Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-995ml Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T14:14:08.947Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 January 2021

Ewan Stein
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
International Relations in the Middle East
Hegemonic Strategies and Regional Order
, pp. 221 - 245
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarts, Paul. 1999. “The Middle East: A Region without Regionalism or the End of Exceptionalism?Third World Quarterly 20 (5): 911–25.Google Scholar
Abdelnasser, Walid M. 1997. “Islamic Organizations in Egypt and the Iranian Revolution of 1979: The Experience of the First...” Arab Studies Quarterly 19 (2): 25.Google Scholar
Abdo, Geneive, and Hendawy, Abdallah. 2017. “Saudi Arabia Is Trying to Contain the Spread of Salafism: It Won’t Work.” Washington Post, December 20. www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/12/20/saudi-arabia-is-trying-to-contain-the-spread-of-salafism-it-wont-work/Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. 1982. Iran between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. 1991. “Khomeini: Fundamentalist or Populist.” New Left Review, no. 186 (April): 102–19.Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. 2001. “The 1953 Coup in Iran.” Science & Society 65 (2): 182215.Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. 2008. A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abu al-Futuh, Abd al-Mun’im. 2010. Shahid Ala Tarikh Al-Haraka Al-Islamiyya Fi Misr: 1970–1984 [Witness of the History of the Islamic Movement in Egypt: 1970–1984]. Edited by Tammam, Husam. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav. 2018. Constructing Global Order: Agency and Change in World Politics. 1st edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Achcar, Gilbert. 2014. People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Feroz. 1993. The Making of Modern Turkey. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Akbarzadeh, Shahram. 2015. “Iran and Daesh: The Case of a Reluctant Shia Power.” Middle East Policy 22 (3): 4454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Alim, Mahmud Amin. 2006. I’tirafat Shaykh Al-Shuyuyi’yin Al-Arab: Mahmud Amin Al-Alim [Confessions of the Shaykh of the Arab Communists: Mahmoud Amin Al-Alim]. Cairo: Maktabat Madbuli.Google Scholar
Al-Atar, Ala, and Hajjaj, Hanan. 2011. “Al-Kharita Al-Salafiyya Fi Misr (Al-Halaqa Al-Ula)” [The Salafi Map in Egypt (the First Session)]. Al-Ahram, July 29.Google Scholar
Al-Awa, Salwa. 2006. Al-Gama’a al-Islamiya al-Musalliha Fi Misr: 1974–2004 [The Armed Islamic Group in Egypt: 1974–2004]. Cairo: Maktabat al-Shuruq al-Dawaliya.Google Scholar
Al-Jazeera, . 2006. “Mubarak’s Shia Remarks Stir Anger.” April 10. www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/04/200849132414562804.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al-Kubaisi, Basil. 1971. “The Arab Nationalists Movement 1951–1971: From Pressure Group to Socialist Party.” ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. http://search.proquest.com/docview/288010137/Google Scholar
Allinson, Jamie. 2016. The Struggle for the State in Jordan: The Social Origins of Alliances in the Middle East. Library of Middle East History, 62. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Allison, Roy. 2013. “Russia and Syria: Explaining Alignment with a Regime in Crisis.” International Affairs 89 (4): 795823.Google Scholar
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2008. “Saudi Arabia and the 1948 Palestine War: Beyond Official History.” In The War for Palestine, edited by Rogan, Eugene L. and Shlaim, Avi. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2010. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2017. “Sectarianisation as Counter-Revolution: Saudi Responses to the Arab Spring.” In Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East, edited by Hashemi, Nader and Postel, Danny. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis. 2014. On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Al Toraifi, Adel. 2012. “Understanding the Role of State Identity in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: The Rise of Saudi–Iranian Rapprochement (1997–2009).” PhD dissertation. London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Alvandi, Roham. 2012. “Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf.” Diplomatic History 36 (2): 337–72.Google Scholar
Alvandi, Roham. 2014. “Flirting with Neutrality: The Shah, Khrushchev, and the Failed 1959 Soviet–Iranian Negotiations.” Iranian Studies 47 (3): 419–40.Google Scholar
Al-Zayyat, Montasser. 2004. The Road to Al-Qaeda: The Story of Bin Laden’s Right-Hand Man. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Amirahmadi, Hooshang. 1996. “Emerging Civil Society in Iran.” SAIS Review 16 (2): 87107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Perry. 1976. “The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci.” New Left Review 1 (100): 578.Google Scholar
Ansari, Ali. 2008. “Iran under Ahmadinejad: Populism and Its Malcontents.” International Affairs 84 (4): 683700.Google Scholar
Ansari, Ali. 2012. The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ansari, Hamied. 1986. Egypt, the Stalled Society. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. 1986. “Iran’s Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective.” World Politics 38 (3): 383414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aran, Amnon, and Fleischmann, Leonie. 2019. “Framing and Foreign Policy – Israel’s Response to the Arab Uprisings.” International Studies Review 21 (4): 614–39.Google Scholar
Aydin, Mustafa. 2000. “Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Changing Patterns and Conjunctures during the Cold War.” Middle Eastern Studies 36 (1): 103–39.Google Scholar
Ayoob, Mohammed. 1999. “From Regional System to Regional Society: Exploring Key Variables in the Construction of Regional Order.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 53 (3): 247–60.Google Scholar
Aziz, Talib M. 1993. “The Role of Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr in Shii Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 25 (2): 207–22.Google Scholar
Baker, Raymond William. 2006. Islam without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bakhash, Shaul. 1990. The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution. Rev. edn. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bakhash, Shaul. 2016. “Britain and the Abdication of Reza Shah.” Middle Eastern Studies 52 (2): 318–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balta, Evren. 2018. “The AKP’s Foreign Policy as Populist Governance.” Middle East Report 48 (288): 1418.Google Scholar
Banuazizi, Ali. 1995. “Faltering Legitimacy: The Ruling Clerics and Civil Society in Contemporary Iran.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 8 (4): 563–78.Google Scholar
Baram, Amazia. 1989. “The Ruling Political Elite in Bathi Iraq, 1968–1986: The Changing Features of a Collective Profile.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 21 (4): 447–93.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael. 1998. Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bashir, Bashir. 2016. “The Strengths and Weaknesses of Integrative Solutions for the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict.” Middle East Journal; Washington 70 (4): 560–78.Google Scholar
Bashkin, Orit. 2012. New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Başkan, Birol. 2016. Turkey and Qatar in the Tangled Geopolitics of the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. 1982. “Syria’s Muslim Brethren.” MERIP Reports, no. 110: 12–36.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. 1992. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, Ba’thists and Free Officers. Repr. edn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. 1999. Syria’s Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef. 2007. Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef. 2010. Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef. 2013. Post-Islamism: The Many Faces of Political Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beinin, Joel. 2005. The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
