoma – biological profile of 282 oral lesions based on a literature survey with nine new cases. Japan Oral Oncol, 2003, 39: 325–336.Google Scholar
Skully, C. Challenges in predicting which oral mucosal potentially malignant diseases will progress to neoplasia. Oral Dis, 2014, 20: 1–5.Google Scholar
Boy, SC. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia of the oral mucosa – a brief overview. SADJ, 2012, 67: 558–560.Google Scholar
Grajewski, S, Quarcoo, D, Uibel, S. A scientometric analysis of leukoplakia and erythroplakia. Laryng Orhgn Otologic, 2012, 89: 210–215.Google Scholar
Pindborg, JJ, Renstrup, G, Poulsen, HE, et al. Studies in oral leukoplakias: five clinical and histologic signs of malignancy. Acta Odontol Scand, 1963, 21: 407–414.Google Scholar
Mashberg, A, Meyers, H. Anatomical site and size of 222 early asymptomatic oral squamous cell carcinomas: a continuing prospective study of oral cancer. Cancer, 1976, 37: 2149–2155.Google Scholar
Rhodus, NL, Ferr, AR, Patel, K. Oral cancer: leukoplakia, premalignancy, and squamous cell carcinoma. Dent Clin North Am, 2014, 58: 315–340.Google Scholar
Skordumova, O, Muraev, AA, Volodine, EV, et al. Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa: classification, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment. Vopr Onkol, 2013, 59: 548–554.Google Scholar
Hansen, JL, Olsen, JA, Silverman, S. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long term study. Oral Surg, 1985, 60: 285–290.Google Scholar
Shroyer, KR, Greer, RO. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA by in situ DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction in premalignant oral lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1991, 77: 708–713.Google Scholar
Shear, M, Pindborg, JJ. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer, 1980, 46: 1855–1862.Google Scholar
Gillenwater, AM, Vigneswaran, N, Fatani, H, et al. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity. Adv Anat Pathol, 2013, 20: 416–423.Google Scholar
Bagan, JV, Jimenez-Soriano, , Diaz-Fernandez, JM, et al. Malignant transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia to oral squamous cell carcinoma: a series of 55 cases. Oral Oncol, 2011, 47: 732–735.Google Scholar
Christen, AG, Swanson, BZ, Glover, Ed, et al. Smokeless tobacco: the folklore and social history of snuffing, sneezing, dipping and chewing. J Am Dent Assoc, 1982, 105: 821–829.Google Scholar
Christen, AG. The case against smokeless tobacco: five facts for the health professional to consider. J Am Dent Assoc, 1980, 101: 464–469.Google Scholar
Wahlberg, I, Ringberger, T. Smokeless tobacco. In: Davis, DL, Nielsen, MT, editors. Tobacco: Production, Chemistry and Technology. Oxford (United Kingdom): Blackwell Science, 1999, 452–460.Google Scholar
Rodu, B. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: a review of the risks and determinant. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 2004, 15: 252–263.Google Scholar
Christen, AG, Armstrong, WR, McDaniel, RK. Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown and tooth loss in a snuff dipper. J Am Dent Assoc, 1979, 98: 584–586.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Poulson, TC, Boone, ME. Smokeless tobacco associated oral changes in juvenile, adult and geriatric patients: clinical and histomorphologic features. Gerodontics, 1986, 2: 87–98.Google Scholar
Squier, CA. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: a cause for concern? CA Cancer J Clin, 1984, 34: 242–247.Google Scholar
Grady, D, Greene, J, Daniels, TE, et al. Oral mucosal lesions found in smokeless tobacco users. J Am Dent Assoc, 1990, 121: 117–123.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Poulson, TC. Oral tissue alterations associated with the use of smokeless tobacco by teenagers. Part I. Clinical findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1983, 56: 275–284.Google Scholar
Pindborg, JJ, Renstrup, G. Studies in oral leukoplakia. I. The influence of snuff on the connective tissue of the oral mucosa. Preliminary report. Acta Pathol Micro-Biol Scand, 1962, 55: 412–414.Google Scholar
Hirsch, JM, Livian, G, Edwards, S, et al. Tobacco habits among teenagers in the city of Gõteborg, Sweden and possible association with dental caries. Swed Dent J, 1991, 15: 117–123.Google Scholar
Bill, TJ, Reddy, VR, Ries, KL, Gampper, TJ, Hoard, MA. Adolescent gingival squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2001, 91: 682–685.Google Scholar
Thompson, L, Castle, J, Heffner, DK. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases (abstract), Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 1999, 88: 204.Google Scholar
