Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T03:41:34.453Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

30 - Miscarriage after In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2017

By
Jonathan D. Kort  and
Ruth Bunker Lathi
Edited by
Roy G. Farquharson  and
Mary D. Stephenson
Roy G. Farquharson
Affiliation:
Liverpool Women's Hospital
Mary D. Stephenson
Affiliation:
University of Illinois College of Medicine
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Early Pregnancy , pp. 287 - 299
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kolte, AM, Bernardi, LA, Christiansen, OB, et al. Terminology for pregnancy loss prior to viability: a consensus statement from the ESHRE early pregnancy special interest group. Hum Reprod 2015;30:495–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassold, T, Chiu, D. Maternal age-specific rates of numerical chromosome abnormalities with special reference to trisomy. Hum Genet 1985;70:11–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franasiak, JM, Forman, EJ, Hong, KH, et al. The nature of aneuploidy with increasing age of the female partner: a review of 15,169 consecutive trophectoderm biopsies evaluated with comprehensive chromosomal screening. Fertil Steril 2014;101:656–63.e651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CDC. ART Cycles Using Fresh, Nondonor Eggs or Embryos; http://www.cdc.gov/art/ART2011/section2a.htm: Center for Disease Control; 2011.Google Scholar
Bettio, D, Venci, A, Levi Setti, PE. Chromosomal abnormalities in miscarriages after different assisted reproduction procedures. Placenta 2008;29 Suppl B:126–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006 Assisted Reproductive Technology Success Rates: National Summary and Fertility Clinic Reports; 2008.Google Scholar
CDC. The 2012 Assisted Reproductive Technology Fertility Clinic Success Rates Report; http://www.cdc.gov/art/pdf/2012-report/national-summary/summary-2012-national-summary-report.pdf; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Reproductive Health; 2013.Google Scholar
ESHRE. ART Fact Sheet; http://www.eshre.eu/Guidelines-and-Legal/ART-fact-sheet.aspx; 2012Google Scholar
Hong, K, Werner, M, Franasiak, J, et al. Superovulation does not increase embryonic aneuploidy: a prospective evaluation of aneuploidy in natural IVF cycles with comparison to 15,169 embryos from age controlled peers who had superovulation. Fertil Steril; 2014:e41–42.Google Scholar
Schieve, LA, Tatham, L, Peterson, HB, Toner, J, Jeng, G. Spontaneous abortion among pregnancies conceived using assisted reproductive technology in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:959–67.Google Scholar
Causio, F, Fischetto, R, Sarcina, E, Geusa, S, Tartagni, M. Chromosome analysis of spontaneous abortions after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;105:44–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plachot, M. Chromosome analysis of spontaneous abortions after IVF. A European survey. Hum Reprod 1989;4:425–29.Google Scholar
Ma, S, Philipp, T, Zhao, Y, et al. Frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions derived from intracytoplasmic sperm injection compared with those from in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2006;85:236–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spandorfer, SD, Davis, OK, Barmat, LI, Chung, PH, Rosenwaks, Z. Relationship between maternal age and aneuploidy in in vitro fertilization pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1265–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lathi, RB, Westphal, LM, Milki, AA. Aneuploidy in the miscarriages of infertile women and the potential benefit of preimplanation genetic diagnosis. Fertil Steril 2008;89:353–57.Google Scholar
Levy, B, Sigurjonsson, S, Pettersen, B, et al. Genomic imbalance in products of conception: single-nucleotide polymorphism chromosomal microarray analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124:202–09.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steptoe, PC, Edwards, RG. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet 1978;2:366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, SJ, Kadoch, IJ, Lapensée, L, et al. Controlled natural cycle IVF: experience in a world of stimulation. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14:356–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishel, SB, Edwards, RG, Purdy, JM, et al. Implantation, abortion, and birth after in vitro fertilization using the natural menstrual cycle or follicular stimulation with clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1985;2:123–31.Google Scholar
Liu, J, Wang, W, Sun, X, et al. DNA microarray reveals that high proportions of human blastocysts from women of advanced maternal age are aneuploid and mosaic. Biol Reprod 2012;87:148.Google Scholar