BBC Monitoring. 2013. “Egypt’s President Urges Arab Support for Gaza, Political Solution on Syria.” BBC Monitoring International Reports, March 27.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2002. “US Expands ‘Axis of Evil.’” May 6. news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1971852.stmGoogle Scholar
BBC News. 2004. “Bush Praise for Key Ally Turkey.” June 27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3843795.stmGoogle Scholar
Behravesh, Maysam. 2014. “Iran’s Reform Movement: The Enduring Relevance of an Alternative Discourse.” Digest of Middle East Studies 23 (2): 262–78.Google Scholar
Ben-Porat, Guy, and Mizrahi, Shlomo. 2005. “Political Culture, Alternative Politics and Foreign Policy: The Case of Israel.” Policy Sciences 38 (2–3): 177–94.Google Scholar
Bialer, Uri. 1990. Between East and West: Israel’s Foreign Policy Orientation 1948–1956. LSE Monographs in International Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilgin, Pinar. 2004. Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective. 1st edn. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, Leonard. 1978. In a Moment of Enthusiasm: Political Power and the Second Stratum in Egypt. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, Patrick. 2001. “Baghdad at Last Offers Sympathy to US.” The Telegraph, September 19. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1341022/Baghdad-at-last-offers-sympathy-to-US.htmlGoogle Scholar
Blanga, Yehuda U. 2017a. “Saudi Arabia’s Motives in the Syrian Civil War.” Middle East Policy 24 (4): 4562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanga, Yehuda U. 2017b. “The Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Syrian Civil War.” Middle East Policy 24 (3). https://mepc.org/journal/role-muslim-brotherhood-syrian-civil-warGoogle Scholar
Bradley, John R. 2017. “Saudi Arabia Has United with Israel against Iran – and a Desert Storm Is Brewing.” The Spectator, November 11. www.spectator.co.uk/2017/11/saudi-arabia-has-united-with-israel-against-iran-and-a-desert-storm-is-brewing/.Google Scholar
Bromley, Simon. 1994. Rethinking Middle East Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Browers, Michaelle. 2009. Political Ideology in the Arab World: Accommodation and Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, L. Carl. 1984. International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game. Princeton Studies on the Near East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Scowcroft, Brent, and Murphy, Richard. 1997. “Differentiated Containment.” Foreign Affairs, June 1997.Google Scholar
Burnham, Peter. 1991. “Neo-Gramscian Hegemony and the International Order.” Capital & Class 15 (3): 7392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 2011. “A World Order without Superpowers: Decentred Globalism (The Inaugural Kenneth N. Waltz Annual Lecture).” International Relations 25 (1): 325.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry, and Wæver, Ole. 2003. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
B’Tselem. 2011. “The Mass Deportation of 1992.” January 1. B’Tselem. www.btselem.org/deportation/1992_mass_deportationGoogle Scholar
Campbell, David. 1992. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Carnegie Middle East Center. 2013. “The Syrian National Council.” Diwan. Carnegie Middle East Center – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/48334?lang=enGoogle Scholar
Cemgil, Can. 2017. “The International Order and the Persistence of ‘Violent Extremism’ in the Islamic World.” Philosophy & Social Criticism 43 (4–5): 529–38.Google Scholar
Chalcraft, John. 2016. Popular Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Champion, Marc, and Bradley, Matt. 2011. “Islamists Criticize Turkish Premier’s ‘Secular’ Remarks.” Wall Street Journal, September 15, sec. New York. www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904491704576570670264116178Google Scholar
Chatty, Dawn. 2011. “Integration without Assimilation in an Impermanent Landscape: Dispossession and Forced Migration in the Arab Middle East.” In Refugees and the End of Empire Imperial Collapse and Forced Migration in the Twentieth Century, edited by Panayi, Panikos and Virdee, Pippa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Chaudhry, Kiren Aziz. 1997. The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam, and Achcar, Gilbert. 2007. Perilous Power: The Middle East & U.S. Foreign Policy: Dialogues on Terror, Democracy, War, and Justice. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Choueiri, Youssef M. 2000. Arab Nationalism: A History: Nation and State in the Arab World. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Christian Science Monitor. 1980. “Turkey Wary as Soviets Push into Afghanistan,” January 4. www.csmonitor.com/1980/0104/010450.htmlGoogle Scholar
Chubin, Shahram. 1997. “Iran.” In The Cold War and the Middle East, edited by Sayigh, Yezid and Shlaim, Avi. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chubin, Shahram, and Tripp, Charles. 2014. Iran–Saudi Arabia Relations and Regional Order. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chumley, Cheryl K. 2013. “Saudi Arabia Accused of Giving Egypt $1B to Oust Morsi.” Washington Times, July 30. www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/30/saudi-arabia-accused-giving-egypt-1b-oust-morsi/Google Scholar
Clark, Janine. 2004. “Social Movement Theory and Patron-Clientelism: Islamic Social Institutions and the Middle Class in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen.” Comparative Political Studies 37 (8): 941–68.Google Scholar
Commins, David Dean. 2012. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, John. 2004. “The Impact of the War on Terror on Aid Flows.” London: Action Aid. www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/114_1_war_terror_aid.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cronin, Stephanie. 2010. “Popular Politics, the New State and the Birth of the Iranian Working Class: The 1929 Abadan Oil Refinery Strike.” Middle Eastern Studies 46 (5): 699732.Google Scholar
Cronin, Stephanie, and Masalha, Nur. 2011. “The Islamic Republic of Iran and the GCC States: Revolution to Realpolitik?” IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc, St. Louis.Google Scholar
Daher, Joseph. 2016. “Reassessing Hizbullah’s Socioeconomic Policies in Lebanon.” Middle East Journal 70 (3): 399418.Google Scholar
Daneshku, Scheherazade. 1994. “Iran and the New World Order.” In The Gulf War and the New World Order: International Relations of the Middle East, edited by Ismael, Tareq Y. and Ismael, Jacqueline S.. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Darwich, May. 2018. “The Saudi Intervention in Yemen: Struggling for Status.” Insight Turkey 20 (2): 125141.Google Scholar
Darwich, May. 2019. Threats and Alliances in the Middle East: Saudi and Syrian Policies in a Turbulent Region. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Steven R. 1991. “Explaining Third World Alignment.” World Politics 43 (2): 233–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Eric. 2005. Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dawisha, Adeed I. 1980. “Iraq: The West’s Opportunity.” Foreign Policy, no. 41: 134–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawoud, Khaled. 2002. “Cairo Activist Jailed for Seven Years.” The Guardian, July 30, sec. World news. www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/30/2Google Scholar
De Elvira, Laura Ruiz, and Zintl, Tina. 2014. “The End of the Ba(thist Social Contract in Bashar Al-Asad’s Syria: Reading Sociopolitical Transformations through Charities and Broader Benevolent Activism.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 46 (2): 329–49.Google Scholar
Devereux, David R. 1989. “Britain, the Commonwealth and the Defence of the Middle East 1948–56.” Journal of Contemporary History 24 (2): 327–45.Google Scholar