Atula, S, Grenman, R, Laippala, P, Syrjänen, . Cancer of the tongue in patients younger than 40 years. Arch Laryngol Head Neck Surg, 1996, 122: 1313–1319.Google Scholar
Sarkaria, JN, Harari, PM. Oral tongue cancer in young adults less than 40 years of age: rationale for aggressive therapy. Head Neck, 1994, 16: 107–111.Google Scholar
Tsukuda, M, Ooishi, K, Mochimatsu, I, Sato, H. Head and neck carcinomas in patients under the age of forty years. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1993, 84: 748–752.Google Scholar
Lund, VJ, Howard, DJ. Head and neck cancer in the young: a prognostic conundrum? J Laryngol Otol, 1990, 104: 544–548.Google Scholar
Keukens, F, van Voorst Vader, PC, Panders, AK, et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum: squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Acta Derm Venereol, 1989, 69: 530–531.Google Scholar
Earle, AS, Park, CH, Viastou, . Oral squamous cell carcinoma in children. Ann Plast Surg, 1988, 20: 148–152.Google Scholar
Sacks, HG, Holly, R, Blum, B, Joy, ED. Case 58: maxillary alveolar mass in a 13-year old boy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1985, 43: 958–963.Google Scholar
Son, YH, Kapp, DS. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in a younger population. Cancer, 55: 1985, 441–444.Google Scholar
Newman, AN, Rice, DH, Ossoff, RH, Sisson, GA. Carcinoma of the tongue in persons younger than 30 years of age. Arch Otolaryngol, 1983, 109: 302–304.Google Scholar
McGregor, GI, David, N, Robins, RE. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and lower oral cavity in patients under 40 years of age. Am J Surg, 1983, 146: 88–92.Google Scholar
Yagi, K, Ali, AEL G, Abbas, KEL D, Prabhu, SR. Carcinoma of the tongue in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum, Int J Oral Surg, 1981, 10: 73–76.Google Scholar
Harper, JI, Copeman, PW. Carcinoma of the tongue in a boy with xeroderma pigmentosum. Clin Exp Dermatol, 1981, 6: 601–604.Google Scholar
Krolls, SO, Hoffman, S. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral soft tissues: a statistical analysis of 14,253 cases by age, sex, and race of patients. J Am Dent Assoc, 1976, 92: 571–574.Google Scholar
Byers, RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Am J Surg, 1975, 130: 475–478.Google Scholar
Weitkunat, R, Sanders, E, Lee, PN, et al. Meta-analysis of the relation between European and American smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. BMC Public Health, 2007, 15: 334–354.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Hoernig, G, Shroyer, KR. Telomerase expression in precancerous oral verrucous leukoplakia. Int J Oral Biol, 1999, 24: 1–5.Google Scholar
Palefsky, JM, Greenspan, JS, Daniels, TE. Interaction between smokeless tobacco-related carcinogens and human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of oral cancer and dysplasia. In: National Institutes of Health Monograph 2, Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective. Bethesda (MD): NIH Publication, No. 93-3461; 1993, 175–182, Chapter 3.Google Scholar
Greer, RO. Oral manifestations of smokeless tobacco use. Eusterman, VD Meyers, A, eds Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2011, 44: 31–56.Google Scholar
Hashibe, M, Brenan, P, Shu-chun, C, et al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the intermitronal head and neck epidemiology consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009, 18: 541–550.Google Scholar
Gale, N, Zidar, N, Poljak, M, et al. Current views and perspectives on classification of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the head and neck. Head and Neck Pathol, 2014, 16–23.Google Scholar
Edwards, PC. The natural history of oral epithelial dysplasia: perspective on Dost et al. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2014, 117: 262–266.Google Scholar
Nobusawa, A, Sano, T, Negishi, A. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of cytokeratins 13, 14 and 17 in oral epithelial dysplasia including orthokeratotic dysplasia. Pathol Int, 2014, 64: 200–207.Google Scholar
Dost, F, LeCao, KA, Ford, PJ. A retrospective analysis of clinical features of oral malignant and potentially malignant disorders with and without oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2013, 116: 725–733.Google Scholar
Arnaoutakis, D, Bishop, J, Westra, W, et al. Recurrence patterns and management of oral cavity premalignant lesions. Oral Oncol, 2013, 49: 814–817.Google Scholar
Christensen, A, Kristensen, E, Thekildsen, MH, et al. Ten year retrospective study of head and neck carcinoma in situ. Incidence, treatment and clinical outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2013, 116: 174–178.Google Scholar