Simón, C, Rubio, C, Vidal, F, et al. Increased chromosome abnormalities in human preimplantation embryos after in-vitro fertilization in patients with recurrent miscarriage. Reprod Fertil Dev 1998;10:87–92.Google Scholar
Rubio, C, Pehlivan, T, Rodrigo, L, et al. Embryo aneuploidy screening for unexplained recurrent miscarriage: a mini review. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005;53:159–65.Google Scholar
Sunkara, SK, Khalaf, Y, Maheshwari, A, Seed, P, Coomarasamy, A. Association between response to ovarian stimulation and miscarriage following IVF: an analysis of 124 351 IVF pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2014;29:1218–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kushnir, VA, Barad, DH, Gleicher, N. Association of abnormal ovarian reserve parameters with a higher incidence of aneuploid blastocysts. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:1361.Google Scholar
Katz-Jaffe, MG, Surrey, ES, Minjarez, DA, et al. Association of abnormal ovarian reserve parameters with a higher incidence of aneuploid blastocysts. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:71–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baart, EB, Martini, E, Eijkemans, MJ, et al. Milder ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization reduces aneuploidy in the human preimplantation embryo: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2007;22:980–88.Google Scholar
Baruch, S, Kaufman, D, Hudson, KL. Genetic testing of embryos: practices and perspectives of US in vitro fertilization clinics. Fertil Steril 2008;89:1053–58.Google Scholar
Forman, EJ, Upham, KM, Cheng, M, et al. Comprehensive chromosome screening alters traditional morphology-based embryo selection: a prospective study of 100 consecutive cycles of planned fresh euploid blastocyst transfer. Fertil Steril 2013;100:718–24.Google Scholar
Munné, S, Sandalinas, M, Escudero, T, et al. Improved implantation after preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7:91–97.Google Scholar
Munné, S, Chen, S, Fischer, J, et al. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis reduces pregnancy loss in women aged 35 years and older with a history of recurrent miscarriages. Fertil Steril 2005;84:331–35.Google Scholar
Mastenbroek, S, Twisk, M, van Echten-Arends, J, et al. In vitro fertilization with preimplantation genetic screening. N Engl J Med 2007;357:9–17.Google Scholar
Hardarson, T, Hanson, C, Lundin, K, et al. Preimplantation genetic screening in women of advanced maternal age caused a decrease in clinical pregnancy rate: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2806–12.Google Scholar
Schoolcraft, WB, Katz-Jaffe, MG, Stevens, J, Rawlins, M, Munne, S. Preimplantation aneuploidy testing for infertile patients of advanced maternal age: a randomized prospective trial. Fertil Steril 2009;92:157–62.Google Scholar
Staessen, C, Platteau, P, Van Assche, E, et al. Comparison of blastocyst transfer with or without preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening in couples with advanced maternal age: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2849–58.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Merino, E, Emiliani, S, Vassart, G, et al. Incidence of chromosomal mosaicism in human embryos at different developmental stages analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genet Test 2003;7:85–95.Google Scholar
Munné, S, Weier, HU, Grifo, J, Cohen, J. Chromosome mosaicism in human embryos. Biol Reprod 1994;51:373–79.Google Scholar
Munné, S, Sandalinas, M, Escudero, T, Márquez, C, Cohen, J. Chromosome mosaicism in cleavage-stage human embryos: evidence of a maternal age effect. Reprod Biomed Online 2002;4:223–232.Google Scholar
Bielanska, M, Tan, SL, Ao, A. Chromosomal mosaicism throughout human preimplantation development in vitro: incidence, type, and relevance to embryo outcome. Hum Reprod 2002;17:413–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, JC, Coonen, E, Handyside, AH, et al. Mosaicism of autosomes and sex chromosomes in morphologically normal, monospermic preimplantation human embryos. Prenat Diagn 1995;15:41–49.Google Scholar
Scott, RT, Upham, KM, Forman, EJ, et al. Blastocyst biopsy with comprehensive chromosome screening and fresh embryo transfer significantly increases in vitro fertilization implantation and delivery rates: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2013;100:697–703.Google Scholar
Forman, EJ, Hong, KH, Ferry, KM, et al. In vitro fertilization with single euploid blastocyst transfer: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2013;100:100–107.e101.Google Scholar
Schoolcraft, WB, Fragouli, E, Stevens, J, et al. Clinical application of comprehensive chromosomal screening at the blastocyst stage. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1700–06.Google Scholar