Ditlmann, Ruth K., Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie, and Eibach, Richard P.. 2011. “Heritage- and Ideology-Based National Identities and Their Implications for Immigrant Citizen Relations in the United States and in Germany.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 35 (4): 395405.Google Scholar
Diwan, Ishac. 2017. “Saudi Arabia’s Populist Temptation.” Barron’s, November 18. www.barrons.com/articles/saudi-arabias-populist-temptation-1510939946Google Scholar
Doran, Michael. 1999. Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian Power Politics and the Palestine Question. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dorraj, Manochehr, and Dodson, Michael S.. 2009. “Neo-Populism in Comparative Perspective: Iran and Venezuela.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 29 (1): 137–51.Google Scholar
Eban, Abba. 1995. “Toward a New Middle East: The Irreversible Peace Process: Abba Eban.” American Foreign Policy Interests 17 (2): 16.Google Scholar
The Economist. 1998. “Iraq Rediscovers Religion.” The Economist, January 29. www.economist.com/international/1998/01/29/iraq-rediscovers-religionGoogle Scholar
The Economist. 2016. “Getting Closer.” The Economist, January 16. www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/01/16/getting-closerGoogle Scholar
The Economist. 2018. “Saudi Arabia Turns against Political Islam.” The Economist, June 21. www.economist.com/special-report/2018/06/21/saudi-arabia-turns-against-political-islamGoogle Scholar
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. 2008. “Iran and Its Immediate Neighbourhood.” In Iran’s Foreign Policy: From Khatami to Admadinejad, edited by Zweiri, Mahjoob and Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. Reading: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, and Hinnebusch, Raymond. 1997. Syria and Iran: Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eikenberry, Eric, Weinberg, David Andrew, and Suzano, James. 2016. “The Problem with Saudi Arabia’s ‘Terrorist’ Re-Education.” Foreign Policy, February 16. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/16/saudi-arabia-terrorist-re-education/Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah. 2000. “Multiple Modernities.” Daedalus 129 (1): 129.Google Scholar
El-Ghobashy, Mona. 2005. “The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 (3): 373–95.Google Scholar
El-Hokayem, Emile. 2007. “Hizballah and Syria: Outgrowing the Proxy Relationship.” The Washington Quarterly 30 (2): 3552.Google Scholar
El-Hokayem, Emile. 2014. “Iran, the Gulf States and the Syrian Civil War.” Adelphi Series 54 (447–48): 3970.Google Scholar
El-Mahdi, Rabab, and Marfleet, Philip. 2009. “Introduction.” In Egypt: The Moment of Change, edited by El-Mahdi, Rabab and Marfleet, Philip. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
El-Sayed, Mustapha K. 1989. “Egyptian Popular Attitudes toward the Palestinians since 1977.” Journal of Palestine Studies 18 (4): 3751.Google Scholar
Eppel, Michael. 2009. “Note about the Term Effendiyya in the History of the Middle East.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 41: 535–39.Google Scholar
Fandy, Mamoun. 1994. “Egypt’s Islamic Group: Regional Revenge?Middle East Journal 48 (4): 607–25.Google Scholar
Fandy, Mamoun. 2001. Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Farouk, Yasmine. 2014. “More than Money: Post-Mubarak Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf.” GRC Gulf Paper. Gulf Research Centre.Google Scholar
Farouk-Sluglett, Marion, and Sluglett, Peter. 1994. “Iraq and the New World Order.” In The Gulf War and the New World Order: International Relations of the Middle East, edited by Ismael, Tareq Y. and Ismael, Jacqueline S.. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Farouk-Sluglett, Marion, and Sluglett, Peter. 2001. Iraq since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Fawcett, Louise. 2015. “Iran and the Regionalization of (In)Security.” International Politics 52 (5): 646–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawcett, Louise, ed. 2019. International Relations of the Middle East. 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawcett, Louise, and Gandois, Helene. 2010. “Regionalism in Africa and the Middle East: Implications for EU Studies.” Journal of European Integration 32 (6): 617–36.Google Scholar
Ferris, Jesse. 2013. Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fortna, Benjamin C. 2011. “Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire and After.” In Sovereignty after Empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia, edited by Cummings, Sally N. and Hinnebusch, Raymond. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
III Gause, F. Gregory. 2009. The International Relations of the Persian Gulf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gause, 2014. “Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War.” Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper. Doha: Brookings Doha Center.Google Scholar
Gauvain, Richard. 2010. “Salafism in Modern Egypt: Panacea or Pest?Political Theology 11 (6): 802–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerges, Fawaz A. 1991. “Regional Security after the Gulf Crisis: The American Role.” Journal of Palestine Studies 20 (4): 5568.Google Scholar
Gibson, Bryan. 2013. “U.S. Foreign Policy, Iraq, and the Cold War 1958–1975.” PhD dissertation. London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Ghattas, Kim. 2020. “The Painful Truth for Saudi Arabia: It Needs the Iranian Regime to Survive.” The Guardian, January 29.Google Scholar
Ginat, Rami. 2005. Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gold, Zack. 2013. “Why Israel Will Miss Morsi.” Foreign Affairs, August 20. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139835/zack-gold/why-israel-will-miss-morsiGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, Jeffrey. 2016. “The Obama Doctrine.” The Atlantic, April 2016. www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/Google Scholar
Goodarzi, Jubin. 2006. Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East. Library of International Relations (Series), 23. London: Tauris Academic Studies.Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Edited by Hoare, Quintin and Smith, Geoffrey Nowell. London: Lawrence & Wishart.Google Scholar
Grand, Stephen R. 2012. “Starting in Egypt: The Fourth Wave of Democratization?” Brookings. www.brookings.edu/opinions/starting-in-egypt-the-fourth-wave-of-democratization/Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven. 1991 “Half of Egypt’s $20.2 Billion Debt Being Forgiven by U.S. and Allies.” New York Times, May 27. www.nytimes.com/1991/05/27/business/half-of-egypt-s-20.2-billion-debt-being-forgiven-by-us-and-allies.htmlGoogle Scholar
Gumuscu, Sebnem. 2010. “Class, Status, and Party: The Changing Face of Political Islam in Turkey and Egypt.” Comparative Political Studies 43 (7): 835–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunes, Cengiz. 2013. “Explaining the PKK’s Mobilization of the Kurds in Turkey: Hegemony, Myth and Violence.” Ethnopolitics 12 (3): 247–67.Google Scholar
Haas, Mark L. 2012. The Clash of Ideologies: Middle Eastern Politics and American Security. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadar, Leon T. 1996. “The Friends of Bibi (FOBs) vs. ‘The New Middle East.’Journal of Palestine Studies 26 (1): 8997. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538034Google Scholar
Haenni, Patrick. 2016. “The Reasons for the Muslim Brotherhood’s Failure in Power.” In Egypt’s Revolutions, edited by Rougier, Bernard and Lacroix, Stéphane. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.Google Scholar
Hafez, Mohammed M. 2007. Suicide Bombers in Iraq: The Strategy and Ideology of Martyrdom. Illus. edn. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 1980. “The Gulf between Two Revolutions: 1958–1979.” MERIP Reports, no. 85: 6–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/3010801Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 1987. The Making of the Second Cold War. 2nd edn. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 1994. Rethinking International Relations. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 1999. Revolution and World Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Sixth Great Power. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 2005. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 2009. “Pensée 3: The Modernity of the Arabs.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 41 (1): 1618.Google Scholar
