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4 - Pediatric trauma

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2010

By
Sandra Wootton-Gorges
Edited by
Heike E. Daldrup-Link  and
Charles A. Gooding
Heike E. Daldrup-Link
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Charles A. Gooding
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
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Type
Chapter
Information
Essentials of Pediatric Radiology
A Multimodality Approach
 , pp. 75 - 97
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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References

Ashwal, S, Holshouser, BA, Tong, KA (2006) Use of advanced neuroimaging techniques in the evaluation of pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 28, 309–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duhaime, AC, Durham, S (2007) Traumatic brain injury in infants: the phenomenon of subdural hemorrhage with hemispheric hypodensity (“big black brain”). Prog Brain Res 161, 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duhaime, AC, Alario, AJ, Lewander, WJet al. (1992) Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics 90, 179–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Duhem, R, Vinchon, M, Tonnelle, V, Soto-Ares, G, Leclerc, X (2006) Main temporal aspects of the MRI signal of subdural hematomas and practical contribution to dating head injury. Neurochirugie 52, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gean, AImaging of Head Trauma (New York: Raven Press, 1994) pp. 368–426.Google Scholar
Haydel, MJ, Shembekar, AD (2003) Prediction of intracranial injury in children aged five years and older with loss of consciousness after minor head injury due to nontrivial mechanisms. Ann Emerg Med 42, 507–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khoshyomn, S, Tranmer, BI (2004) Diagnosis and management of pediatric closed head injury. Sem Pediatr Surg 13, 80–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noguchi, K, Ogawa, T, Inugami, Aet al. (1995) Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: MR imaging with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery pulse sequences. Radiology 196, 773–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palchak, MJ, Holmes, JF, Vance, CWet al. (2003) A decision rule for identifying children at low risk for brain injuries after blunt head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 42, 492–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poussaint, TY, Moeller, KK (2002) Imaging of pediatric head trauma. Neuroimag Clin N Am 12, 271–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schutzman, SA, Greenes, DS (2001) Pediatric minor head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 37, 65–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tung, GA, Kumar, M, Richardson, RC, Jenny, C, Brown, WI (2006) Comparison of accidental and nonaccidental traumatic head injury in children on noncontrast computed tomography. Pediatrics 118, 626–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodcock, RJ, Davis, PC, Hopkins, KL (2001) Imaging of head trauma in infancy and childhood. Sem Ultrasound CT MR 22, 162–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, RA, Bilaniuk, LT (1994) Pediatric head trauma. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 4, 349–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, RL, Brunn, MA, Garcia, VF (2001) Cervical spine injuries in children: a review of 103 patients treated consecutively at a level 1 pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg 36, 1107–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwek, JR, Chung, CCB (2000) Radiography of cervical injury in children: are flexion-extension radiographs useful for acute trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174, 1617–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eleraky, MA, Theodore, N, Adams, M, Rekate, HL, Sonntag, VKH (2000) Pediatric cervical spine injuries: report of 102 cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 92, 12–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Hanson, JA, Blackmore, CC, Mann, Fa, Wilson, AJ (2000) Cervical spine injury: a clinical decision rule to identify high-risk patients for helical CT screening. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174, 713–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, JH, Carson, GC, Wagner, LK (1994) Radiologic diagnosis of traumatic occipitovertebral dissociation: 1. Normal occipitovertebral relationships on lateral radiographs of supine subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162, 881–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jimenez, RR, DeGuzman, MA, Shiran, S, Karrellas, A, Lorenzo, RL (2008) CT versus plain radiographs for evaluation of c-spine injury in young children: do benefits outweigh risks?Pediatr Radiol 38, 635–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pang, D (2004) Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children, 2 decades later. Neurosurgery 55, 1325–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Platzer, P, Jaindl, M, Thalhammer, Get al. (2007) Cervical spine injuries in pediatric patients. J Trauma 62, 389–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slack, SE, Clancy, MJ (2004) Clearing the cervical spine of paediatric trauma patients. Emerg Med J 21, 189–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmetz, MP, Lechner, RM, Anderson, JS (2003) Atlantooccipital dislocation in children: presentation, diagnosis, and management. Neurosurg Focus 14, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, A, Barlow, B, DiScala, C, String, D (1994) Mortality and truncal injury: the pediatric perspective. J Pediatr Surg 29, 33–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, JF, Sokolove, PE, Brant, WE, Kuppermann, N (2002) A clinical decision rule for identifying children with thoracic injuries after blunt torso trauma. Ann Emerg Med 39, 492–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renton, J, Kincaid, S, Ehrlich, PF (2003) Should helical CT scanning of the thoracic cavity replace the conventional chest X-ray as a primary assessment tool in pediatric trauma? An efficacy and cost analysis. J Pediatr Surg 38, 793–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angus, LD, Tachmes, L, Kahn, Set al. (1993) Surgical management of pediatric renal trauma: an urban experience. Am Surg 59, 388–94.Google Scholar
