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8 - Nitrogen processes in coastal and marine ecosystems

from Part II - Nitrogen processing in the biosphere

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2011

By
Maren Voss ,
Alex Baker ,
Hermann W. Bange ,
Daniel Conley ,
Sarah Cornell ,
Barbara Deutsch ,
Anja Engel ,
Raja Ganeshram ,
Josette Garnier  and
Ana-Stiina Heiskanen
...Show all authors
Edited by
Mark A. Sutton ,
Clare M. Howard ,
Jan Willem Erisman ,
Gilles Billen ,
Albert Bleeker ,
Peringe Grennfelt ,
Hans van Grinsven  and
Bruna Grizzetti
Maren Voss
Affiliation:
Leibniz-Institute of Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende
Alex Baker
Affiliation:
University of East Anglia
Hermann W. Bange
Affiliation:
Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften
Daniel Conley
Affiliation:
Lund University
Sarah Cornell
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Barbara Deutsch
Affiliation:
Stockholm University
Anja Engel
Affiliation:
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
Raja Ganeshram
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Josette Garnier
Affiliation:
UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS
Ana-Stiina Heiskanen
Affiliation:
Finnish Environment Institute
Tim Jickells
Affiliation:
University of East Anglia
Christiane Lancelot
Affiliation:
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Abigail McQuatters-Gollop
Affiliation:
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science
Jack Middelburg
Affiliation:
Utrecht University
Doris Schiedek
Affiliation:
National Environmental Research Institute
Caroline P. Slomp
Affiliation:
Utrecht University
Daniel P. Conley
Affiliation:
Lund University
Mark A. Sutton
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Clare M. Howard
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Jan Willem Erisman
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Gilles Billen
Affiliation:
CNRS and University of Paris VI
Albert Bleeker
Affiliation:
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Peringe Grennfelt
Affiliation:
Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL)
Hans van Grinsven
Affiliation:
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Bruna Grizzetti
Affiliation:
European Commission Joint Research Centre
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Summary

Executive summary

Nature of the problem

  • Nitrogen (N) inputs from human activities have led to ecological deteriorations in large parts of the coastal oceans along European coastlines, including harmful algae blooms and anoxia.

  • Riverine N-loads are the most pronounced nitrogen sources to coasts and estuaries. Other significant sources are nitrogen in atmospheric deposition and fixation.

Approaches

  • This chapter describes all major N-turnover processes which are important for the understanding of the complexity of marine nitrogen cycling, including information on biodiversity.

  • Linkages to other major elemental cycles like carbon, oxygen, phosphorus and silica are briefly described in this chapter.

  • A tentative budget of all major sources and sinks of nitrogen integrated for global coasts is presented, indicating uncertainties where present, especially the N-loss capacity of ocean shelf sediments.

  • Finally, specific nitrogen problems in the European Regional Seas, including the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea are described.

Key findings/state of knowledge

  • Today, human activity delivers several times more nitrogen to the coasts compared to the natural background of nitrogen delivery. The source of this is the land drained by the rivers. Therefore, the major European estuaries (e.g. Rhine, Scheldt, Danube and the coastlines receiving the outflow), North Sea, Baltic Sea, and Black Sea as well as some parts of the Mediterranean coastlines are affected by excess nutrient inputs.

  • Biodiversity is reduced under high nutrient loadings and oxygen deficiency. This process has led to changes in the nutrient recycling in sediments, because mature communities of benthic animals are lacking in disturbed coastal sediments. The recovery of communities may not be possible if high productivity and anoxia persist for longer time periods.

Type
Chapter
Information
The European Nitrogen Assessment
Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives
 , pp. 147 - 176
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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