Hanieh, Adam. 2003. “From State-Led Growth to Globalization: The Evolution of Israeli Capitalism.” Journal of Palestine Studies 32 (4): 521.Google Scholar
Hanieh, Adam. 2018. Money, Markets, and Monarchies: The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Political Economy of the Contemporary Middle East. 1st edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hanna, Michael Wahid. 2014. “The Sisi Doctrine.” Foreign Policy (blog). August 13. https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/13/the-sisi-doctrine/Google Scholar
Harrigan, Jane, and El-Said, Hamed. 2009. Economic Liberalisation, Social Capital and Islamic Welfare Provision. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hassan, Hassan. 2013. “How the Muslim Brotherhood Hijacked Syria’s Revolution.” Foreign Policy (blog). March 3. https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/13/how-the-muslim-brotherhood-hijacked-syrias-revolution/Google Scholar
Hatina, Meir. 2012. “Redeeming Sunni Islam: Al-Qa‘ida’s Polemic against the Muslim Brethren.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 39 (1): 101–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2012.659442Google Scholar
Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein. 1983. Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Hazbun, Waleed. 2015. “A History of Insecurity: From the Arab Uprisings to ISIS.” Middle East Policy 22 (3): 5565. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12143Google Scholar
Hedges, Matthew, and Cafiero, Giorgio. 2017. “The GCC and the Muslim Brotherhood: What Does the Future Hold?Middle East Policy 24 (1): 129–53.Google Scholar
Hegghammer, Thomas. 2010. Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. 1st edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hegghammer, Thomas, and Lacroix, Stéphane. 2007. “Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The Story of Juhayman Al-ʿutaybi Revisited.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 39 (1): 103–22.Google Scholar
Henry, Clement, and Springborg, Robert. 2010. Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 1988. Egyptian Politics under Sadat: The Post-Populist Development of an Authoritarian-Modernizing State. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 1996. “Does Syria Want Peace? Syrian Policy in the Syrian–Israeli Peace Negotiations.” Journal of Palestine Studies 26 (1): 4257.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 1998. “Review of Why Syria Goes to War, by Fred Lawson.” Shofar 16 (3): 172–74.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2003. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester: Manchester University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2008. “Defying the Hegemon: Syria and the Iraq War.” International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies 2 (3): 375–89.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2009. “Order and Change in the Middle East: A Neo-Gramscian Twist on the International Society Approach.” In International Society and the Middle East: English School Theory at the Regional Level, edited by Buzan, Barry and Gonzalez-Pelaez, Ana. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2013. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond, and Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. 2014. The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. 2nd edn. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Hiro, Dilip. 1989. The Longest War: The Iran–Iraq Military Conflict. London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Hobson, John M. 2002. “What’s at Stake in ‘Bringing Historical Sociology back into International Relations’?” In Historical Sociology of International Relations, edited by Hobden, Stephen and Hobson, John M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Clemens, and Cemgil, Can. 2016. “The (Un)Making of the Pax Turca in the Middle East: Understanding the Social-Historical Roots of Foreign Policy.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29 (4): 1279–302.Google Scholar
Holliday, Shabnam J. 2020. “Populism, the International and Methodological Nationalism: Global Order and the Iran–Israel Nexus.” Political Studies 68 (1): 319.Google Scholar
Holsti, Kalevi Jaakko. 2004. Taming the Sovereigns: Institutional Change in International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holsti, Kalevi Jaakko. 1996. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hudson, Michael C. 1977. Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2007. “Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War.” Human Rights Watch, September 5. www.hrw.org/report/2007/09/05/why-they-died/civilian-casualties-lebanon-during-2006-warGoogle Scholar
Hussein, Mahmoud. 1973. Class Conflict in Egypt, 1945–1970. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Hussein, Saddam. 1980. “Saddam and His Advisors Discussing Iraq’s Decision to Go to War with Iran CRRC Record Number: SH-SHTP-A-000-835.” Conflict Records Research Centre. https://conflictrecords.wordpress.com/Google Scholar
Ismael, Jacqueline S. 1980. “Social Policy and Social Change: The Case of Iraq.” Arab Studies Quarterly 2 (3): 235–48.Google Scholar
Ismael, Tareq Y. 2008. The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Israeli, Ofer. 2013. “Twilight of Colonialism: Mossadegh and the Suez Crisis.” Middle East Policy 20 (1): 147–56. www.mepc.org/twilight-colonialism-mossadegh-and-suez-crisisGoogle Scholar
Jabar, Faleh A. 2003. The Shi’ite Movement in Iraq. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Jackson, Robert H. 1990. Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Repr. edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jankowski, James P., and Gershoni, Israel. 1986. Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900–1930. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jankowski, James P., and Gershoni, Israel. 1995. Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jessop, Bob. 1991. “Accumulation Strategies, State Forms and Hegemonic Projects.” In The State Debate, edited by Clarke, Simon. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jones, Martin, and Jones, Rhys. 2004. “Nation States, Ideological Power and Globalisation: Can Geographers Catch the Boat?Geoforum 35 (4): 409–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.12.002Google Scholar
Juneau, Thomas. 2015. Squandered Opportunity Neoclassical Realism and Iranian Foreign Policy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kabalan, Marwan. 2018. “The Gulf Crisis: The U.S. Factor.” Insight Turkey 20 (2): 3349.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Andreas. 2000. “Hegemonic Sovereignty: Carl Schmitt, Antonio Gramsci and the Constituent Prince.” Journal of Political Ideologies 5 (3): 343–76.Google Scholar
Kamrava, Mehran. 2011. “Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy.” Middle East Journal; Washington 65 (4): 539–56.Google Scholar
Kanaan, George. 1978. “Syria and the Peace Plan: Assad’s Balancing Act.” MERIP Reports, no. 65: 10–11.Google Scholar
Kanat, Kilic. 2014. “Diversionary Foreign Policy in Authoritarian States: The Use of Multiple Diversionary Strategies by Saddam Hussein during the Gulf War.” Journal of Strategic Security 7 (1): 16–32. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol7/iss1/3Google Scholar
Karawan, Ibrahim. 2005. “Foreign Policy Restructuring: Egypt’s Disengagement from the Arab–Israeli Conflict Revisited.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18 (3): 325–38.Google Scholar