Arsenic, R, Kurrer, MO. Differentiated dysplasia is a frequent precursor or associated lesion in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx. Virchous Arch, 2013, 462: 609–617.Google Scholar
Morris, LB, Ganly, I. Outcomes of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients. Oral Oncol, 2010, 46: 292–296.Google Scholar
Bill, TJ, Reddy, VR, Ries, KL, et al. Adolescent gingival squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2001, 91: 682–685.Google Scholar
Byers, RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Am J Surg, 1975, 130: 475–478.Google Scholar
Earle, AS, Park, CH, Vlastou, C. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in children. Ann Plast Surg, 1988, 20: 148–152.Google Scholar
Shroyer, KR, Greer, RO, Frankhouser, CA, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus in oral verrucous carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol, 1993, 6: 669–672.Google Scholar
Liu, O, Zhang, H, Wang, Y, et al. Stereology study of oral verrucous carcinoma. J Bunon, 2012, 17: 343–349.Google Scholar
Alkan, A, Bulut, E, Gunhan, O. Oral verrucous carcinoma: a study of 12 cases. Eur J Dent, 2012, 4: 202–207.Google Scholar
Ackerman, LV. Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Surgery, 1948, 23: 670–678.Google Scholar
Das, S, Das, AK. A review of pediatric oral biopsies from surgical pathology service in a dental school. Pediatr Dent, 1993, 15: 419–428.Google Scholar
Sousa, FB, Etges, A, Correa, L, et al. Pediatric oral lesions: a 15 year review from Sao Paolo, Brazil. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2002, 26: 413–418.Google Scholar
Al Khateeb, T, Hamasha, AA, Almarsri, NM. Oral and maxillofacial tumors in North Jordanian children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis over 10 years. Internat J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2003, 32: 78–83.Google Scholar
Eversole, LR. Papillary lesions of the oral cavity: relationship to human papillomaviruses. J Calif Dent Assoc, 2000, 28: 922–927.Google Scholar
Yoshpe, NS. Oral and laryngeal papilloma: a pediatric manifestation of sexually transmitted disease? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 1995, 31: 77–83.Google Scholar
Purabnen, M, Yliskoski, M, Saarikoski, S, et al. Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from infected mothers to their newborn babies and persistence of the virus in childhood. Am J Obst Gynecol, 1996, 174: 694–699.Google Scholar
Abbey, LM, Page, DG, Sawyer, DR. The clinical and histopathological features of a series of 464 oral squamous cell papillomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1980, 49: 419–428.Google Scholar
Syrjanen, S, Puranen, M. Human papillomavirus infections in children: the potential role for maternal transmission. Critical Rev Oral Biol Med, 2000, 11: 259–274.Google Scholar
Dorankula, SP, Ramani, P, Premkumar, P, et al. Verruciform xanthoma of the oral cavity. J Clin Diagn Res, 2013, 7: 1799–1801.Google Scholar
Bhalerao, S, Bhat, P, Chhabra, R, et al. Verruciform xanthoma of the buccal mucosa. Contemp Clin Dent, 2012, 3: 257–259.Google Scholar
Phillipsen, HP, Reichart, PA, Takata, T, et al. Verruciform xanthoma – biological profile of 282 oral lesions based on a literature survey with nine new cases. Japan Oral Oncol, 2003, 39: 325–336.Google Scholar
Skully, C. Challenges in predicting which oral mucosal potentially malignant diseases will progress to neoplasia. Oral Dis, 2014, 20: 1–5.Google Scholar
Boy, SC. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia of the oral mucosa – a brief overview. SADJ, 2012, 67: 558–560.Google Scholar
Grajewski, S, Quarcoo, D, Uibel, S. A scientometric analysis of leukoplakia and erythroplakia. Laryng Orhgn Otologic, 2012, 89: 210–215.Google Scholar
Pindborg, JJ, Renstrup, G, Poulsen, HE, et al. Studies in oral leukoplakias: five clinical and histologic signs of malignancy. Acta Odontol Scand, 1963, 21: 407–414.Google Scholar
Mashberg, A, Meyers, H. Anatomical site and size of 222 early asymptomatic oral squamous cell carcinomas: a continuing prospective study of oral cancer. Cancer, 1976, 37: 2149–2155.Google Scholar
Rhodus, NL, Ferr, AR, Patel, K. Oral cancer: leukoplakia, premalignancy, and squamous cell carcinoma. Dent Clin North Am, 2014, 58: 315–340.Google Scholar
Skordumova, O, Muraev, AA, Volodine, EV, et al. Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa: classification, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment. Vopr Onkol, 2013, 59: 548–554.Google Scholar
