Selected BibliographyGeneral References on Islam, Islamic History, and HistoriographyEncyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–2008.
Hodgson, Marshall. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Khaldūn, Ibn. al-Muqaddima: Les prolégomènes d'Ebn Khaldoun. 3 vols. Edited by Quatremère, E. M. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères, 1858.
Khaldūn, Ibn. al-Muqaddima. Edited by Naṣr al-Hūrīnī. Bulaq, 1274/1857.
Khaldūn, Ibn. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Bollingen Series 43. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967.
Ibn, al-Nadīm. al-Fihrist. Edited by Yūsuf ‘Alī Ṭawīl. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīya, 1416/1996.
Ibn, al-Nadīm. Translated by Bayard Dodge. The Fihrist of al-Nadīm: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture. Records of Civilization: Sources and Studies 83. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.
Rosenthal, Franz. The Technique and Approach of Muslim Scholarship. Analecta Orientalia 24. Rome: Pontificium Institutem Biblicum, 1947.
Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr. Tārīkh al-Rusul wa'l-Mulūk. Edited by Goeje, M. J et al. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1879–1901.
Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Edited by Ehsan Yarshater. The History of al-Tabari. 40 vols. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany: SUNY Press, 1985–2007.
Ṭāshkubrīzādah, Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafā. Miftāḥ al-Sa‘āda wa-Miṣbāḥ al-Siyāda fī Mawḍū‘āt al-‘Ulūm. Hyderabad, Deccan: Dā'irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Niẓāmīyah, 1911–1937.
Reason and RationalismAudi, Robert. The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Cabezón, José Ignacio, ed. Scholasticism: Cross-Cultural and Comparative Perspective. Albany: SUNY Press, 1998.
Mahdi, Muḥsin. “The Rational Tradition in Islam.” In Intellectual Traditions in Islam, edited by Daftary, Farhad, 43–65. London: I. B. Tauris and the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2000.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Strauss, Leo. Persecution and the Art of Writing. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1952.
Strauss, Leo. What Is Political Philosophy? and Other Studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1959.
Classical and Early Christian Thought and LiteratureChadwick, Henry. Early Christian Thought and the Classical Tradition: Studies in Justin, Clement, and Origen. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Cornford, F. M. From Religion to Philosophy: A Study in the Origins of Western Speculation. New York: Harper, 1957.
Coxon, A. H. The Fragments of Parmenides: A Critical Text with Introduction, Translation, the Ancient Testimonia and a Commentary. Phronesis suppl., vol. iii. Assen/Maastricht: Van Gorcum, 1986.
Cumont, Franz. The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism. Chicago: Open Court, 1911; reprinted New York: Dover, 1956.
,Pseudo-Dionysius. Corpus Dionysiacum. Edited by Suchla, B. R, Heil, G, and Ritter, A. M. 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1991.
,Pseudo-Dionysius. The Complete Works. Translated by Colm Luibheid. The Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1987.
Dodds, E. R. The Greeks and the Irrational. Sather Classical Lectures 25. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.
Gallop, D. Parmenides of Elea: Fragments. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984.
Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan, comp. and trans. The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library: An Anthology of Ancient Writings which Relate to Pythagoras and Pythagorean Philosophy. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Phanes, 1987.
Guthrie, W. K. C. History of Greek Philosophy. Vol. 1: The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.
Guthrie, W. K. C. Orpheus and Greek Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
Kahn, Charles H. Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2001.
Kingsley, Peter. Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
Kingsley, Peter. In the Dark Places of Wisdom. Inverness, Calif.: The Golden Sufi Center, 1999.
Kingsley, Peter. Reality. Inverness, Calif.: The Golden Sufi Center, 2003.
Kirk, G. S., Raven, J. E., and Schofield, M. The Presocratic Philosophers. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Krämer, Hans Joachim. Plato and the Foundations of Metaphysics: A Work on the Theory of the Principles and Unwritten Doctrines of Plato with a Collection of the Fundamental Documents. Translated by John R. Catan. Albany: SUNY Press, 1990.
Nussbaum, Martha C. The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Martin Classical Lectures, n.s., 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter with Hellenism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
Peters, F. E. Aristoteles Arabus: The Oriental Translations and Commentaries on the Aristotelian Corpus. New York University Department of Classics Monographs on Mediterranean Antiquity. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1968.
Peters, F. E. Aristotle and the Arabs. New York Studies in Near Eastern Civilization 1. New York: NYU Press, 1968.
Reale, Giovanni. Towards a New Interpretation of Plato. Edited and translated by Catan, John R and Davies, Richard. Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1997.