Karpat, Kemal H. 1975a. “Turkish and Arab–Israeli Relations.” In Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Transition, 1950–1974, edited by Kemal, H. Karpat. Vol. 17 Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the Middle East. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Karpat, Kemal H. 1975b. “Turkish Soviet Relations.” In Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Transition, 1950–1974, edited by Kemal, H. Karpat. Vol. 17 Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the Middle East. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karsh, Efraim. 1997. “Cold War, Post-Cold War: Does It Make a Difference for the Middle East?Review of International Studies 23 (3): 271–91.Google Scholar
Kazemzadeh, Masoud. 2007. “Ahmadinejad’s Foreign Policy.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27 (2): 423–49. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2007-015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, Gillian. 2017. From Independence to Revolution: Egypt’s Islamists and the Contest for Power. London: C. Hurst & Co..Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. 1985. The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Contemporary Egypt. London: Al Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. 2009. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Rev. edn. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Kerr, Malcolm H. 1965. The Arab Cold War, 1958–1964: A Study of Ideology in Politics. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, Malcolm H. 1971. The Arab Cold War: Gamal ’Abd Al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958–1970. 3rd edn. London: Published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, Simeon. 2013. “Fall of Egypt’s Mohamed Morsi Is Blow to Qatari Leadership.” Financial Times, July 3. www.ft.com/content/af5d068a-e3ef-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0Google Scholar
Kershner, Isabel. 2015. “Iran Deal Denounced by Netanyahu as ‘Historic Mistake’.” New York Times, 14 July. www.nytimes.com/2015/07/15/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-deal-israel.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kesgin, Baris, and Kaarbo, Juliet. 2010. “When and How Parliaments Influence Foreign Policy: The Case of Turkey’s Iraq Decision.” International Studies Perspectives 11 (1): 1936.Google Scholar
Keshavarzian, Arang. 2007. Bazaar and State in Iran: The Politics of the Tehran Marketplace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Khalaf, Roula. 2005. “Bin Laden’s Deputy Leads Al-Qaeda into Battle for Muslim Hearts and Minds: The International Terrorist Group Is Adopting a More Political Strategy.” Financial Times, November 5.Google Scholar
Khashan, Hilal. 2017. “Saudi Arabia’s Flawed ‘Vision 2030.’” Middle East Quarterly, Philadelphia 24 (1): 18.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. 2019. “Syria, Saudi Arabia, the U.A.E. and Qatar: The ‘Sectarianization’ of the Syrian Conflict and Undermining of Democratization in the Region.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46 (3): 385403.Google Scholar
Kienle, Eberhard. 1990. Ba’th v. Ba’th: The Conflict between Syria and Iraq 1968–1989. Society and Culture in the Modern Middle East. London: Tauris.Google Scholar
Kingsley, Patrick. 2013. “Egyptian Activists Hope for ‘Second Revolution’ a Year after Morsi’s Election.” The Guardian, June 27, sec. World news. www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/egyptian-activists-hope-revolution-morsiGoogle Scholar
Kirchner, Magdalena. 2014. “‘A Good Investment?’ State Sponsorship of Terrorism as an Instrument of Iraqi Foreign Policy (1979–1991).” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 27 (3): 521–37.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David D. 2012. “In Simply Meeting, Egyptian and Saudi Leaders Open New Era.” New York Times, July 12, sec. World/Middle East. www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/world/middleeast/in-simply-meeting-egyptian-and-saudi-leaders-open-new-era.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David D. 2015. “Recordings Suggest Emirates and Egyptian Military Pushed Ousting of Morsi.” New York Times, March 1, sec. World. www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/world/middleeast/recordings-suggest-emirates-and-egyptian-military-pushed-ousting-of-morsi.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kristianasen, Wendy. 1999. “Challenge and Counterchallenge: Hamas’s Response to Oslo.” Journal of Palestine Studies 28 (3): 1936. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538305Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto, and Mouffe, Chantal. 2001. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. 2nd edn. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Stéphane. 2011. Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. Translated by Holoch, George. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Stéphane. 2012. “Sheikhs and Politicians: Inside the New Egyptian Salafism.” Brookings Doha Center Publications. Brookings Doha Center. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/06/07-egyptian-salafism-lacroixGoogle Scholar
Lacroix, Stéphane. 2014a. “Saudi Arabia’s Muslim Brotherhood Predicament.” Project on Middle East Political Science and Ca’ Foscari University. Visions of Gulf Security Workshop. March 9, Venice, Italy.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Stéphane. Lacroix, Stéphane 2014b. “Saudi Islamists and the Arab Spring.” Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States, 36. LSE: LSE IDEAS.Google Scholar
Lai, Hsinyen. 2018. “Social Drivers of International Relations in the Gulf: Gramsci on the Case of Bahrain and Gulf Alignment 1971−1981.” ERA – Edinburgh Research Archive, November. www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/33223Google Scholar
Landis, Joshua. 2008. “Syria and the Palestine War: Fighting King ’Abdullah’s ‘Greater Syria Plan.’” In The War for Palestine, edited by Rogan, Eugene L. and Shlaim, Avi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laqueur, Walter. 1972. The Struggle for the Middle East: The Soviet Union and the Middle East 1958–70. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Lauria, Joe. 2015. “What Are the Real Saudi Motives in Yemen?” Huffington Post (blog). May 14. www.huffingtonpost.com/joe-lauria/what-are-the-real-saudi-m_b_7279198.htmlGoogle Scholar
Lawson, Fred H. 1984. “Syria’s Intervention in the Lebanese Civil War, 1976: A Domestic Conflict Explanation.” International Organization 38 (3): 451–80.Google Scholar
Lawson, Fred H. 2016. “La Armonización En Seguridad de Catar Con Los Estados Unidos: ¿restricción Estratégica o Circunstancia Favorecedora?Comillas Journal of International Relations (5): 3345. https://doi.org/10.14422/cir.i05.y2016.003Google Scholar
Lawson, George, and Shilliam, Robbie. 2009. “Beyond Hypocrisy? Debating the ‘Fact’ and ‘Value’ of Sovereignty in Contemporary World Politics.” International Politics 46 (6): 657–70.Google Scholar
Layne, Christopher. 2012. “This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana.” International Studies Quarterly 56 (1): 203–13.Google Scholar
Lefevre, Raphael. 2013. Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. 1st edn. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lesch, Ann Mosely. 1991. “Contrasting Reactions to the Persian Gulf Crisis: Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and the Palestinians.” Middle East Journal 45 (1): 3050.Google Scholar
Letsch, Constanze. 2016. “Turkish PM Davutoğlu Resigns as President Erdoğan Tightens Grip.” The Guardian, May 5. www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/05/ahmet-davutoglus-future-turkish-prime-minister-balanceGoogle Scholar
Lister, Charles R. 2015. The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Litwak, Robert S. 2001. “What’s in a Name? The Changing Foreign Policy Lexicon.” Journal of International Affairs 54 (2): 375–92.Google Scholar
Louër, Laurence. 2008. Transnational Shia Politics: Religious and Political Networks in the Gulf. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Louis, William Roger. 1991. “The British and the Origins of the Iraqi Revolution.” In The Iraqi Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited, edited by Fernea, Robert A. and Louis, William Roger. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Lustick, Ian S. 1997. “The Absence of Middle Eastern Great Powers: Political ‘Backwardness’ in Historical Perspective.” International Organization 51 (4): 653–83.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2007. Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc, and Jamal, Amaney A.. 2019. “Introduction: Shifting Global Politics and the Middle East.” POMEPS Studies. Project on Middle East Political Science, 34.Google Scholar