Hansen, JL, Olsen, JA, Silverman, S. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long term study. Oral Surg, 1985, 60: 285–290.Google Scholar
Shroyer, KR, Greer, RO. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA by in situ DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction in premalignant oral lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1991, 77: 708–713.Google Scholar
Shear, M, Pindborg, JJ. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer, 1980, 46: 1855–1862.Google Scholar
Gillenwater, AM, Vigneswaran, N, Fatani, H, et al. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity. Adv Anat Pathol, 2013, 20: 416–423.Google Scholar
Bagan, JV, Jimenez-Soriano, , Diaz-Fernandez, JM, et al. Malignant transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia to oral squamous cell carcinoma: a series of 55 cases. Oral Oncol, 2011, 47: 732–735.Google Scholar
Christen, AG, Swanson, BZ, Glover, Ed, et al. Smokeless tobacco: the folklore and social history of snuffing, sneezing, dipping and chewing. J Am Dent Assoc, 1982, 105: 821–829.Google Scholar
Christen, AG. The case against smokeless tobacco: five facts for the health professional to consider. J Am Dent Assoc, 1980, 101: 464–469.Google Scholar
Wahlberg, I, Ringberger, T. Smokeless tobacco. In: Davis, DL, Nielsen, MT, editors. Tobacco: Production, Chemistry and Technology. Oxford (United Kingdom): Blackwell Science, 1999, 452–460.Google Scholar
Rodu, B. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: a review of the risks and determinant. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 2004, 15: 252–263.Google Scholar
Christen, AG, Armstrong, WR, McDaniel, RK. Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown and tooth loss in a snuff dipper. J Am Dent Assoc, 1979, 98: 584–586.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Poulson, TC, Boone, ME. Smokeless tobacco associated oral changes in juvenile, adult and geriatric patients: clinical and histomorphologic features. Gerodontics, 1986, 2: 87–98.Google Scholar
Squier, CA. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: a cause for concern? CA Cancer J Clin, 1984, 34: 242–247.Google Scholar
Grady, D, Greene, J, Daniels, TE, et al. Oral mucosal lesions found in smokeless tobacco users. J Am Dent Assoc, 1990, 121: 117–123.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Poulson, TC. Oral tissue alterations associated with the use of smokeless tobacco by teenagers. Part I. Clinical findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1983, 56: 275–284.Google Scholar
Pindborg, JJ, Renstrup, G. Studies in oral leukoplakia. I. The influence of snuff on the connective tissue of the oral mucosa. Preliminary report. Acta Pathol Micro-Biol Scand, 1962, 55: 412–414.Google Scholar
Hirsch, JM, Livian, G, Edwards, S, et al. Tobacco habits among teenagers in the city of Gõteborg, Sweden and possible association with dental caries. Swed Dent J, 1991, 15: 117–123.Google Scholar
Bill, TJ, Reddy, VR, Ries, KL, Gampper, TJ, Hoard, MA. Adolescent gingival squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2001, 91: 682–685.Google Scholar
Thompson, L, Castle, J, Heffner, DK. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases (abstract), Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 1999, 88: 204.Google Scholar
Atula, S, Grenman, R, Laippala, P, Syrjänen, . Cancer of the tongue in patients younger than 40 years. Arch Laryngol Head Neck Surg, 1996, 122: 1313–1319.Google Scholar
Sarkaria, JN, Harari, PM. Oral tongue cancer in young adults less than 40 years of age: rationale for aggressive therapy. Head Neck, 1994, 16: 107–111.Google Scholar
Tsukuda, M, Ooishi, K, Mochimatsu, I, Sato, H. Head and neck carcinomas in patients under the age of forty years. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1993, 84: 748–752.Google Scholar
Lund, VJ, Howard, DJ. Head and neck cancer in the young: a prognostic conundrum? J Laryngol Otol, 1990, 104: 544–548.Google Scholar
Keukens, F, van Voorst Vader, PC, Panders, AK, et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum: squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Acta Derm Venereol, 1989, 69: 530–531.Google Scholar
Earle, AS, Park, CH, Viastou, . Oral squamous cell carcinoma in children. Ann Plast Surg, 1988, 20: 148–152.Google Scholar
Sacks, HG, Holly, R, Blum, B, Joy, ED. Case 58: maxillary alveolar mass in a 13-year old boy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1985, 43: 958–963.Google Scholar
Son, YH, Kapp, DS. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in a younger population. Cancer, 55: 1985, 441–444.Google Scholar