Rosenthal, Franz. The Classical Heritage in Islam. Translated by Emile and Jenny Marmorstein. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Snell, Bruno. The Discovery of the Mind in Greek Philosophy and Literature. Translated by T. G. Rosenmeyer. New York: Harper, 1953; reprint New York: Dover, 1982.
Stead, Christopher. Philosophy in Christian Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Veyne, Paul. Did the Greeks Believe in Their Myths? An Essay on the Constitutive Imagination. Translated by Paula Wissing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Welch, A. T.; Paret, R.; and Pearson, J. D. Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd ed., s.v. “Ḳur'ān.”
Qur'ān and HadithBaghawī, . Mishkāt al-Maṣābīḥ. Translated by Maulana Fazlul Karim as Al-Hadith: An English Translation and Commentary of Mishkat-ul-Masabih. Lahore: Book House, n.d.
Baghawī, . Translated by James Robson. Lahore, Pakistan: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1960–1964, and several times reprinted.
Berg, Herbert. The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Literature from the Formative Period. Edited by Rippin, Andrew. Curzon Studies in the Qur'ān. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2000.
Brown, Jonathan A. C. Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: OneWorld, 2009.
al-Bukhārī, . Al-Ṣaḥīḥ. Cairo: Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, n.d.
al-Bukhārī, . Translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan as The Translation of the Meanings of Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Gujranwala, Taleem-ul-Quran Trust, 1971–. Several times reprinted.
al-Bukhārī, . Translated by Aftab-ud-Din Ahmad as English Translation of Sahih al-Bukhari. Lahore: Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at-i-Islam, [1956]–1962. Several times reprinted.
Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, ‘Uthmān b. ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Shahrazūrī. Kitāb Ma‘rifat Anwā‘ ‘Ilm al-Ḥadīth. Edited by Nūr al-Dīn ‘Iṭr as ‘Ulūm al-Ḥadīth. Damascus: al-Maktaba al-‘Ilmīya, 1387/1966.
Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, ‘Uthmān b. Edited by ‘Ā’isha ‘Abd al-Raḥmān as Muqaddamat Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ wa-Maḥāsin al-Iṣṭilāḥ. Dhakhā’ir al-‘Arab 64. 2nd ed. Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, 1989.
Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, ‘Uthmān b. Translated by Eerick Dickinson and reviewed by Muneer Fareed, as An Introduction to the Science of the Ḥadīth. Great Books of Islamic Civilization. Reading: Garnet, 2006.
Juynboll, G. H. A. “Muslim's Introduction to His Ṣaḥīḥ., Translated and Annotated with an Excursus on the Chronology of Fitna and Bid‘a.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (1984): 263–311.
Juynboll, G. H. A. Studies on the Origins and Uses of Islamic Ḥadīth. Aldershot, U.K.: AshgateVariorum, 1996.
Motzki, Harald, ed. Ḥadīth: Origins and Developments. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate Variorum, 2004.
Motzki, Harald. “The Question of the Authenticity of Muslim Traditions Reconsidered: A Review Article.” In Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Edited by Herbert Berg, 211–57. Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts 49. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2003.
al-Nīsābūrī, Muḥammad ibn ‘al-Ḥākim, Abd Allāh. Al-Madkhal ilā Ma‘rifat al-Iklīl. Translated by James Robson. An Introduction to the Science of Tradition. London: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1953.
al-Sa‘īd, Labīb. The Recited Koran: A History of the First Recorded Version. Translated by Bernard Weiss, M. A. Rauf, and Morroe Berger. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1975.
Ṣiddīqī, Muḥammad Zubayr. Ḥadīth Literature: Its Origin, Development, and Special Features. Edited by Abdal Hakim Murad. Cambridge, U.K.: Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
al-Suyūṭị, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘al-Raḥmān, Abd. Al-Itqān fi ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān. Edited by Muḥammad Abū ’l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Sidon: al-Maktaba al-‘Aṣrīya, 2006.
al-Suyūṭị, Jalāl al-Dīn. Al-Tawshīḥ Sharḥ al-Jāmi‘ al-Ṣaḥīḥ. Edited by Riḍwān Jāmi‘ Riḍwān. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1419/1998.
Islamic Law and JurisprudenceCalder, Norman. Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
Dutton, Yasin. The Origins of Islamic Law. Culture and Civilization in the Middle East. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1999.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. al-Mustaṣfā fī ‘Ilm al-Uṣūl. Cairo: al-Maṭba‘a al-Amīrīya, 1322/1904.
Hallaq, Wael B. “From Regional to Personal Schools of Law? A Reevaluation.” Islamic Law and Society 8/1 (2001): 1–26.
