Lin, JJ, Mula, M, Hermann, BP. Uncovering the neurobehavioural comorbidities of epilepsy over the lifespan. Lancet. 2012;380(9848):1180–92.Google Scholar

Hermann, BP, Lin, JJ, Jones, JE, Seidenberg, M. The emerging architecture of neuropsychological impairment in epilepsy. Neurol Clin. 2009;27(4):881–907.Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine. Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine Committee on the Public Health Dimension of Epilepsies; 2012.Google Scholar

Helmstaedter, C, Aldenkamp, AP, Baker, GA, Mazarati, A, Ryvlin, P, Sankar, R. Disentangling the relationship between epilepsy and its behavioral comorbidities—the need for prospective studies in new-onset epilepsies. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;31:43–7.Google Scholar

Pohlmann-Eden, B, Aldenkamp, A, Baker, GA, et al. The relevance of neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive problems in new-onset epilepsy—current knowledge and understanding. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;51:199–209.Google Scholar

Hinnell, C, Williams, J, Metcalfe, A, et al. Health status and health-related behaviors in epilepsy compared to other chronic conditions—a national population-based study. Epilepsia. 2010;51(5):853–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jalava, M, Sillanpaa, M. Concurrent illnesses in adults with childhood-onset epilepsy: a population-based 35-year follow-up study. Epilepsia. 1996;37(12):1155–63.Google Scholar

Kobau, R, Zahran, H, Thurman, DJ, et al. Epilepsy surveillance among adults—19 states. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2005. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008;57(6):1–20.Google Scholar

Ottman, R, Lipton, RB, Ettinger, AB, et al. Comorbidities of epilepsy: results from the Epilepsy Comorbidities and Health (EPIC) survey. Epilepsia. 2011;52(2):308–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tellez-Zenteno, JF, Matijevic, S, Wiebe, S. Somatic comorbidity of epilepsy in the general population in Canada. Epilepsia. 2005;46(12):1955–62.Google Scholar

Tellez-Zenteno, JF, Patten, SB, Jette, N, Williams, J, Wiebe, S. Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: a population-based analysis. Epilepsia. 2007;48(12):2336–44.Google Scholar

Begley, CE, Famulari, M, Annegers, JF, et al. The cost of epilepsy in the United States: an estimate from population-based clinical and survey data. Epilepsia. 2000;41(3):342–51.Google Scholar

Jennum, P, Gyllenborg, J, Kjellberg, J. The social and economic consequences of epilepsy: a controlled national study. Epilepsia. 2011;52(5):949–56.Google Scholar

Dikmen, S, Matthews, CG, Harley, JP. The effect of early versus late onset of major motor epilepsy upon cognitive-intellectual performance. Epilepsia. 1975;16(1):73–81.Google Scholar

Dikmen, S, Matthews, CG, Harley, JP. Effect of early versus late onset of major motor epilepsy on cognitive-intellectual performance: further considerations. Epilepsia. 1977;18(1):31–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dodrill, CB, Matthews, CG. The role of neuropsychology in the assessment and treatment of persons with epilepsy. Am Psychol. 1992;47(9):1139–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hermann, B, Seidenberg, M, Bell, B, et al. The neurodevelopmental impact of childhood-onset temporal lobe epilepsy on brain structure and function. Epilepsia. 2002;43(9):1062–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kaaden, S, Helmstaedter, C. Age at onset of epilepsy as a determinant of intellectual impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;15(2):213–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lennox, WG. Epilepsy and Related Disorders. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown; 1960.Google Scholar

Cormack, F, Cross, JH, Isaacs, E, et al. The development of intellectual abilities in pediatric temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48(1):201–4.Google Scholar

O’Leary, DS, Seidenberg, M, Berent, S, Boll, TJ. Effects of age of onset of tonic-clonic seizures on neuropsychological performance in children. Epilepsia. 1981;22(2):197–204.Google Scholar

Schoenfeld, J, Seidenberg, M, Woodard, A, et al. Neuropsychological and behavioral status of children with complex partial seizures. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999;41(11):724–31.Google Scholar