Benya, EC, Lim-Dunham, JE, Landrum, O, Statter, M (2000) Abdominal sonography in examination of children with blunt abdominal trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174, 1613–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, MP, Mirvis, SE, Shanmuganathan, K (2006) Chance-type fractures of the thoracolumbar spine: imaging analysis in 53 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187, 859–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner, DJ, Elliston, CD, Hall, EJ, Berdon, WE (2001) Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176, 289–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulas, DI, Taylor, GA, Eichelberger, MR (1989) The value of CT in detecting bowel perforation in children after blunt abdominal trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 153, 561–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capaccio, E, Magnano, GM, Valle, M, Derchi, (2006) Traumatic lesions of the adrenal glands in paediatrics: about three cases. Radiol Med 111, 906–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, DPN, Abujudeh, HH, Cushing, GL, Novelline, RA (2006) CT cystography with multiplanar reformation for suspected bladder rupture: experience in 234 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187, 1296–1302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choit, RL, Tredwell, SJ, Leblanc, JG, Reilly, CW, Mulpuri, K (2006) Abdominal aortic injuries associated with Chance fractures in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 41, 1184–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durbin, DR, Arbogast, KB, Moll, EK (2001) Seat-belt syndrome in children: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Emerg Care 17, 474–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federle, MP, Griffiths, B, Minagi, H, Jeffrey, RB (1987) Splenic trauma: evaluation with CT. Radiology 162, 69–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillamondegui, OD, Mahboubi, S, Stafford, PW, Nance, ML (2003) The utility of the pelvic radiograph in the assessment of pediatric pelvic fractures. J Trauma 55, 236–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, EJ (2002) Lessons we have learned from our children: cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Pediatr Radiol 32, 700–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennes, HM, Smith, DS, Schneider, Ket al. (1990) Elevated liver transaminase levels in children with blunt abdominal trauma: a predictor of liver injury. Pediatrics 86, 87–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Moore, EE, Cogbill, TH, Malangni, MAet al. (1995) Organ injury scaling. Surg Clin North Am 75, 293–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mutabagani, KJ, Coley, BD, Zumberge, Net al. (1999) Preliminary experience with focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) in children: is it useful?J Pediatr Surg 24, 48–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nance, ML, Mahboubi, S, Wickstrom, J, Prendergast, F, Stafford, PW (2002) Pattern of abdominal free fluid following isolated blunt spleen or liver injury in the pediatric patient. J Trauma 52, 85–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, MM, Das, S (2002) Pediatric renal trauma. Urology 59, 762–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shalaby-Rana, E, Eichelberger, M, Kerzner, B, Kapur, S (1992) Intestinal stricture due to lap-belt injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158, 63–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, SS, Jeong, YY, Chung, TWet al. (2007) The sentinel clot sign: a useful CT finding for the evaluation of intraperitoneal bladder rupture following blunt trauma. Korean J Radiol 8, 492–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, MJThe child with abdominal trauma. In Practical Pediatric Radiology, 3rd edn., ed. Hilton, SvW, Edwards, DK (Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2006) Chapter 10, pp. 351–73.Google Scholar
Sivit, CJ, Cutting, JP, Eichelberger, MR (1995) CT diagnosis and localization of rupture of the bladder in children with blunt abdominal trauma: significance of contrast material extravasation in the pelvis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164, 1243–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Taylor, GA, Newman, KDet al. (1991) Safety-belt injuries in children with lap-belt ecchymosis: CT findings in 61 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157, 111–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Eichelberger, MR, Taylor, GAet al. (1992) Blunt pancreatic trauma in children: CT diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158, 1097–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Ingram, JD, Taylor, GAet al. (1992) Posttraumatic adrenal hemorrhage in children: CT findings in 34 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158, 1299–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Taylor, GA, Bulas, DIet al. (1992) Posttraumatic shock in children: CT findings associated with hemodynamic instability. Radiology 182, 723–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalker, HP, Kaufman, RA, Towbin, R (1986) Patterns of liver injury in childhood: CT analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 147, 