Mabon, Simon. 2018. “It’s a Family Affair: Religion, Geopolitics and the Rise of Mohammed Bin Salman.” Insight Turkey 20 (2): 5166.Google Scholar
Magued, Shaimaa. 2016. “Reconsidering Elitist Duality: Persistent Tension in the Turkish–Egyptian Relations.” Digest of Middle East Studies 25 (2): 285314.Google Scholar
Mahmood, Saba. 2005. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Makdisi, Ussama. 2002. “‘Anti-Americanism’ in the Arab World: An Interpretation of a Brief History.” Journal of American History 89 (2): 538–57.Google Scholar
Makdisi, Ussama. 2017. “The Problem of Sectarianization in the Middle East in an Age of Western Hegemony.” In Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East, edited by Hashemi, Nader and Postel, Danny. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Peter G. 2002. Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimagining the Umma. New York: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Matin, Kamran. 2013. “International Relations in the Making of Political Islam: Interrogating Khomeini’s ‘Islamic Government.’” Journal of International Relations and Development 16 (4): 455–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthiesen, Toby. 2015. “The Domestic Sources of Saudi Foreign Policy: Islamists and the State in the Wake of the Arab Uprisings.” Rethinking Political Islam. Brookings. www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Saudi-Arabia_Matthiesen-FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
McDougall, James. 2011. “The British and French Empires in the Arab World: Some Problems of Colonial State-Formation and Its Legacy.” In Sovereignty after Empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia, edited by Cummings, Sally N. and Hinnebusch, Raymond. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Mearscheimer, John. 2007. “Structural Realism.” In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, edited by Dunne, Timothy, Kurki, Milja, and Smith, Steve. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mecham, R. Quinn. 2004. “From the Ashes of Virtue, a Promise of Light: The Transformation of Political Islam in Turkey.” Third World Quarterly 25 (2): 339–58.Google Scholar
Meijer, Roel. 2009. Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Meital, Yoram. 2006. “The Struggle over Political Order in Egypt: The 2005 Elections.” Middle East Journal 60 (2): 257–79.Google Scholar
MERIP Reports. 1976a. “Lebanon’s Civil War: The Fourth Phase.” MERIP Reports, no. 47: 22–23.Google Scholar
MERIP Reports. 1976b. “Why Syria Invaded Lebanon.” MERIP Reports, no. 51: 3–10.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 1988. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Moaddel, Mansoor. 1996. “The Social Bases and Discursive Context of the Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism: The Cases of Iran and Syria.” Sociological Inquiry 66 (3): 330–55.Google Scholar
Monier, Elizabeth. 2015. “Egypt, Iran, and the Hizbullah Cell: Using Sectarianism to ‘De-Arabize’ and Regionalize Threats to National Interests.” Middle East Journal 69 (3): 341–57.Google Scholar
Monshipouri, Mahmood, and Zamary, Anthony. 2017. “Re-Evaluating Iran–Egypt Relations: A Look at the Evolving Geopolitical Context.” Insight Turkey; Ankara 19 (2): 215–29.Google Scholar
Mosely, Philip E. 1964. “Soviet Policy in the Developing Countries.” Foreign Affairs; New York 43 (1): 8798.Google Scholar
Mubarak, Hisham. 1995. Al-Irhabiyun Qadimun! Dirasa Muqarana Bayna Mawqif Alkhwan al-Muslimoon Wa Gama’at al-Gihad Min Qadiat al-Unf 1938–1994 [The Terrorists Are Coming: A Comparative Study between the Positions of the Muslim Brothers and the Jihad Groups on Violence 1938–1994]. Cairo: Kitab al-Mahrusa.Google Scholar
Mufti, Malik. 1996. Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq. 1st edn. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Musallam, Adnan. 2005. From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism. Wesport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Nahas, Maridi. 1985. “State-Systems and Revolutionary Challenge: Nasser, Khomeini, and the Middle East.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 17 (4): 507–27.Google Scholar
Nairn, Tom. 1977. The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism. London: NLB.Google Scholar
Nasr, Vali. 2006. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future. 1st edn, 6th impression. London: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Newsom, David D. 2019. The Diplomatic Record 1990–1991. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New York Times. 1990. “Israel Declines to Study Rabin Tie to Beatings.” New York Times, July 12, sec. World. www.nytimes.com/1990/07/12/world/israel-declines-to-study-rabin-tie-to-beatings.htmlGoogle Scholar
Nitzan, Jonathan, and Bichler, Shimshon. 2002. The Global Political Economy of Israel. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Obama, Barak. 2009. “Text: Obama’s Speech in Cairo.” New York Times, June 4. www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/us/politics/04obama.text.htmlGoogle Scholar
Obama, Barak. 2015. “Remarks by the President on the Iran Nuclear Deal.” Whitehouse.Gov. August 5. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/05/remarks-president-iran-nuclear-dealGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, Don van Natta Jr, with Timothy, L. 2003. “Flow of Saudis’ Cash to Hamas Is Scrutinized.” New York Times, September 17, sec. World. www.nytimes.com/2003/09/17/world/flow-of-saudis-cash-to-hamas-is-scrutinized.htmlGoogle Scholar
Olson, Robert W. 2004. Turkey–Iran Relations, 1979–2004: Revolution, Ideology, War, Coups and Geopolitics. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.Google Scholar
Ottaway, David. 2009. “The King and Us: U.S.–Saudi Relations in the Wake of 9/11.” Foreign Affairs 88 (3): 121–31.Google Scholar
Pargeter, Alison. 2013. The Muslim Brotherhood: From Opposition to Power. Rev. edn. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Partrick, Neil. 2016. “Saudi Arabia’s Problematic Allies against the Houthis.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=62753Google Scholar
Pasha, A. K. 2016. “Saudi Arabia and the Iranian Nuclear Deal.” Contemporary Review of the Middle East 3 (4): 387404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peel, Michael, and Hall, Camilla. 2013. “Saudi Arabia and UAE Prop up Egypt Regime with Offer of $8bn.” Financial Times, July 10. www.ft.com/content/7e066bdc-e8a2-11e2-8e9e-00144feabdc0Google Scholar
Peled, Yoav. 2017. “Delegitimation of Israel or Social-Historical Analysis? The Debate over Zionism as a Colonial Settler Movement.” In Jews and Leftist Politics, edited by Jacobs, Jack. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peres, Shimon. 1995. The New Middle East. New York: Henry Holt & Co.Google Scholar
Perthes, Volker. 1997. The Political Economy of Syria under Asad. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, Karen. 1999. “How Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan and Even Egypt Became IMF ‘Success Stories’ in the 1990s.” Middle East Report, no. 210: 2327.Google Scholar
Pierret, Thomas. 2013. Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podeh, Elie. 2014. “Israel and the Arab Peace Initiative, 2002–2014: A Plausible Missed Opportunity.” Middle East Journal 68 (4): 584603.Google Scholar
Popp, Roland. 2008. “An Application of Modernization Theory during the Cold War? The Case of Pahlavi Iran.” International History Review 30 (1): 7698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Roland. 2010. “Accommodating to a Working Relationship: Arab Nationalism and US Cold War Policies in the Middle East, 1958–60.” Cold War History 10 (3): 397427.Google Scholar