Hallaq, Wael B. A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunnī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Hallaq, Wael B. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Hallaq, Wael B. Sharī‘a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Hasan, Ahmad. Analogical Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence: A Study of the Juridical Principle of Qiyās. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1986.
Anas, Mālik b. Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik ibn Anas. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Kegan Paul, 1989.
Melchert, Christopher. “The Early History of Islamic Law.” In Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts. Edited by Herbert Berg. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2003.
al-Qurāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn. Nafā'is al-Uṣūl fī Sharḥ al-Wuṣūl. Edited by ‘Ādil Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Mawjūd and ‘Alī Muḥammad Ma‘ūḍ. Mecca: Nizār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418/1997.
Ramić, Šukrija (Husejn). Language and the Interpretation of Islamic Law. Cambridge, U.K.: The Islamic Texts Society, 2003.
al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn. Al-Maḥṣūl fī ‘Ilm al-Uṣūl. Edited by Ṭāhā Jābir Fayyāḍ al-‘Alwānī. Lajnat al-Buḥūth 13, [Riyad]: Jāmi‘at al-Imām Muḥammad b. Sa‘ūd al-Islāmīya, 1399/1979.
Schacht, Josef. Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd ed., s.v. “Fiqh.”
Schacht, Josef. The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950.
al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. Ikhtilāf al-Madhāhib. Edited by ‘Abd al-Qayyūm b. Muḥammad Shafī‘ al-Bastawī. Cairo: Dar al-I‘tiṣām, 1989.
Troupeau, G. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., s.v. “Ḳiyās.”
Walbridge, John. “The Caliphate of Reason.” Islamic Studies (Islamabad) 43:4 (Winter 2004): 583–97.
Walbridge, John. “The Islamic Art of Asking Questions: ‘Ilm al-Ikhtilāf and the Institutionalization of Disagreement.” Islamic Studies (Islamabad), 41/1 (Spring 2002): 69–86. Reprinted as Occasional Papers 46. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, 2003). Originally privately published by Department of Philosophy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 2001.
Weiss, Bernard G. The Search for God's Law: Islamic Jurisprudence in the Writings of Sayf al-Dīn al-Āmidī. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1992.
Islamic Theologyal-Ash‘arī, Abū’l-Ḥasan. The Theology of al-Ash‘arī: The Arabic Texts of al-Ash‘arī's Kitāb al-Luma‘ and Risālat Istiḥsān al-Khawḍ fī ‘Ilm al-Kalām. Edited and translated by Richard Joseph McCarthy. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1953.
al-Ash‘arī, Abū’l-Ḥasan. Al-Ibāna ‘an Uṣūl al-Diyāna. Edited by Ḥusayn Maḥmūd, Fawqīya. Cairo: al-Anṣār, 1397/1977.
al-Ash‘arī, Abū’l-Ḥasan. Klein, Walter C., trans. Al-Ibānah ‘an Uṣūl al-Diyānah: The Elucidation of Islām's Foundation, a Translation. American Oriental Series 19. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1940.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. al-Munqidh min al-Ḍalāl. Edited by ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd, 5th ed. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadītha, 1385/1965.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. In Watt, W. Montgomery. The Faith and Practice of al-Ghazālī. Ethical and Religious Classics of East and West. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1953.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. In Joseph McCarthy, Richard, Freedom and Fulfillment. Library of Classical Arabic Literature. Boston: Twayne, 1980.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Joseph McCarthy, Richard, trans. Al-Ghazālī's Path to Sufism. Louisville, Ky.: Fons Vitae, 2000.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. The Niche for Lights. Translated by David Buchman. Islamic Translation Series. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1998.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Tahfut al-Falāsifa. Edited by Sulaymān Dunyā. 2nd ed. Dhakhā'ir al-‘Arab 15. Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, n.d.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Kamali, Sabih Ahmad, trans. al-Ghazali's Tahafut al-Falasifah: Incoherence of the Philosophers. Lahore: Pakistan Philosophical Congress, 1963.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. In Marmura, Michael E, trans. The Incoherence of the Philosophers. Islamic Translation Series. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1997.
Halverson, Jeffry R. Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash‘arism, and Political Sunnism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Qudāma, Ibn. Censure of Speculative Theology: An Edition and Translation of Ibn Qudāma's Taḥrīm an-Naẓar fī Kutub Ahl al-Kalām. Edited and translated by George Makdisi. E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, n.s., 23. Cambridge, U.K.: E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust, 1962.