1199–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strouse, PJ, Close, BJ, Marshall, KW, Cywes, R (1999) CT of bowel and mesenteric trauma in children. Radiographics 19, 1237–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, GA, Eichelberger, MR (1989) Abdominal CT in children with neurologic impairment following blunt trauma. Ann Surg 210, 229–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, GA, Fallat, ME, Eichelberger, MR (1987) Hypovolemic shock in children: abdominal CT manifestations. Radiology 164, 479–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, GA, Eichelberger, MR, O'Donnell, R, Bowman, L (1991) Indications for computed tomography in children with blunt abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 213, 24–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laor, T, Jaramillo, D, Oestreich, AEMusculoskeletal system. In Practical Pediatric Imaging: Diagnostic Radiology of Infants and Children, 3rd edn., ed. Kirks, DR (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998) Chapter 5, pp. l415–47.Google Scholar
Ozonoff, MBSkeletal trauma. In Pediatric Orthopedic Radiology, 2nd edn., ed. Ozonoff, MB (Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1992) Chapter 8, pp. 604–89.Google Scholar
Barnes, PD, Robson, CD (2000) CT findings in hyperacute nonaccidental brain injury. Pediatr Radiol 30, 74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duhaime, AC, Alario, AJ, Lewander, WJet al. (1992) Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics 90, 179–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Hilton, SvWDifferentiating the accidentally injured from the physically abused child. In Practical Pediatric Radiology, 3rd edn., ed. Hilton, SvW, Edwards, DK (Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2006) Chapter 17, pp. 576–629.Google Scholar
Kleinman, PK (1990) Diagnostic imaging in infant abuse. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155, 703–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinman, PK, Marks, SC, Blackbourne, B (1986) The metaphyseal lesion in abused infants: a radiologic-histopathologic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 146, 895–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lonergan, GJ, Baker, AM, Morey, MK, Boos, SC (2003) Child abuse: radiological-pathological correlation. Radiographics 23, 811–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nimkin, K, Kleinman, PK (1997) Imaging of child abuse. Pediatr Clin North Am 44, 615–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Taylor, GA, Eichelberger, MR (1989) Visceral injury in battered children: a changing perspective. Radiology 173, 659–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,Society for Pediatric Radiology, National Association of Medical Examiners (2004) Post-mortem radiography in the evaluation of unexpected death in children less than 2 years of age whose death is suspicious for fatal abuse. Pediatr Radiol34, 675–7. DOI 10.1007/s00247-004-1235-3.
Zimmerman, RA, Bilaniuk, LT, Bruce, Det al. (1978) Interhemispheric acute subdural hematomas: a computed tomographic manifestation of child abuse by shaking. Neuroradiology 16, 39–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashwal, S, Holshouser, BA, Tong, KA (2006) Use of advanced neuroimaging techniques in the evaluation of pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 28, 309–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duhaime, AC, Durham, S (2007) Traumatic brain injury in infants: the phenomenon of subdural hemorrhage with hemispheric hypodensity (“big black brain”). Prog Brain Res 161, 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duhaime, AC, Alario, AJ, Lewander, WJet al. (1992) Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics 90, 179–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Duhem, R, Vinchon, M, Tonnelle, V, Soto-Ares, G, Leclerc, X (2006) Main temporal aspects of the MRI signal of subdural hematomas and practical contribution to dating head injury. Neurochirugie 52, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gean, AImaging of Head Trauma (New York: Raven Press, 1994) pp. 368–426.Google Scholar
Haydel, MJ, Shembekar, AD (2003) Prediction of intracranial injury in children aged five years and older with loss of consciousness after minor head injury due to nontrivial mechanisms. Ann Emerg Med 42, 507–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khoshyomn, S, Tranmer, BI (2004) Diagnosis and management of pediatric closed head injury. Sem Pediatr Surg 13, 80–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noguchi, K, Ogawa, T, Inugami, Aet al. (1995) Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: MR imaging with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery pulse sequences. Radiology 196, 773–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palchak, MJ, Holmes, JF, Vance, CWet al. (2003) A decision rule for identifying children at low risk for brain injuries after blunt head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 42, 492–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poussaint, TY, Moeller, KK (2002) Imaging of pediatric head trauma. Neuroimag Clin N Am 12, 271–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schutzman, SA, Greenes, DS (2001) Pediatric minor head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 37, 65–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tung, GA, Kumar, M, Richardson, RC, Jenny, C, Brown, WI (2006) Comparison of accidental and nonaccidental traumatic head injury in children on noncontrast computed tomography. Pediatrics 118, 626–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodcock, RJ, Davis, PC, Hopkins, KL (2001) Imaging of head trauma in infancy and childhood. Sem Ultrasound CT MR 22, 162–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, RA, Bilaniuk, LT (1994) Pediatric head trauma. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 4, 349–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, RL, Brunn, MA, Garcia, VF (2001) Cervical spine injuries in children: a review of 103 patients treated consecutively at a level 1 pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg 36, 1107–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwek, JR, Chung, CCB (2000) Radiography of cervical injury in children: are flexion-extension radiographs useful for acute trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174, 1617–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eleraky, MA, Theodore, N, Adams, M, Rekate, HL, Sonntag, VKH (2000) Pediatric cervical spine injuries: report of 102 cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 92, 12–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Hanson, JA, Blackmore, CC, Mann, Fa, Wilson, AJ (2000) Cervical spine injury: a clinical decision rule to identify high-risk patients for helical CT screening. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174, 713–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, JH, Carson, GC, Wagner, LK (1994) Radiologic diagnosis of traumatic occipitovertebral dissociation: 1. Normal occipitovertebral relationships on lateral radiographs of supine subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162, 881–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jimenez, RR, DeGuzman, MA, Shiran, S, Karrellas, A, Lorenzo, RL (2008) CT versus plain radiographs for evaluation of c-spine injury in young children: do benefits outweigh risks?Pediatr Radiol 38, 635–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pang, D (2004) Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children, 2 decades later. Neurosurgery 55, 1325–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Platzer, P, Jaindl, M, Thalhammer, Get al. (2007) Cervical spine injuries in pediatric patients. J Trauma 62, 389–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slack, SE, Clancy, MJ (2004) Clearing the cervical spine of paediatric trauma patients. Emerg Med J 21, 189–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmetz, MP, Lechner, RM, Anderson, JS (2003) Atlantooccipital dislocation in children: presentation, diagnosis, and management. Neurosurg Focus 14, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, A, Barlow, B, DiScala, C, String, D (1994) Mortality and truncal injury: the pediatric perspective. J Pediatr Surg 29, 33–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, JF, Sokolove, PE, Brant, WE, Kuppermann, N (2002) A clinical decision rule for identifying children with thoracic injuries after blunt torso trauma. Ann Emerg Med 39, 492–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renton, J, Kincaid, S, Ehrlich, PF (2003) Should helical CT scanning of the thoracic cavity replace the conventional chest X-ray as a primary assessment tool in pediatric trauma? An efficacy and cost analysis. J Pediatr Surg 38, 793–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angus, LD, Tachmes, L, Kahn, Set al. (1993) Surgical management of pediatric renal trauma: an urban experience. Am Surg 59, 388–94.Google Scholar
Benya, EC, Lim-Dunham, JE, Landrum, O, Statter, M (2000) Abdominal sonography in examination of children with blunt abdominal trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174, 1613–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, MP, Mirvis, SE, Shanmuganathan, K (2006) Chance-type fractures of the thoracolumbar spine: imaging analysis in 53 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187, 859–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner, DJ, Elliston, CD, Hall, EJ, Berdon, WE (2001) Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176, 289–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulas, DI, Taylor, GA, Eichelberger, MR (1989) The value of CT in detecting bowel perforation in children after blunt abdominal trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 153, 561–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capaccio, E, Magnano, GM, Valle, M, Derchi, (2006) Traumatic lesions of the adrenal glands in paediatrics: about three cases. Radiol Med 111, 906–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, DPN, Abujudeh, HH, Cushing, GL, Novelline, RA (2006) CT cystography with multiplanar reformation for suspected bladder rupture: experience in 234 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187, 1296–1302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choit, RL, Tredwell, SJ, Leblanc, JG, Reilly, CW, Mulpuri, K (2006) Abdominal aortic injuries associated with Chance fractures in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 41, 1184–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durbin, DR, Arbogast, KB, Moll, EK (2001) Seat-belt syndrome in children: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Emerg Care 17, 474–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federle, MP, Griffiths, B, Minagi, H, Jeffrey, RB (1987) Splenic trauma: evaluation with CT. Radiology 162, 69–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillamondegui, OD, Mahboubi, S, Stafford, PW, Nance, ML (2003) The utility of the pelvic radiograph in the assessment of pediatric pelvic fractures. J Trauma 55, 236–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, EJ (2002) Lessons we have learned from our children: cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Pediatr Radiol 32, 700–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennes, HM, Smith, DS, Schneider, Ket al. (1990) Elevated liver transaminase levels in children with blunt abdominal trauma: a predictor of liver injury. Pediatrics 86, 87–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Moore, EE, Cogbill, TH, Malangni, MAet al. (1995) Organ injury scaling. Surg Clin North Am 75, 