Priess, David. 1996. “Balance‐of‐Threat Theory and the Genesis of the Gulf Cooperation Council: An Interpretative Case Study.” Security Studies 5 (4): 143–71.Google Scholar
Quandt, William B. Quandt. 1981. Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security, and Oil. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Rabasa, Angel, and Larrabee, F. Stephen. 2008. “The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey.” In The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey. 1st edn. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Rabil, Robert G. 2007. “Has Hezbollah’s Rise Come at Syria’s Expense?Middle East Quarterly 14 (4): 4351.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, Itamar. 1972. Syria Under the Ba’th, 1963–66: The Army-Party Symbiosis. 1st edn. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press.Google Scholar
Rakel, Eva Patricia. 2007. “Iranian Foreign Policy since the Iranian Islamic Revolution: 1979–2006.” Perspectives on Global Development & Technology 6 (1–3): 159–87.Google Scholar
Ramazani, R. K. 1978. “Iran and the Arab–Israeli Conflict.” Middle East Journal 32 (4): 413–28.Google Scholar
Rashid, Ahmed. 2001. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Reda, Amir Abdul. 2016. “Framing Political Islam: Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood and the 2011 Uprising.” American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 33 (4): 122.Google Scholar
Reda, Latife. 2016. “Origins of the Islamic Republic’s Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian–Israeli Conflict in Khomeini’s Discourse.” Middle East Critique 25 (2): 181203. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587Google Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian. 2002. “The Idea of History and History with Ideas.” In Historical Sociology of International Relations, edited by Hobden, Stephen and Hobson, John M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Riazaty, Mehran. 2016. Khomeini’s Warriors: Foundation of Iran’s Regime, Its Guardians, Allies around the World, War Analysis, and Strategies. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation.Google Scholar
Roberts, David B. 2017. “Qatar and the UAE: Exploring Divergent Responses to the Arab Spring.” Middle East Journal 71 (4): 544–62. https://doi.org/10.3751/71.4.12Google Scholar
Roberts, David B. 2019. “Reflecting on Qatar’s ‘Islamist’ Soft Power.” Brookings Institute. April (Policy Brief) 13.Google Scholar
Roll, Stephan. 2013. “Egypt’s Business Elite after Mubarak: A Powerful Player between Generals and Brotherhood.” Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs). Research Publication 8.Google Scholar
Roussillon, Alain. 1998. “Republican Egypt Interpreted: Revolution and Beyond.” In Cambridge History of Egypt, edited by Daly, M. W., Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rubin, Lawrence. 2014. Islam in the Balance: Ideational Threats in Arab Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rutherford, Bruce K. 2018. “Egypt’s New Authoritarianism under Sisi.” Middle East Journal 72 (2): 185208.Google Scholar
Saade, Bashir. 2016. Hizbullah and the Politics of Remembrance: Writing the Lebanese Nation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Saeed, Haider. 2020. “Iraq and Its Revolution after Soleimani’s Assassination.” Al-Jazeera, January 14. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/iraq-revolution-soleimani-assassination-200114094615099.htmlGoogle Scholar
Safran, Nadav. 1988. Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security. 1st edn. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Safshekan, Roozbeh, and Sabet, Farzan. 2010. “The Ayatollah’s Praetorians: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the 2009 Election Crisis.” Middle East Journal, no. 4: 543–58.Google Scholar
Salloukh, Bassel F. 2017. “The Sectarianization of Geopolitics in the Middle East.” In Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East, edited by Hashemi, Nader and Postel, Danny. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sakallioglu, Umit Cizre. 1996. “Parameters and Strategies of Islam–State Interaction in Republican Turkey.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 28 (2): 231–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sands, Phil. 2009. “Syrian Opposition Group Collapses.” The National, April 22. www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-national-salvation-front-folds/Google Scholar
Saouli, Adham. 2014. The Arab State: Dilemmas of Late Formation. Repr. edn. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schonmann, Noa. 2009. “The Phantom Pact: Israel’s Periphery Policy in the Middle East.” PhD dissertation. University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Schulze, Reinhard. 2002. A Modern History of the Islamic World. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. 2011. “Can Islamists Become Moderates? Rethinking the Inclusion–Moderation Hypothesis.” World Politics 63 (2): 347–76.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. 1965. The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics, 1945–1958. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. 1989. Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Seliktar, Ofira. 1983. “The New Zionism.” Foreign Policy, no. 51: 118–38.Google Scholar
Seydi, Süleyman. 2010. “Turkish–American Relations and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1957–63.” Middle Eastern Studies 46 (3): 433–55.Google Scholar
Shabafrouz, Miriam. 2009. “Iran’s Oil Wealth: Treasure and Trouble for the Shah’s Regime: A Context-Sensitive Analysis of the Ambivalent Impact of Resource Abundance.” IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc, St. Louis.Google Scholar
Shalev, Michael. 1992. Labour and the Political Economy in Israel. Library of Political Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, Martin. 2000. The Global State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, William. 2014. “Qutb, Sayyid (1906–66).” In The Encyclopedia of Political Thought, edited by Gibbons, Michael T. et al. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Shindler, Colin. 2000. “Likud and the Christian Dispensationalists: A Symbiotic Relationship.” Israel Studies 5 (1): 153–82.Google Scholar
Shlaim, Avi. 1994. “Prelude to the Accord: Likud, Labor, and the Palestinians.” Journal of Palestine Studies 23 (2): 519. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538227Google Scholar
Shlaim, Avi. 2000. The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Shlaim, Avi. 2017. “Believe It or Not, Barack Obama Had Israel’s Best Interest at Heart.” The Guardian, January 17. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/17/barack-obama-netanyahu-trump-israelGoogle Scholar
Shukri, Ghali. 1981. Egypt: Portrait of a President, 1971–1981; the Counter-Revolution in Egypt; Sadat’s Road to Jerusalem. Middle East Series London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Şimşek, Sefa. 2013. “Conservative Democracy as a Cosmetic Image in Turkish Politics: The Semiology of AKP’s Political Identity.” Turkish Studies 14 (3): 429–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.831258Google Scholar
Simonsen, Sandra. 2019. “Discursive Legitimation Strategies: The Evolving Legitimation of War in Israeli Public Diplomacy.” Discourse & Society 30 (5): 503–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solingen, Etel. 1998. Regional Orders at Century’s Dawn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Solingen, Etel. 2007. “Pax Asiatica versus Bella Levantina: The Foundations of War and Peace in East Asia and the Middle East.” American Political Science Review (4): 757–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070487Google Scholar
Solingen, Etel. 2015. Comparative Regionalism: Economics and Security. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Sottimano, Aurora. 2016. “Building Authoritarian ‘Legitimacy’: Domestic Compliance and International Standing of Bashar Al-Asad’s Syria.” Global Discourse 6 (3): 450–66.Google Scholar