Taymīya, Ibn. Kitab Al-Iman: Book of Faith. Translated by Salman Al-Ani and Shadia Ahmad Tel. Bloomington, Ind.: Iman, 1999.
al-Iṣfahānī, Maḥmūd. Maṭāli‘ al-Anẓār. In Nature, Man, and God in Medieval Islam. Translated by Edwin E. Calverley and James W. Pollock. Islamic Philosophy, Theology, and Science: Texts and Studies 15. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002.
al-Juwaynī, . A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief: Kitāb al-Irshād ilā Qawāṭi‘ al-Adilla fī Uṣūl al-I‘tiqād. Translated by Paul E. Walker. Great Books of Islamic Civilization. Reading: Garnett, 2000.
al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr. Kitāb al-Tawḥīd. Edited by Bekir Topaloǧlu and Muhammed Aruçi. Istanbul: İSAM, 2005.
Nagel, Tilman. The History of Islamic Theology. Translated by Thomas Thornton. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2000.
al-Taftāzānī, Sa‘d al-Dīn. Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid. Edited and commentary by ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ‘Umayra, 5 vols. in 4, n.p., al-Sharīf al-Riḍā, 1989.
al-Usmandī, ‘ Alā’ al-Dīn al-Samarqandī. Lubāb al-Kalām. Edited by Sait Üzervarlı, M. Istanbul: İSAM, 2005.
Ess, Josef. The Flowering of Muslim Theology. Translated by Jane Marie Todd. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Watt, W. Montgomery, trans. Islamic Creeds: A Selection. Islamic Surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994.
Wensinck, A. J. The Muslim Creed: Its Genesis and Historical Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932.
Winter, Tim, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Wolfson, Harry Austryn. The Philosophy of the Kalam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
Arabic Grammar and LinguisticsCarter, M. G. Sibawayh. Makers of Islamic Civilization. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004.
Howell, Mortimer Sloper. A Grammar of the Classical Arabic Language, Translated and Compiled from the Works of the Most Approved Native or Naturalized Authors. 4 vols. in 7. Allahabad: North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press, 1883–1911. Reprinted New Delhi: Gian Publishing House, 1990.
Ibn Maḍā', Aḥmad b. ‘Abd al-Raḥmān. Kitāb al-Radd ‘ala ’l-Nuḥāt. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī, 1366/1947.
Ibn Maḍā', Aḥmad b. Translated by Ronald G. Wolfe. “Ibn Maḍā' al-Qurṭubī and the Book in Refutation of the Grammarians.” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1984.
Lane, Edward William. An Arabic-English Lexicon. 8 vols. London: Williams and Norgate, 1863–1893, and often reprinted.
Muwaffaq, al-Dīn Ya‘īsh b. ‘Alī. Sharḥ al-Mufaṣṣal. Cairo: Idārat al-Ṭibā‘a al-Munīrīya, n.d.
Nakamura, Kōjirō. “Ibn Maḍā's Criticism of Arabic Grammarians.” Orient (Tokyo) 10 (1974): 89–113.
Wright, William. A Grammar of the Arabic Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1898. Often reprinted.
Islamic PhilosophyAdamson, Peter. Al-Kindī. Great Medieval Thinkers; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Adamson, Peter, and Taylor, Richard C., eds., The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Atiyeh, George N. al-Kindi: The Philosopher of the Arabs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968, and several times reprinted.
Borges, Jorge Luis. “La busca de Averroes.” In Jorge Luis Borges, El Aleph. Buenes Aires: Emece Editores, 1949.
Borges, Jorge Luis. Translated by James E. Irby. “Averroës' Search.” In Jorge Luis Borges, Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings, 148–55. New York: New Directions, 1964.
Borges, Jorge Luis. Translated by Andrew Hurley. “Averroës' Search.” In Jorge Luis Borges, Collected Fictions, 235–41. New York: Penguin, 1998.
Butterworth, Charles E., ed. The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Muhsin S. Mahdi. Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs 27. Cambridge: Harvard University Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 1992.
Colville, Jim, trans. Two Andalusian Philosophers. The Kegan Paul Arabia Library 6. London: Kegan Paul, 1999. Containing Ibn Ṭufayl, Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān, and Averroes, The Decisive Treatise.
Crone, Patricia. God's Rule: Government and Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
Daftary, Farhad. The Ismā‘īlīs: Their History and Doctrines. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Daiber, Hans. Bibliography of Islamic Philosophy. Handbuch der Orientalistik 1.41, 89. 3 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999–2007.
Davidson, Herbert A. Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes on Intellect: Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect, and Theories of Human Intellect. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Callataÿ, Godefroid. Ikhwan al-Safa': A Brotherhood of Idealists on the Fringe of Orthodox Islam. Makers of the Muslim World. Oxford: One World, 2005.