293–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mutabagani, KJ, Coley, BD, Zumberge, Net al. (1999) Preliminary experience with focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) in children: is it useful?J Pediatr Surg 24, 48–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nance, ML, Mahboubi, S, Wickstrom, J, Prendergast, F, Stafford, PW (2002) Pattern of abdominal free fluid following isolated blunt spleen or liver injury in the pediatric patient. J Trauma 52, 85–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, MM, Das, S (2002) Pediatric renal trauma. Urology 59, 762–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shalaby-Rana, E, Eichelberger, M, Kerzner, B, Kapur, S (1992) Intestinal stricture due to lap-belt injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158, 63–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, SS, Jeong, YY, Chung, TWet al. (2007) The sentinel clot sign: a useful CT finding for the evaluation of intraperitoneal bladder rupture following blunt trauma. Korean J Radiol 8, 492–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, MJThe child with abdominal trauma. In Practical Pediatric Radiology, 3rd edn., ed. Hilton, SvW, Edwards, DK (Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2006) Chapter 10, pp. 351–73.Google Scholar
Sivit, CJ, Cutting, JP, Eichelberger, MR (1995) CT diagnosis and localization of rupture of the bladder in children with blunt abdominal trauma: significance of contrast material extravasation in the pelvis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164, 1243–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Taylor, GA, Newman, KDet al. (1991) Safety-belt injuries in children with lap-belt ecchymosis: CT findings in 61 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157, 111–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Eichelberger, MR, Taylor, GAet al. (1992) Blunt pancreatic trauma in children: CT diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158, 1097–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Ingram, JD, Taylor, GAet al. (1992) Posttraumatic adrenal hemorrhage in children: CT findings in 34 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158, 1299–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Taylor, GA, Bulas, DIet al. (1992) Posttraumatic shock in children: CT findings associated with hemodynamic instability. Radiology 182, 723–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalker, HP, Kaufman, RA, Towbin, R (1986) Patterns of liver injury in childhood: CT analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 147, 1199–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strouse, PJ, Close, BJ, Marshall, KW, Cywes, R (1999) CT of bowel and mesenteric trauma in children. Radiographics 19, 1237–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, GA, Eichelberger, MR (1989) Abdominal CT in children with neurologic impairment following blunt trauma. Ann Surg 210, 229–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, GA, Fallat, ME, Eichelberger, MR (1987) Hypovolemic shock in children: abdominal CT manifestations. Radiology 164, 479–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, GA, Eichelberger, MR, O'Donnell, R, Bowman, L (1991) Indications for computed tomography in children with blunt abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 213, 24–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laor, T, Jaramillo, D, Oestreich, AEMusculoskeletal system. In Practical Pediatric Imaging: Diagnostic Radiology of Infants and Children, 3rd edn., ed. Kirks, DR (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998) Chapter 5, pp. l415–47.Google Scholar
Ozonoff, MBSkeletal trauma. In Pediatric Orthopedic Radiology, 2nd edn., ed. Ozonoff, MB (Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1992) Chapter 8, pp. 604–89.Google Scholar
Barnes, PD, Robson, CD (2000) CT findings in hyperacute nonaccidental brain injury. Pediatr Radiol 30, 74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duhaime, AC, Alario, AJ, Lewander, WJet al. (1992) Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics 90, 179–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Hilton, SvWDifferentiating the accidentally injured from the physically abused child. In Practical Pediatric Radiology, 3rd edn., ed. Hilton, SvW, Edwards, DK (Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2006) Chapter 17, pp. 576–629.Google Scholar
Kleinman, PK (1990) Diagnostic imaging in infant abuse. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155, 703–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinman, PK, Marks, SC, Blackbourne, B (1986) The metaphyseal lesion in abused infants: a radiologic-histopathologic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 146, 895–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lonergan, GJ, Baker, AM, Morey, MK, Boos, SC (2003) Child abuse: radiological-pathological correlation. Radiographics 23, 811–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nimkin, K, Kleinman, PK (1997) Imaging of child abuse. Pediatr Clin North Am 44, 615–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivit, CJ, Taylor, GA, Eichelberger, MR (1989) Visceral injury in battered children: a changing perspective. Radiology 173, 659–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,Society for Pediatric Radiology, National Association of Medical Examiners (2004) Post-mortem radiography in the evaluation of unexpected death in children less than 2 years of age whose death is suspicious for fatal abuse. Pediatr Radiol34, 675–7. DOI 10.1007/s00247-004-1235-3.
Zimmerman, RA, Bilaniuk, LT, Bruce, Det al. (1978) Interhemispheric acute subdural hematomas: a computed tomographic manifestation of child abuse by shaking. Neuroradiology 16, 39–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

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