Schoolcraft, WB, Treff, NR, Stevens, JM, et al. Live birth outcome with trophectoderm biopsy, blastocyst vitrification, and single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray-based comprehensive chromosome screening in infertile patients. Fertil Steril 2011;96:638–40.Google Scholar
Keltz, MD, Vega, M, Sirota, I, et al. Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) with comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) following day 3 single cell blastomere biopsy markedly improves IVF outcomes while lowering multiple pregnancies and miscarriages. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013;30:1333–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forman, EJ, Tao, X, Ferry, KM, et al. Single embryo transfer with comprehensive chromosome screening results in improved ongoing pregnancy rates and decreased miscarriage rates. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1217–22.Google Scholar
Hodes-Wertz, B, Grifo, J, Ghadir, S, et al. Idiopathic recurrent miscarriage is caused mostly by aneuploid embryos. Fertil Steril 2012;98:675–80.Google Scholar
Grifo, JA, Hodes-Wertz, B, Lee, HL, et al. Single thawed euploid embryo transfer improves IVF pregnancy, miscarriage, and multiple gestation outcomes and has similar implantation rates as egg donation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013;30:259–64.Google Scholar
Yang, Z, Liu, J, Collins, GS, et al. Selection of single blastocysts for fresh transfer via standard morphology assessment alone and with array CGH for good prognosis IVF patients: results from a randomized pilot study. Mol Cytogenet 2012;5:24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harton, GL, Munné, S, Surrey, M, et al. Diminished effect of maternal age on implantation after preimplantation genetic diagnosis with array comparative genomic hybridization. Fertil Steril 2013;100:1695–703.Google Scholar
Gary, L, Harton, SM, Surrey, M, et al. Diminished effect of maternal age on implantation after preimplantation genetic diagnosis with array-comparative genomic hybridization. Fertility and Sterility 2013;100:1695–703.Google Scholar
Knudsen, UB, Hansen, V, Juul, S, Secher, NJ. Prognosis of a new pregnancy following previous spontaneous abortions. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991;39:31–36.Google Scholar
Fischer, J, Colls, P, Escudero, T, Munné, S. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) improves pregnancy outcome for translocation carriers with a history of recurrent losses. Fertil Steril 2010;94:283–89.Google Scholar
Stephenson, M, Goddijn, M. A critical look at the evidence does not support PGD for translocation carriers with a history of recurrent losses. Fertil Steril 2011;e1.Google Scholar
Lathi, RB, Gustin, SL, Keller, J, et al. Reliability of 46,XX results on miscarriage specimens: a review of 1,222 first-trimester miscarriage specimens. Fertil Steril 2014;101:178–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philipp, T, Philipp, K, Reiner, A, Beer, F, Kalousek, DK. Embryoscopic and cytogenetic analysis of 233 missed abortions: factors involved in the pathogenesis of developmental defects of early failed pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1724–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philipp, T, Feichtinger, W, Van Allen, MI, et al. Abnormal embryonic development diagnosed embryoscopically in early intrauterine deaths after in vitro fertilization: a preliminary report of 23 cases. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1337–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metwally, M, Tuckerman, EM, Laird, SM, Ledger, WL, Li, TC. Impact of high body mass index on endometrial morphology and function in the peri-implantation period in women with recurrent miscarriage. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14:328–34.Google Scholar
Metwally, M, Li, TC, Ledger, WL. The impact of obesity on female reproductive function. Obes Rev 2007;8:515–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metwally, M, Ledger, WL, Li, TC. Reproductive endocrinology and clinical aspects of obesity in women. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1127:140–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satpathy, HK, Fleming, A, Frey, D, et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy. Postgrad Med 2008;120:E01–09.Google Scholar
Bilenka, B, Ben-Shlomo, I, Cozacov, C, Gold, CH, Zohar, S. Fertility, miscarriage and pregnancy after vertical banded gastroplasty operation for morbid obesity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995;74:42–44.Google Scholar
Fedorcsák, P, Storeng, R, Dale, PO, Tanbo, T, Abyholm, T. Obesity is a risk factor for early pregnancy loss after IVF or ICSI. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:43–48.Google Scholar