Fakhry, Majid. Al-Fārābi, Founder of Islamic Neoplatonism: His Life, Works and Influence. Great Islamic Thinkers. Oxford: OneWorld, 2002.
Fakhry, Majid. A History of Islamic Philosophy. 3rd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
al-Fārābī, . Alfarabi: The Political Writings. Translated by Charles E. Butterworth. Agora Editions. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. Includes Selected Aphorisms, chapter 5 of Enumeration of the Sciences, The Book of Religions, and The Harmonization of the Opinions of Plato and Aristotle.
al-Fārābī, . Alfarabi's Book of Religion and Related Texts. Edited by Muhsin Mahdi. Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, 1965.
al-Fārābī, . Alfarabi's Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. Translated by Muhsin Mahdi. Rev. ed. Agora Editions. Cornell University Press, 1969. Includes The Attainment of Happiness, The Philosophy of Plato, and The Philosophy of Aristotle.
al-Fārābī, . Alfarabius Compendium Legum Platonis. Edited by Gabrieli, Francesco. London: Warburg Institute, 1952.
al-Fārābī, . The Book of Letters. Partial translation in Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings, edited by Muhamad Ali Khalidi. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
al-Fārābī, . Iḥṣā' al-‘Ulūm. Edited by ‘Uthmān Muḥammad Amīn. Cairo: al-Khānijī, 1350/1931.
al-Fārābī, . Chapter Five. Translated by Fauzi M. Najjar. In Lerner and Mahdi, 22–30. Medieval Political Philosophy.
al-Fārābī, . Partial translation by Charles E. Butterworth. In Alfarabi: The Political Writings, 69–84.
al-Fārābī, . Al-Fārābī, , Mabādi' Ārā' Ahl al-Madīna al-Fāḍila. Edited by Albayr Naṣīrī Nādir. Beirut: al-Mashriq, 1968.
al-Fārābī, . Edited and translated by Richard Walzer. Al-Farabi on the Perfect State. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
al-Fārābī, . Risāla fī 'l-‘Aql. Edited by M. Bouyges. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1948.
al-Fārābī, . Partial translation by Arthur Hyman. In Philosophy in the Middle Ages: The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Traditions, 2nd ed. Edited by Arthur Hyman and James J. Walsh, 215–21. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1973.
Galston, Miriam. Politics and Excellence: The Political Philosophy of Alfarabi. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Gutas, Dimitri. Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ‘Abbāsid Society (2nd–4th/8th–10th Centuries). London: Routledge, 1998.
Ha'iri Yazdi, Mehdi. The Principles of Epistemology in Islamic Philosophy: Knowledge by Presence. SUNY Series in Islam. Albany: SUNY Press, 1992.
Halm, Heinz. The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning. Ismaili Heritage Series 2. London: I. B. Tauris and the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 1997.
Hyman, Arthur, and Walsh, James J, eds. Philosophy in the Middle Ages: The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Traditions. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1973.
Rushd, Ibn. Bidāyat al-Mujtahid wa-Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid. n.p., Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
Rushd, Ibn. Translated by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee. The Distinguished Jurist's Primer. Great Books of Islamic Civilization. 2 vols. Reading: Garnet, 1994.
Rushd, Ibn. Faṣl al-Maqāl. Ibn Rushd: Kitâb Faṣl al-Maqâl, edited by George F. Hourani. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959.
Rushd, Ibn. Kitāb Faṣl al-Maqāl, edited by Muḥammad ‘Imāra. 3rd ed. Beirut: al-Mu'assasa al-‘Arabīya, 1986.
Rushd, Ibn. In The Book of the Decisive Treatise Determining the Connection between the Law and Wisdom and Epistle Dedicatory. Edited and translated by Charles Butterworth. Islamic Translation Series. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2001.
Rushd, Ibn. Translated by Jim Colville. In Two Andalucian Philosophers, 76–99.
Rushd, Ibn. In Averroes on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy. Translated by George F. Hourani. E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series. London: Luzac, 1976. Reprinted in Lerner and Mahdi. Medieval Political Philosophy, 163–86.
Rushd, Ibn. Tahāfut al-Tahāfut. Edited by Sulaymān Dunyā. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Cairo: al-Ma‘ārif, 1969.
Rushd, Ibn. Translated by Simon van den Bergh Averroes' Tahafut al-Tahafut. E. J. W. Gibb., n.s., 19. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.
Sīnā, Ibn. Al-Ishārāt wa'l-Tanbīhāt, ma‘a Sharḥ Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī. Edited by Sulaymān Dunyā. Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, 1960.
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