Newman, AN, Rice, DH, Ossoff, RH, Sisson, GA. Carcinoma of the tongue in persons younger than 30 years of age. Arch Otolaryngol, 1983, 109: 302–304.Google Scholar
McGregor, GI, David, N, Robins, RE. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and lower oral cavity in patients under 40 years of age. Am J Surg, 1983, 146: 88–92.Google Scholar
Yagi, K, Ali, AEL G, Abbas, KEL D, Prabhu, SR. Carcinoma of the tongue in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum, Int J Oral Surg, 1981, 10: 73–76.Google Scholar
Harper, JI, Copeman, PW. Carcinoma of the tongue in a boy with xeroderma pigmentosum. Clin Exp Dermatol, 1981, 6: 601–604.Google Scholar
Krolls, SO, Hoffman, S. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral soft tissues: a statistical analysis of 14,253 cases by age, sex, and race of patients. J Am Dent Assoc, 1976, 92: 571–574.Google Scholar
Byers, RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Am J Surg, 1975, 130: 475–478.Google Scholar
Weitkunat, R, Sanders, E, Lee, PN, et al. Meta-analysis of the relation between European and American smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. BMC Public Health, 2007, 15: 334–354.Google Scholar
Greer, RO, Hoernig, G, Shroyer, KR. Telomerase expression in precancerous oral verrucous leukoplakia. Int J Oral Biol, 1999, 24: 1–5.Google Scholar
Palefsky, JM, Greenspan, JS, Daniels, TE. Interaction between smokeless tobacco-related carcinogens and human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of oral cancer and dysplasia. In: National Institutes of Health Monograph 2, Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective. Bethesda (MD): NIH Publication, No. 93-3461; 1993, 175–182, Chapter 3.Google Scholar
Greer, RO. Oral manifestations of smokeless tobacco use. Eusterman, VD Meyers, A, eds Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2011, 44: 31–56.Google Scholar
Hashibe, M, Brenan, P, Shu-chun, C, et al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the intermitronal head and neck epidemiology consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009, 18: 541–550.Google Scholar
Gale, N, Zidar, N, Poljak, M, et al. Current views and perspectives on classification of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the head and neck. Head and Neck Pathol, 2014, 16–23.Google Scholar
Edwards, PC. The natural history of oral epithelial dysplasia: perspective on Dost et al. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2014, 117: 262–266.Google Scholar
Nobusawa, A, Sano, T, Negishi, A. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of cytokeratins 13, 14 and 17 in oral epithelial dysplasia including orthokeratotic dysplasia. Pathol Int, 2014, 64: 200–207.Google Scholar
Dost, F, LeCao, KA, Ford, PJ. A retrospective analysis of clinical features of oral malignant and potentially malignant disorders with and without oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2013, 116: 725–733.Google Scholar
Arnaoutakis, D, Bishop, J, Westra, W, et al. Recurrence patterns and management of oral cavity premalignant lesions. Oral Oncol, 2013, 49: 814–817.Google Scholar
Christensen, A, Kristensen, E, Thekildsen, MH, et al. Ten year retrospective study of head and neck carcinoma in situ. Incidence, treatment and clinical outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2013, 116: 174–178.Google Scholar
Arsenic, R, Kurrer, MO. Differentiated dysplasia is a frequent precursor or associated lesion in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx. Virchous Arch, 2013, 462: 609–617.Google Scholar
Morris, LB, Ganly, I. Outcomes of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients. Oral Oncol, 2010, 46: 292–296.Google Scholar
Bill, TJ, Reddy, VR, Ries, KL, et al. Adolescent gingival squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2001, 91: 682–685.Google Scholar
Byers, RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Am J Surg, 1975, 130: 475–478.Google Scholar
Earle, AS, Park, CH, Vlastou, C. Oral squamous cell carcinoma in children. Ann Plast Surg, 1988, 20: 148–152.Google Scholar
Shroyer, KR, Greer, RO, Frankhouser, CA, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus in oral verrucous carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol, 1993, 6: 669–672.Google Scholar
Liu, O, Zhang, H, Wang, Y, et al. Stereology study of oral verrucous carcinoma. J Bunon, 2012, 17: 343–349.Google Scholar
Alkan, A, Bulut, E, Gunhan, O. Oral verrucous carcinoma: a study of 12 cases. Eur J Dent, 2012, 4: 202–207.Google Scholar
Ackerman, LV. Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Surgery, 1948, 23: 670–678.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×