Bellver, J, Busso, C, Pellicer, A, Remohí, J, Simón, C. Obesity and assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Reprod Biomed Online 2006;12:562–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, AM, Thornley, B, Tomlinson, L, Galletley, C, Norman, RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1502–05.Google Scholar
Kort, JD, Winget, C, Kim, SH, Lathi, RB. A retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of meaningful weight loss on fertility outcomes in an overweight population with infertility. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1400–03.Google Scholar
Weng, X, Odouli, R, Li, DK. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:279.e271–78.Google Scholar
Cnattingius, S, Signorello, LB, Annerén, G, et al. Caffeine intake and the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1839–45.Google Scholar
Cnattingius, S, Ekbom, A, Granath, F, Rane, A. Caffeine intake and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Food Chem Toxicol 2003;41:1202, 1203(author reply).Google Scholar
Einarson, A, Riordan, S. Smoking in pregnancy and lactation: a review of risks and cessation strategies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65:325–30.Google Scholar
Castles, A, Adams, EK, Melvin, CL, Kelsch, C, Boulton, ML. Effects of smoking during pregnancy. Five meta-analyses.Am J Prev Med 1999;16:208–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waylen, AL, Metwally, M, Jones, GL, Wilkinson, AJ, Ledger, WL. Effects of cigarette smoking upon clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2009;15:31–44.Google Scholar
Aleman, A, Althabe, F, Belizán, J, Bergel, E. Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;CD003576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, M, Jørgensen, T, Jensen, ML, et al. Leisure time physical exercise during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG 2007;114:1419–26.Google Scholar
Morris, SN, Missmer, SA, Cramer, DW, et al. Effects of lifetime exercise on the outcome of in vitro fertilization. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:938–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camus, E, Poncelet, C, Goffinet, F, et al. Pregnancy rates after in-vitro fertilization in cases of tubal infertility with and without hydrosalpinx: a meta-analysis of published comparative studies. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1243–49.Google Scholar
Ozmen, B, Diedrich, K, Al-Hasani, S. Hydrosalpinx and IVF: assessment of treatments implemented prior to IVF. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14:235–41.Google Scholar
Strandell, A, Waldenström, U, Nilsson, L, Hamberger, L. Hydrosalpinx reduces in-vitro fertilization/embryo transfer pregnancy rates. Hum Reprod 1994;9:861–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, C, Hull, MG. Impaired implantation after in vitro fertilisation treatment associated with hydrosalpinx. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103:268–72.Google Scholar
Zeyneloglu, HB, Arici, A, Olive, DL. Adverse effects of hydrosalpinx on pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 1998;70:492–99.Google Scholar
Strandell, A, Lindhard, A. Why does hydrosalpinx reduce fertility? The importance of hydrosalpinx fluid. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1141–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daftary, GS, Kayisli, U, Seli, E, et al. Salpingectomy increases peri-implantation endometrial HOXA10 expression in women with hydrosalpinx. Fertil Steril 2007;87:367–72.Google Scholar
Bildirici, I, Bukulmez, O, Ensari, A, Yarali, H, Gurgan, T. A prospective evaluation of the effect of salpingectomy on endometrial receptivity in cases of women with communicating hydrosalpinges. Hum Reprod 2001;16:2422–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copperman, AB, Wells, V, Luna, M, et al. Presence of hydrosalpinx correlated to endometrial inflammatory response in vivo. Fertil Steril 2006;86:972–76.Google Scholar
Johnson, NP, Mak, W, Sowter, MC. Laparoscopic salpingectomy for women with hydrosalpinges enhances the success of IVF: a Cochrane review. Hum Reprod 2002;17:543–48.Google Scholar
Kontoravdis, A, Makrakis, E, Pantos, K, et al. Proximal tubal occlusion and salpingectomy result in similar improvement in in vitro fertilization outcome in patients with hydrosalpinx. Fertil Steril 2006;86:1642–49.Google Scholar
Strandell, A, Lindhard, A, Waldenström, U, et al. Hydrosalpinx and IVF outcome: a prospective, randomized multicentre trial in Scandinavia on salpingectomy prior to IVF. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2762–69.Google Scholar
Bontis, JN, Theodoridis, TD. Laparoscopic management of hydrosalpinx. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1092:199–210.Google Scholar
Poppe, K, Glinoer, D, Tournaye, H, et al. Assisted reproduction and thyroid autoimmunity: an unfortunate combination? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4149–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poppe, K, Glinoer, D. Thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism before and during pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2003;9:149–61.Google Scholar