Theodore, WH, DeCarli, C, Gaillard, WD. Total cerebral volume is reduced in patients with localization-related epilepsy and a history of complex febrile seizures. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(2):250–2.Google Scholar

Hermann, B, Hansen, R, Seidenberg, M, Magnotta, V, O’Leary, D. Neurodevelopmental vulnerability of the corpus callosum to childhood onset localization-related epilepsy. NeuroImage. 2003;18(2):284–92.Google Scholar

Kaaden, S, Quesada, CM, Urbach, H, et al. Neurodevelopmental disruption in early-onset temporal lobe epilepsy: evidence from a voxel-based morphometry study. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;20(4):694–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Riley, JD, Franklin, DL, Choi, V, et al. Altered white matter integrity in temporal lobe epilepsy: association with cognitive and clinical profiles. Epilepsia. 2010;51(4):536–45.Google Scholar

Weber, B, Luders, E, Faber, J, et al. Distinct regional atrophy in the corpus callosum of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain. 2007;130:3149–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Camfield, C, Camfield, P, Smith, B, Gordon, K, Dooley, J. Biologic factors as predictors of social outcome of epilepsy in intellectually normal children: a population-based study. J Pediatrics. 1993;122(6):869–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harrison, RM, Taylor, DC. Childhood seizures: a 25-year follow up. Social and medical prognosis. Lancet. 1976;1(7966):948–51.Google ScholarPubMed

Lindsay, J, Ounsted, C, Richards, P. Long-term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures. I: Social outcome and childhood factors. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1979;21(3):285–98.Google ScholarPubMed

Lindsay, J, Ounsted, C, Richards, P. Long-term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures. II: Marriage, parenthood and sexual indifference. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1979;21(4):433–40.Google Scholar

Lindsay, J, Ounsted, C, Richards, P. Long-term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures. III: Psychiatric aspects in childhood and adult life. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1979;21(5):630–6.Google Scholar

Micallef, S, Spooner, CG, Harvey, AS, Wrennall, JA, Wilson, SJ. Psychological outcome profiles in childhood-onset temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51(10):2066–73.Google Scholar

Wakamoto, H, Nagao, H, Hayashi, M, Morimoto, T. Long-term medical, educational, and social prognoses of childhood-onset epilepsy: a population-based study in a rural district of Japan. Brain Dev. 2000;22(4):246–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geerts, A, Brouwer, O, van Donselaar, C, et al. Health perception and socioeconomic status following childhood-onset epilepsy: the Dutch study of epilepsy in childhood. Epilepsia. 2011;52(12):2192–2202.Google Scholar

Jalava, M, Sillanpaa, M, Camfield, C, Camfield, P. Social adjustment and competence 35 years after onset of childhood epilepsy: a prospective controlled study. Epilepsia. 1997;38(6):708–15.Google Scholar

Kokkonen, J, Kokkonen, ER, Saukkonen, AL, Pennanen, P. Psychosocial outcome of young adults with epilepsy in childhood. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62(3):265–8.Google Scholar

Koponen, A, Seppala, U, Eriksson, K, et al. Social functioning and psychological well-being of 347 young adults with epilepsy only—population-based, controlled study from Finland. Epilepsia. 2007;48(5):907–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shackleton, DP, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, DG, de Craen, AJ, Vandenbroucke, JP, Westendorp, RG. Living with epilepsy: long-term prognosis and psychosocial outcomes. Neurology. 2003;61(1):64–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sillanpaa, M, Jalava, M, Kaleva, O, Shinnar, S. Long-term prognosis of seizures with onset in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(24):1715–22.Google Scholar

Wirrell, EC, Camfield, CS, Camfield, PR, Dooley, JM, Gordon, KE, Smith, B. Long-term psychosocial outcome in typical absence epilepsy. Sometimes a wolf in sheeps’ clothing. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(2):152–8.Google Scholar

Britten, N, Morgan, K, Fenwick, PB, Britten, H. Epilepsy and handicap from birth to age 36. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1986;28(6):719–28.Google Scholar