Stein, Aaron. 2015. Turkey’s New Foreign Policy: Davutoglu, the AKP and the Pursuit of Regional Order. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stein, Ewan. 2011. “An ‘Uncivil’ Partnership: Egypt’s Jama’a Islamiyya and the State after the Jihad.” Third World Quarterly 33 (5): 863–81.Google Scholar
Stein, Ewan. 2012a. Representing Israel in Modern Egypt: Ideas, Intellectuals and Foreign Policy from Nasser to Mubarak. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Stein, Ewan. 2012b. “Beyond Arabism vs. Sovereignty: Relocating Ideas in the International Relations of the Middle East.” Review of International Studies 38 (04): 881905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Ewan. 2015. “Jihad Discourse in Egypt under Mohammad Morsi.” In Twenty-First Century Jihad: Law, Society and Military Action, edited by Kendall, Elisabeth and Stein, Ewan. Library of Modern Religion, 38. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Stein, Ewan. 2019. “Historical Sociology and Middle East International Relations.” In Routledge Handbook of International Relations in the Middle East, edited by Akbarzadeh, Shahram. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stepp, Laura Sessions. 1991. “Bush and Saddam’s Holy War of Words.” Washington Post, February 3. www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/02/03/bush-and-saddams-holy-war-of-words/e9d1c335-4354-4d1a-8799-5a8f3d5725e9/Google Scholar
Stetter, Stephan. 2008. World Society and the Middle East: Reconstructions in Regional Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stilt, Kristen. 2010. “‘Islam Is the Solution’: Constitutional Visions of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.” Texas International Law Journal 46 (1): 73108.Google Scholar
Strange, Susan. 1998. States and Markets. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Sunayama, Sonoko. 2007. Syria and Saudi Arabia Collaboration and Conflicts in the Oil Era. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Telhami, Shibley. 1994. “Explaining U.S. Behavior in the Gulf Crisis.” In The Gulf War and the New World Order: International Relations of the Middle East, edited by Ismael, Tareq Y. and Ismael, Jacqueline S.. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Thacher, Nicholas G. 1991. “Reflections on US Policy toward Iraq in the 1950s.” In The Iraqi Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited, edited by Fernea, Robert A. and Louis, William Roger. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Tibi, Bassam. 1996. Arab Nationalism: Between Islam and the Nation-State. 3rd edn. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Tisdale, Tyron. 1989. “The United States and Iran, 1951–1953: The Cold War Interaction of National Security Policy, Alliance Politics and Popular Nationalism.” ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. http://search.proquest.com/docview/303674599/Google Scholar
Tonini, Alberto. 2003. “Propaganda versus Pragmatism: Iraqi Foreign Policy in Qasim’s Years, 1958–63.Review of International Affairs 3 (2): 232–53.Google Scholar
Toth, James. 2013. Sayyid Qutb: The Life and Legacy of a Radical Islamic Intellectual. New York: Oxford University Press USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tripp, Charles. 2002. A History of Iraq. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. 2017. “Qatar’s Maverick Streak Leaves It Friendless in the Gulf.” Current History 116 (793): 342–47.Google Scholar
Utvik, Bjørn Olav. 2014. “The Ikhwanization of the Salafi s: Piety in the Politics of Egypt and Kuwait.” Middle East Critique 23 (1): 527.Google Scholar
Valbjorn, Morten. 2016. “North Africa and the Middle East.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, edited by Börzel, Tanja A. and Risse, Thomas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Dam, Nikolaos. 2011. The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba’th Party. New York: I. B.Tauris.Google Scholar
Van de Bildt, Joyce. 2015. “The Quest for Legitimacy in Postrevolutionary Egypt: Propaganda and Controlling Narratives.” The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 6 (3–4): 253–74.Google Scholar
Vassiliev, Alexei. 1998. The History of Saudi Arabia. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Vassiliev, Alexei. 2013. King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Vatikiotis, Panayiotis Jerasimof. 1991. The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak. 4th edn. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Vaziri, Haleh. 1995. “The Islamic Republic and Its Neighbors: Ideology and the National Interest in Iran’s Foreign Policy during the Khomeini Decade.” PhD dissertation. Georgetown University.Google Scholar
Voller, Yaniv. 2015. “From Periphery to the Moderates: Israeli Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East.” Political Science Quarterly 130 (3): 505–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, R. B. J. 1993. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walt, Stephen Martin. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Warner, Geoffrey. 1991. “The United States and the Suez Crisis.” International Affairs (Oxford) 67 (2): 303–17.Google Scholar
Warren, T. 2014. “Not by the Sword Alone: Soft Power, Mass Media, and the Production of State Sovereignty.” International Organization 68 (1): 111–41.Google Scholar
Waterbury, John. 1983. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton Studies on the Near East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wearing, David. 2018. AngloArabia: Why Gulf Wealth Matters to Britain. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky. 2004. “The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt’s Wasat Party.” Comparative Politics 36 (2): 205–28.Google Scholar
Williams, Leonard. 1993. “Althusser on Ideology: A Reassessment.” New Political Science 14 (1): 4766.Google Scholar
Yapp, Malcolm. 1996. The Near East since the First World War: A History to 1995. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Yaqub, Salim. 2004. Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East. 1st edn. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Yergin, Daniel. 1991. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. New York: Simon & Schuster UK.Google Scholar
Yildiz, Guney. 2013. “The Court Case That Changed Turkey.” BBC News, August 5, sec. Europe. www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23581891Google Scholar
Yom, Sean L. 2015. From Resilience to Revolution: How Foreign Interventions Destabilize the Middle East. Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Youmans, William Lafi. 2016. “An Unwilling Client: How Hosni Mubarak’s Egypt Defied the Bush Administration’s ‘Freedom Agenda.’” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29 (4): 1209–32.Google Scholar
Zawhiri, Ayman. 2006. In His Own Words: A Translation of the Writings of Dr. Ayman Al-Zawahiri. Translated by Mansfield, Laura. Morrisville, NC: LULU.Google Scholar
Zeghal, Malika. 1999. “Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of Al-Azhar, Radical Islam, and the State (1952–94).” International Journal of Middle East Studies 31 (3): 371–99.Google Scholar
Zubaida, Sami. 2015. “Sectarian Violence as Jihad.” In Twenty-First Century Jihad: Law, Society and Military Action, edited by Kendall, Elisabeth and Stein, Ewan. Library of Modern Religion, 38. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Zurcher, Erik Jan. 2004. Turkey: A Modern History. 3rd edn. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Ewan Stein, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: International Relations in the Middle East
  • Online publication: 28 January 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316855522.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Ewan Stein, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: International Relations in the Middle East
  • Online publication: 28 January 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316855522.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Ewan Stein, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: International Relations in the Middle East
  • Online publication: 28 January 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316855522.010
Available formats
×