Poppe, K, Velkeniers, B, Glinoer, D. The role of thyroid autoimmunity in fertility and pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008;4:394–405.Google Scholar
Karabinas, CD, Tolis, GJ. Thyroid disorders and pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;18:509–15.Google Scholar
Stagnaro-Green, A, Glinoer, D. Thyroid autoimmunity and the risk of miscarriage. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18:167–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, AF, Berghout, A. Consequences of autoimmune thyroiditis before, during and after pregnancy. Minerva Endocrinol 2003;28:247–54.Google Scholar
Kutteh, WH, Yetman, DL, Carr, AC, Beck, LA, Scott, RT. Increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies identified in women with recurrent pregnancy loss but not in women undergoing assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril 1999;71:843–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glinoer, D. Thyroid autoimmunity and spontaneous abortion. Fertil Steril 1999;72:373–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Glinoer, D. Miscarriage in women with positive anti-TPO antibodies: is thyroxine the answer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2500–02.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trokoudes, KM, Skordis, N, Picolos, MK. Infertility and thyroid disorders. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2006;18:446–51.Google Scholar
Prummel, MF, Wiersinga, WM. Thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;150:751–55.Google Scholar
Negro, R, Formoso, G, Coppola, L, et al. Euthyroid women with autoimmune diease undergoing assisted reproduction technologies: the role of autoimmunity and thyroid function. J Endocrinol Invest 2007;30:3–8.Google Scholar
Vaquero, E, Lazzarin, N, De Carolis, C, et al. Mild thyroid abnormalities and recurrent spontaneous abortion: diagnostic and therapeutical approach. Am J Reprod Immunol 2000;43:204–08.Google Scholar
Abalovich, M, Amino, N, Barbour, LA, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:S1–47.Google Scholar
Wartofsky, L, Dickey, RA. The evidence for a narrower thyrotropin reference range is compelling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5483–88.Google Scholar
Baker, VL, Rone, HM, Pasta, DJ, et al. Correlation of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level with pregnancy outcome in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1668–74; discussion 1674–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, E, Adashi, EY. Hyperprolactinemic disorders. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1990;33:622–39.Google Scholar
Ranta, T, Lehtovirta, P, Stenman, UH, Seppälä, M. Serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations in ovulatory infertility. J Endocrinol Invest 1979;2:71–73.Google Scholar
Hirahara, F, Andoh, N, Sawai, K, et al. Hyperprolactinemic recurrent miscarriage and results of randomized bromocriptine treatment trials. Fertil Steril 1998;70:246–52.Google Scholar
Peppard, HR, Marfori, J, Iuorno, MJ, Nestler, JE. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1050–52.Google Scholar
Miodovnik, M, Mimouni, F, Siddiqi, TA, Khoury, J, Berk, MA. Spontaneous abortions in repeat diabetic pregnancies: a relationship with glycemic control. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:75–78.Google Scholar
Nielsen, GL, Sørensen, HT, Nielsen, PH, Sabroe, S, Olsen, J. Glycosylated hemoglobin as predictor of adverse fetal outcome in type 1 diabetic pregnancies. Acta Diabetol 1997;34:217–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temple, R, Aldridge, V, Greenwood, R, et al. Association between outcome of pregnancy and glycaemic control in early pregnancy in type 1 diabetes: population-based study. BMJ 2002;325:1275–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, DW, Kernaghan, D, Lee, R, Penney, GC, Group SDiPS. The relationship between pre-pregnancy care and early pregnancy loss, major congenital anomaly or perinatal death in type I diabetes mellitus. BJOG 2007;114:104–07.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langer, O, Conway, DL. Level of glycemia and perinatal outcome in pregestational diabetes. J Matern Fetal Med 2000;9:35–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Group GD. Management of diabetes from preconception to the postnatal period: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2008;336:714–17.Google Scholar
Hanson, U, Persson, B, Thunell, S. Relationship between haemoglobin A1C in early type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic pregnancy and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion and fetal malformation in Sweden. Diabetologia 1990;33:100–04.Google Scholar