Chin, RF, Cumberland, PM, Pujar, SS, Peckham, C, Ross, EM, Scott, RC. Outcomes of childhood epilepsy at age 33 years: a population-based birth-cohort study. Epilepsia. 2011;52(8):1513–21.Google Scholar

Cooper, JE. Epilepsy in a longitudinal survey of 5,000 children. Br Med J. 1965;1(5441):1020–2.Google Scholar

Ross, EM, Peckham, CS. School children with epilepsy. In: Parsonage, M, Grant, RHE, Craig, AG, eds. Advances in Epileptology. New York: Rave Press; 1983:215–20.Google Scholar

Ross, EM, Peckham, CS, West, PB, Butler, NR. Epilepsy in childhood: findings from the National Child Development Study. Br Med J. 1980;280(6209):207–10.Google Scholar

Gleissner, U, Sassen, R, Lendt, M, Clusmann, H, Elger, CE, Helmstaedter, C. Pre- and postoperative verbal memory in pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2002;51(3):287–96.Google Scholar

Lassonde, M, Sauerwein, HC, Jambaque, I, Smith, ML, Helmstaedter, C. Neuropsychology of childhood epilepsy: pre- and postsurgical assessment. Epileptic Disord. 2000;2(1):3–13.Google Scholar

MacAllister, WS, Schaffer, SG. Neuropsychological deficits in childhood epilepsy syndromes. Neuropsychol Rev. 2007;17(4):427–44.Google Scholar

Bourgeois, BF, Prensky, AL, Palkes, HS, Talent, BK, Busch, SG. Intelligence in epilepsy: a prospective study in children. Ann Neurol. 1983;14(4):438–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kolk, A, Beilmann, A, Tomberg, T, Napa, A, Talvik, T. Neurocognitive development of children with congenital unilateral brain lesion and epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2001;23(2):88–96.Google Scholar

Stores, G. A clinical approach to poorly controlled seizures in children. Br J Hosp Med. 1992;48(2):93–8.Google Scholar

Williams, J, Bates, S, Griebel, ML, et al. Does short-term antiepileptic drug treatment in children result in cognitive or behavioral changes? Epilepsia. 1998;39(10):1064–9.Google Scholar

Oostrom, KJ, Smeets-Schouten, A, Kruitwagen, CL, et al. Not only a matter of epilepsy: early problems of cognition and behavior in children with “epilepsy only”—a prospective, longitudinal, controlled study starting at diagnosis. Pediatrics. 2003;112(6 p. 1):1338–44.Google Scholar

Fastenau, PS, Johnson, CS, Perkins, SM, et al. Neuropsychological status at seizure onset in children: risk factors for early cognitive deficits. Neurology. 2009;73(7):526–34.Google Scholar

Dunn, DW, Harezlak, J, Ambrosius, WT, Austin, JK, Hale, B. Teacher assessment of behaviour in children with new-onset seizures. Seizure. 2002;11(3):169–75.Google Scholar

McNelis, AM, Dunn, DW, Johnson, CS, Austin, JK, Perkins, SM. Academic performance in children with new-onset seizures and asthma: a prospective study. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(2):311–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vintan, M, Palade, S, Cristea, A, Benga, I, Muresanu, D. A neuropsychological assessment, using computerized battery tests (CANTAB) in children with benign rolandic epilepsy before AED therapy. J Med Life. 2012;5(1):114–9.Google Scholar

Lee, JH, Kim, SE, Park, CH, Yoo, JH, Lee, HW. Gray and white matter volumes and cognitive dysfunction in drug-naive newly diagnosed pediatric epilepsy. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:923861.Google Scholar

Filippini, M, Ardu, E, Stefanelli, S, Boni, A, Gobbi, G, Benso, F. Neuropsychological profile in new-onset benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS): focusing on executive functions. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;54:71–9.Google Scholar

Cheng, D, Yan, X, Gao, Z, Xu, K, Zhou, X, Chen, Q. Neurocognitive profiles in childhood absence epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2017;32(1):46–52.Google Scholar

Matricardi, S, Deleo, F, Ragona, F, et al. Neuropsychological profiles and outcomes in children with new onset frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;55:79–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vannest, J, Tenney, JR, Altaye, M, et al. Impact of frequency and lateralization of interictal discharges on neuropsychological and fine motor status in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Epilepsia. 2016;57(8):e161–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vannest, J, Maloney, TC, Tenney, JR, et al. Changes in functional organization and functional connectivity during story listening in children with benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes. Brain Lang. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.01.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wang, G, Dai, ZY, Song, W, et al. Grey matter anomalies in drug-naive childhood absence epilepsy: A voxel-based morphometry study with MRI at 3.0 T. Epilepsy Res. 2016;124:63–6.Google Scholar

Ekmekci, B, Bulut, HT, Gumustas, F, Yildirim, A, Kustepe, A. The relationship between white matter abnormalities and cognitive functions in new-onset juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;62:166–70.Google Scholar

Cheng, D, Yan, X, Gao, Z, Xu, K, Chen, Q. Attention contributes to arithmetic deficits in new-onset childhood absence epilepsy. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hermann, B, Jones, J, Sheth, R, Dow, C, Koehn, M, Seidenberg, M. Children with new-onset epilepsy: neuropsychological status and brain structure. Brain. 2006;129(pt 10):2609–19.Google Scholar

Pulsipher, DT, Seidenberg, M, Guidotti, L, et al. Thalamofrontal circuitry and executive dysfunction in recent-onset juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50(5):1210–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hutchinson, E, Pulsipher, D, Dabbs, K, et al. Children with new-onset epilepsy exhibit diffusion abnormalities in cerebral white matter in the absence of volumetric differences. Epilepsy Res. 2010;88(2–3),208–14.Google Scholar

Jackson, DC, Irwin, W, Dabbs, K, et al. Ventricular enlargement in new-onset pediatric epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2011;52(12):2225–32.Google Scholar

Widjaja, E, Zarei Mahmoodabadi, S, Go, C, et al. Reduced cortical thickness in children with new-onset seizures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33(4):673–7.Google Scholar

Yang, T, Guo, Z, Luo, C, et al. White matter impairment in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit of drug-naive childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2012;99(3):267–73.Google Scholar

Widjaja, E, Kis, A, Go, C, Raybaud, C, Snead, OC, Smith, ML. Abnormal white matter on diffusion tensor imaging in children with new-onset seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2013;104(1–2):105–11.Google Scholar

Kim, EH, Yum, MS, Shim, WH, Yoon, HK, Lee, YJ, Ko, TS. Structural abnormalities in benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS). Seizure. 2015;27:40–6.Google Scholar

Luo, C, Zhang, Y, Cao, W, et al. Altered structural and functional feature of striato-cortical circuit in benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Int J Neural Syst. 2015;25(6):1550027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perani, S, Tierney, TM, Centeno, M, et al. Thalamic volume reduction in drug-naive patients with new-onset genetic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2018;59(1):226–34.Google Scholar

Wilkinson, GS. Wide Range Achievement Test: Manual. Wilmington, DE: Wide Range, Inc.; 1993.Google Scholar

Wechsler, D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1999.Google Scholar

Kaplan, E, Goodglass, H, Weintraub, S. Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1983.Google Scholar

Williams, KT. Expressive Vocabulary Test. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service; 1997.Google Scholar

Dunn, L, Dunn, L, Williams, KT. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service; 1997.Google Scholar

Delis, DC, Kaplan, E, Kramer, JH. The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 2001.Google Scholar

Cohen, MJ. Children’s Memory Scale. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1997.Google Scholar

Conners, CK. The Connors’ Continuous Performance Test. Toronto: Multi-Heath Systems; 1995.Google Scholar

Lafayette Instrument Company. Grooved Peg Board Test. Lafayette, IN; 2002.Google Scholar

Wechsler, D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1991.Google Scholar

Dabbs, K, Jones, JE, Jackson, DC, Seidenberg, M, Hermann, BP. Patterns of cortical thickness and the Child Behavior Checklist in childhood epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;29(1):198–204.Google Scholar