Laird, SM, Tuckerman, EM, Li, TC. Cytokine expression in the endometrium of women with implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage. Reprod Biomed Online 2006;13:13–23.Google Scholar
Haddad-Filho, J, Cedenho, AP, Katz, SG. Endometrial expression of IL-1RtI in patients undergoing miscarriage or unsuccessful IVF cycles. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14:117–24.Google Scholar
Králícková, M, Ulcová-Gallová, Z, Síma, R, et al. Association of the leukemia inhibitory factor gene mutation and the antiphospholipid antibodies in the peripheral blood of infertile women. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007;52:543–48.Google Scholar
Mikolajczyk, M, Wirstlein, P, Skrzypczak, J. The impact of leukemia inhibitory factor in uterine flushing on the reproductive potential of infertile women – a prospective study. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007;58:65–74.Google Scholar
Skrzypczak, J, Wirstlein, P, Mikolajczyk, M. Could the defects in the endometrial extracellular matrix during the implantation be a cause for impaired fertility? Am J Reprod Immunol 2007;57:40–48.Google Scholar
Lass, A, Weiser, W, Munafo, A, Loumaye, E. Leukemia inhibitory factor in human reproduction. Fertil Steril 2001;76:1091–96.Google Scholar
Thomas, K, Thomson, AJ, Sephton, V, et al. The effect of gonadotrophic stimulation on integrin expression in the endometrium. Hum Reprod 2002;17:63–68.Google Scholar
Bourgain, C, Devroey, P. The endometrium in stimulated cycles for IVF. Hum Reprod Update 2003;9:515–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papanikolaou, EG, Bourgain, C, Kolibianakis, E, Tournaye, H, Devroey, P. Steroid receptor expression in late follicular phase endometrium in GnRH antagonist IVF cycles is already altered, indicating initiation of early luteal phase transformation in the absence of secretory changes. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1541–47.Google Scholar
Macklon, NS, van der Gaast, MH, Hamilton, A, Fauser, BC, Giudice, LC. The impact of ovarian stimulation with recombinant FSH in combination with GnRH antagonist on the endometrial transcriptome in the window of implantation. Reprod Sci 2008;15:357–65.Google Scholar
Liu, Y, Lee, KF, Ng, EH, Yeung, WS, Ho, PC. Gene expression profiling of human peri-implantation endometria between natural and stimulated cycles. Fertil Steril 2008;90:2152–64.Google Scholar
Makkar, G, Ng, EH, Yeung, WS, Ho, PC. Reduced expression of interleukin-11 and interleukin-6 in the periimplantation endometrium of excessive ovarian responders during in vitro fertilization treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3181–88.Google Scholar
Pal, L, Jindal, S, Witt, BR, Santoro, N. Less is more: increased gonadotropin use for ovarian stimulation adversely influences clinical pregnancy and live birth after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2008;89:1694–01.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roque, M, Lattes, K, Serra, S, Sola, I, Geber, S, Carreras, R, et al. Fresh embryo transfer versus frozen embryo transfer in in vitro fertilization cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2013:15662.Google Scholar
Ban-Frangez, H, Tomazevic, T, Virant-Klun, I, et al. The outcome of singleton pregnancies after IVF/ICSI in women before and after hysteroscopic resection of a uterine septum compared to normal controls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;146:184–87.Google Scholar
Kolankaya, A, Arici, A. Myomas and assisted reproductive technologies: when and how to act? Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2006;33:145–52.Google Scholar
Gianaroli, L, Gordts, S, D'Angelo, A, et al. Effect of inner myometrium fibroid on reproductive outcome after IVF. Reprod Biomed Online 2005;10:473–77.Google Scholar
Klatsky, PC, Tran, ND, Caughey, AB, Fujimoto, VY. Fibroids and reproductive outcomes: a systematic literature review from conception to delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:357–66.Google Scholar
Bajekal, N, Li, TC. Fibroids, infertility and pregnancy wastage. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6:614–20.Google Scholar
Khaund, A, Lumsden, MA. Impact of fibroids on reproductive function. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008;22:749–60.Google Scholar
Yu, D, Wong, YM, Cheong, Y, Xia, E, Li, TC. Asherman syndrome – one century later. Fertil Steril 2008;89:759–79.Google Scholar
Raga, F, Bauset, C, Remohi, J, et al. Reproductive impact of congenital Müllerian anomalies. Hum Reprod 1997;12:2277–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simón, C, Martinez, L, Pardo, F, Tortajada, M, Pellicer, A. Müllerian defects in women with normal reproductive outcome. Fertil Steril 1991;56:1192–93.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×